Irish Finals PDF

Midterm Exam 76 The Troubles in Northern Ireland (1969~1998) Week 9 2024/12/4  Northern Ireland 1921~ Derry/Londonderry  Sunday (2002) Channel 4: TV drama 1972 Bloody Sunday 2002: co...

Midterm Exam 76 The Troubles in Northern Ireland (1969~1998) Week 9 2024/12/4  Northern Ireland 1921~ Derry/Londonderry  Sunday (2002) Channel 4: TV drama 1972 Bloody Sunday 2002: commemoration of the 30th anniversary of Bloody Sunday in Derry/Londonderry Directed by Charles McDougall Written by Jimmy McGovern Opening Scene: Derry in 1968 ~ 71  Sunday (2002) The coal man gave me the job. I was grateful for it, cos this was Derry in 1968. Britain was booming, Europe was booming, but Derry was on the dole. I was lucky, I was working. ‘on the dole’ = registered as unemployed and receives money from the government  Allocation of jobs Protestants: better chance Catholics: more likely to be unemployed Few Catholics → government jobs.  Discrimination in Jobs ・Catholics in Derry/Londonderry (60%) →administrative, clerical, technical jobs (30%) ・23 Catholics ← 319 top civil servants (1969) ・6 Catholics ← 68 senior judges (1969) ・1,952 Catholics (15.4%) ← gas, electricity, water industries (publicly owned business)  Local election 1 protestant = 6 vote A rich Protestant: 6 votes 1 catholic = 1/6vote → That’s a businessman. A Protestant. In ‘68 he owned a company so he got six votes. Six Catholics living in a house: only one vote → The family only had one property so they only got one vote between them all.  Local election ‘ratepayers only’ Ratepayer: a person who owned or rented property and therefore had to pay local taxes called rate. ‘multiple voting’ the right of property owners with large ratable values to have up to six votes.  Civil Rights March So in 1968 we marched for jobs, houses and the right to vote. This is what the world saw on its TV screens. Slogan: ‘One Man, One Vote’ (reformed in 1969: First election → 1974)  Civil Rights Movement Civil Rights Movement in the US in 1960s Martin Luther King Jr. (1929-1968) Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA) founded in 1967  Bogside ‘bog’ = an area of land which is very wet and muddy (COBULID) The Bogside erupted. Free Derry was born. Battle of Bogside (Aug. 1969) → Reaction to a march by the Apprentice Boys, celebrating the 280th anniversary of 1689.  ‘The siege of Derry’ 1689 13 young apprentice boys closed the gates of Derry against the Catholic soldiers. James II, confident that the city must surrender, went to the walls of Derry himself to demand it, but the Protestant citizens lined the walls and shouted: ‘No Surrender!’ Joan Lingard, The Twelfth Day of July. 1970, p.10 → They were besieged for 105 days. → 8,000 out of 30,000 died Derry/Londonderry: Walled City Top of the city walls  Bogside Bogside Tower Observation tower over looking Bogside (1985) Walled City Bogside  1969 Death of Sammy Devenny → first death of the Troubles The Battle of the Bogside (Aug.) The British Army came in. (Aug.) IRA Campaign began. (Nov.)  Free Derry Corner 1969 1984 2018  The British Army came in. (Aug. 1969) IRA Campaign began. (Nov. 1969)  In 71 the army killed two local men, strengthening support for the IRA. The government introduced Internment, imprisonment without trial. (Aug. 1971) ‘Daddy – stop them.’ ‘Wait for me, boys.’  ‘everyday wee riots’ ‘There’s that eejit there again.’ ‘Oh, God love him. Somebody has to.’ wee = little, small eejit = idiot  Housing ‘What about a house?’ ‘Said come back after I have ten weans.’ ‘Cheek.’ [weans = children] ‘Aye. Protestant woman with no weans and she’s got a brand-new house.’ ‘Because she married to B-Special. That’s how she got the house.’  B Special A member of a part-time largely Protestant police force functioning in Northern Ireland (Collins English Dictionary) B Specials were kept until 1970.  ‘We are shite.’ ‘I’m sick of being treated like shit.’ ‘We’re Catholics. We are shite.’ shite = shit  Derry/Londonderry “Doire” = oak grove → Derry 1609: Plantation of Ulster (Guilds of London) → Londonderry 1689: the Siege of Derry Catholics : Protestants = 2 : 1 Derry- ‘/’ (stroke) -Londonderry → Stroke City  ‘Siege Mentality’ Protestants’ discrimination against Catholics: based on their fear and insecurity They are surrounded by Catholics.  Partition of Ireland 1920: The Government of Ireland Act →Two Home Rule Parliaments (Dublin/Belfast) Northern Ireland: 6 Counties （1921~) Southern Ireland: 26 Counties The War of Independence (21 Jan. 1919~ 11 July 1921) The Irish Civil War (28 June 1922~ 24 May 1923) →Irish Free State ( 6. Dec. 1922~) Ulster Unionist Propaganda  Keywords Unionists: those who support the ‘union’ with the UK → Loyalists: more extreme type of unionists who are ready to use violence Nationalists: those who support for a ‘united Ireland’ or 32-county Ireland. → Republicans: those who are ready to use violence cf: Irish Republican Army [IRA]  Republican: Dictionary definition In Northern Ireland, if someone is Republican, they believe that Northern Ireland should not be ruled by Britain but should become part of the Republic of Ireland. In the United States, if some is Republican, they belong to or support the Republican Party. Collins English Dictionary  In the North: 1921 24 May: Elections for the new parliament 21 June: George V opened the first NI parliament cf: defence, foreign policy, income tax (Westminster)  Northern Irish Society Protestants : Catholics = 2:1 Protestants’ (Unionists’) control over: → Parliament and Government = A one-party state Before 1969: → Every member of the NI cabinet: Protestant → Almost all were members of the Orange Order Orange Order 12 of July: The Battle of the Boyne → Orange march  Unionists’ Voices ‘Partition is better than a united Ireland. We will try to make Northern Ireland work to our advantage.’ ‘The Catholics cannot be trusted they are traitors to Northern Ireland. As our PM Basil Brook says “Our country is in danger. No surrender! We are King’s men.’  Unionist‘s Voice ‘We must keep control of Stormont. As Lord Craigavon put it,’: “We are a Protestant parliament for a Protestant people.” Stormont: Location of parliament buildings Stormont = Northern Ireland parliament and Government Parliament Buildings @ Stormont Built in 1933  Unionists ‘Traitors must not be allowed to run local councils. We must fix boundaries so that Unionists always win.’ → Gerrymandering  Derry/Londonderry in 1967 Ward Voters Catholics Protestants Councillors South Ward 11185 10047 1138 8 Nationalists North Ward 6476 2530 3946 8 Unionists Waterside 5549 1852 3697 4 Unionists ward 23210 14429 8781  Gerrymandering 73 local councils in Northern Ireland 11 controlled by nationalists (Catholics) 62 controlled by unionists (Protestants) 12 councils in border areas (majority of the people were Catholics but Unionists had been in control) Gerrymandering A C B A C B A C B  Unionists ‘The new police force needs to keep a close check on Catholic traitors.’ → ‘B’ Specials ‘We must keep the support of loyal Protestants – they must be given good jobs … and good houses of course – in different parts of town’  Catholics as second-class citizens Allocation of jobs Protestants: better chance Catholics: more likely to be unemployed Few Catholics → government jobs Housing Elections →introduction of gerrymandering  Nationalists’ voices ‘Partition is wrong. We will have nothing to do with “Northern Ireland”. We will not have anything to do with the new government.’ ‘We will not join the new civil service or police force. We will “opt out” of life in the north just like the south opted out of the UK in 1922.’ ≠1919  Nationalists ‘These gerrymandered elections are a farce. Unionists do not want democracy.’ ‘The Protestant police force is always picking on innocent Catholics.’ ‘Catholics are unfairly discriminated against. …’  Hopes of peaceful change 1950-68 1956-1962: IRA’s new campaign of violence Ordinary Catholics: didn’t support the IRA →IRA temporarily abandoned violence 1959: Sean Lemass (Taoiseach, PM): (South) →Less hostile to the Unionists in the North 1963: Terence O’Neill (PM) 1965: Lemass paid a visit to O’Neill @ Stormont Two turning points in the Troubles Bloody Sunday (1972) →The rise of the IRA catholics, nationalists Hunger Strikes (1981) →The rise of Sinn Fein (political wing of the IRA)  Bloody Sunday in Derry 30 January 1972 Organized march against Internment catholics Some young marchers threw stones at the army. british The army replied with water cannon and rubber bullets. Soldiers opened fire upon the crowd and killed 13. March against Internment  Internment Policy of putting up people suspected of violence in prison without trial in order to restore peace. [Other Key Words section] Cause massive resentment among Cs. Increased the fears of working-class Ps. Ps feared that the IRA will become angrier Bloody Sunday Bloody Sunday  First Inquiry (Widgery Tribunal) Lord Chief Justice Widgery “There would have been no deaths in Londonderry on 30 January if those who had organized an illegal march had not … created a highly dangerous situation in which a clash between demonstrators and the security forces was almost inevitable … each soldier was his own judge of whether he had identified a gunman.” (1)-a Widgery Report (178 pages)  ‘whitewash’ = deliberately attempt to conceal unpleasant or incriminating facts about a person or organization.  A Civilian Witness “… at one stage a lone army sniper fired two shots at me as I peered around a corner. People could be seen moving forward … their hands above their heads. One man was carrying a white handkerchief. Gunfire was directed even at them and they fled or fell to the ground.” Simon Winchester in The Guardian, 31 January 1972  Father Daly ‘In later years, many young people I visited in prison told me quite explicitly that they would never have become involved in the IRA but for what they witnessed and heard of happening on Bloody Sunday.’ The Guardian, 26 January 2002 Father Daly on the day Review Quiz 13:10-13:15  1 In the late 1960s many people, especially Catholics in Derry/Londonderry were unemployed. TRUE  2 ‘One-man-one-vote’ was one of the demands of the Civil Rights Association in 1968. TRUE  3 In 1968, a rich Protestant could have up to six votes for general election in Northern Ireland. FALSE Local election  4 In Derry/Londonderry, 60% of the population were Protestants in 1972. FALSE Catholics  5 ‘Stroke City’ is a newly coined name in the 1980s for the city that has two names: Derry for Protestants and Londonderry for Catholics. FALSE Derry for Catholics Londonderry for Protestants The Troubles in Northern Ireland (1969~1998) Session 10 2024/12/11  Northern Ireland: Divided Society Protestants →Unionists →Loyalists Catholics →Nationalists →Republicans Two turning points in the Troubles Bloody Sunday (1972) →The rise of the IRA Hunger Strikes (1981) →The rise of Sinn Fein (political wing of the IRA) Derry before Bloody Sunday: 1971-72 Less violence than Belfast Catholic working class area: 33,000 → ‘No go areas’ = Free Derry Corner Unemployment: over 50% Young men in frustration ‘Young Derry Hooligans’ (YDH)  Bloody Sunday in Derry 30 January 1972 Organized march against Internment Some young marchers (YDH) threw stones at Young Derry Hooligans the army. The army replied with water cannon and rubber bullets. Soldiers opened fire upon the crowd and killed 13. Another died in hospital.  Internment Policy of putting up people suspected of violence in prison without trial in order to restore peace. Cause massive resentment among Cs. Increased the fears of working-class Ps. March against Internment Bloody Sunday  First (Widgery) Inquiry Lord Chief Justice Widgery: ‘There would have been no deaths in Londonderry on 30 January if those who had organized an illegal march had not … created a highly dangerous situation in which a clash between demonstrators and the security forces was almost inevitable … each soldier was his own judge of whether he had identified a gunman.’ Widgery Report (178 pages)  A Civilian Witness ‘… at one stage a lone army sniper fired two shots at me as I peered around a corner. People could be seen moving forward … their hands above their heads. One man was carrying a white handkerchief. Gunfire was directed even at them and they fled or fell to the ground.’ Simon Winchester in The Guardian, 31 January 1972  Father Daly ‘In later years, many young people I visited in prison told me quite explicitly that they would never have become involved in the IRA but for what they witnessed and heard of happening on Bloody Sunday.’ The Guardian, 26 January 2002 Father Daly on the day British Embassy in Dublin burnt down 2 Feb. 1972  The Fall of Stormont Stormont = Home Rule government in NI → Protestant government (1921 ~ 1972) After Bloody Sunday in Derry (24 March 1972) → direct rule from London  Unionists’ Reaction Unionists felt that: Their power was robbed. Unionists suspected that: The British Government would consider Irish reunification.  John Major, PM Letter to John Hume (MP, SDLP Leader): SDLP = Social Democratic Labour Party ‘the 13 civilians shot dead by the British army on Bloody Sunday, January 30th, 1972, were innocent.’ The Irish Times, 21 January, 1993  Tony Blair (PM) on Bloody Sunday 29 Jan. 1998 I believe that it is in the interests of everyone that the truth is established and told. It is also the way forward to the necessary reconciliation which will be such an important part of building a secure future for the people of Northern Ireland. I ask all sides of the House to support our proposal for this [= second] Inquiry. (from CAIN)  2nd (Saville) Inquiry Final report (15 June 2010) →5,143 pages (11 volumes in PDF) [242.49 MB] →David Cameron’s statement at Westminster →cost about £200m Cf: Widgery Inquiry → 18 April 1972: a 178-page report  David Cameron 15 June 2010 There is no doubt, there is nothing equivocal, there are no ambiguities. What happened on Bloody Sunday was both unjustified and unjustifiable. It was wrong. … none of them fired in response to attacks or threatened attacks by nail or petrol bombers. … many of the soldiers - and I quote knowingly - put forward false accounts to seek to justify their firing.  David Cameron 15 June 2010 The government is ultimately responsible for the conduct of the armed forces and for that, on behalf of the government, indeed, on behalf of our country, I am deeply sorry. Report of the Bloody Sunday Inquiry Published 15 June 2010  Bloody Sunday: turning point Violence bred violence Sympathy for the IRA End of Stormont (Direct Rule): March 1972 = Northern Ireland parliament: suspended  Two turning points in the history of the Troubles Bloody Sunday (1972) →The rise of the IRA Hunger Strike (1981) →The rise of Sinn Fein (political wing of the IRA)  Prison Protests Maze Prison → H Blocks  Criminals or Political Prisoners? 1972~ IRA prisoners: special category (political) status →The right to wear their own clothes →No prison work →Freedom of association with other prisoners 1976: British government →criminalization of IRA prisoners  Prison Protests Blanket protest: (14 Sept. 1976~ ) Dirty protest: (March 1978 ~ ) Hunger strikes: 27 Oct ~ 18 Dec 1980 1 Mar ~ Oct 1981  ‘blanket’ or ‘dirty’ protest Prisoners wore only blanket. They smeared the excrement on the wall.  Hunger Strikes (1980 & 81) Long-standing method of protest The Great Famine in the 19th century 1 May 1981: Bobby Sands, leader of IRA  Bobby Sands (1954-81) “I am a political prisoner because I am a casualty of a perennial war that is being fought between the oppressed Irish people and an alien regime that refuses to withdraw from our land.” Writing on the first day of his hunger strike 1 March 1981 Mural of Sands  Margaret Thatcher ‘We are not prepared to consider special category status for certain groups of people serving sentences for crime. Crime is crime is crime, it is not political.’ 21 April 1981 Margaret Thatcher: (1925~2013, PM 1975-90)  Bobby Sands and by-election MP (Members of Parliament) Sands: 30,492 votes Harry West (UUP): 29,046 votes Gerry Adams at the Funeral of Sands  ‘Ballot or Armalite’ Ballot Box: Sinn Fein’s entry into politics Armalite (rifle): bombing campaign  How did the Hunger Strike end? By August 1981 ten more died. The prisoners’ family asked doctors to revive their sons. In October the remaining strikers called off their protest. Films about the Troubles  Cartoons on the Troubles ‘It had to be remembered that we were in Northern Ireland fighting not only a military war but a propaganda war.’ Edward Heath (Prime Minister), 1972 Daily Express: 12 September 1969 We’re pagan missionaries come to try to make peace among the bloodthirsty Christians. CAGE: TO KEEP THE WILD ANIMALS APART Mutual:  Daily Express: 12 August 1970 Today’s Army Orders: Stop the Rivals from knocking each other insensible How marvelous it would be if they DID knock each other insensible! Sunday Express: 15 August 1971 “I suppose, many centuries ago – before the Flood – our English ancestors must have committed a great sin, and this is the punishment that god has visited upon Britannia.” The Modern Sisyphus March 16 1844 Salisbury Sisyphus Standard: 29 Oct. 1982  “The Right Loyal-Pest” Fortnight. December 1981 Hibernia: O My dear sister. What Are we to do with these troublesome people? Britannia: Try isolation first, my dear, and then … “The Fenian-Pest” 3 March 1866  Bernadette Devlin (MP) in the House of Commons Reginald Maudling ‘Murdering hypocrite’ Guardian: 5 Aug. 1969 Coming in? It’s terrible! Review Quiz 13:10-13:15  1 After Bloody Sunday, the number joining the IRA grew rapidly as young people sought revenge for the killings. TRUE  2 The Widgery Report, issued on the 15th June 2010, stated that people shot dead on Bloody Sunday in Derry/Londonderry were innocent. →Saville Report Widgery Report was issued in 1972.  3 Prior to 1976 the IRA prisoners were granted special category (political) status, which privileged such as being allowed to wear their own clothes. TRUE  Special category (political) status 1971: British Cabinet Ministers in reference to the NI present position: The situation is – we are at war with the IRA. → Prisoners of War = Political status  4 When Bobby Sands died, he was a Member of Parliament. True Sands won the by-election to the House of Commons on the 9th April during his hunger strike.  5 After the death of Bobby Sands, the IRA stopped using violence. FALSE ‘Ballot or Armalite’  “Why H-Block hunger strikers were not force-fed?” The Irish Times, 5 Jul. 2016 Margaret Thatcher’s government: political hunger strikers should not be force-fed. Peace Process in Northern Ireland Session 11 2024/12/18  Two turning points Bloody Sunday (1972) →Bloody Sunday (2002) →The rise of the IRA Hunger Strike (1981) →Hunger (2008) →The rise of Sinn Fein (political wing of the IRA)  Seamus Heaney’s Nobel Lecture ‘Crediting Poetry’ (7 Dec. 1995) https://www.nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/?id=1506 (Audio recording: 51 minutes) https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1995/heaney/lecture/ (Text)  Seamus Heaney (1939-2013) Poet, born in Co. Derry The oldest of nine children in a Catholic family Queens University, Belfast: Latin, Irish, English Awarded Nobel prize for literature in 1995 ‘for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past.’ Four Irish Nobel Laureates in Literature W. B. Yeats (1923) G. B. Shaw (1925) Samuel Beckett (1969) Seamus Heaney (1995)  Seamus Heaney’s Nobel Lecture (1995) 1968-1974 The IRA’s campaign of bombings and killings Bloody Sunday in Derry (1972) Ulster Workers Council strike (15-28 May, 1974) After 1974 … for the twenty long years …  Killings of 10 Protestant workers Jan. 1976 One Catholic and 10 Protestants in a minibus Caught by masked men ‘Any Catholics, step out.’ ‘He felt the hand of the Protestant worker next to him take his hand and squeeze it in a signal that said no, don’t move, we’ll not betray you.’ →’the birth of the future we desire’ The external reality and inner dynamic of happenings in Northern Ireland between 1968 and 1974 were symptomatic of change, violent change admittedly, but change nevertheless, and for the minority living there, change had been long overdue. It should have come early, as the result of the ferment of protest on the streets in the late sixties, but that was not to be and the eggs of danger which were always incubating got hatched out very quickly. While the Christian moralist in oneself (Heaney) was impelled to deplore the atrocious nature of the IRA's campaign of bombings and killings, and the "mere Irish" in oneself was appalled by the ruthlessness of the British Army on occasions like Bloody Sunday in Derry in 1972, the minority citizen in oneself, the one who had grown up conscious that his group was distrusted and discriminated against in all kinds of official and unofficial ways, this citizen's perception was at one with the poetic truth of the situation in recognizing that if life in Northern Ireland were ever really to flourish, change had to take place. But that citizen's perception was also at one with the truth in recognizing that the very brutality of the means by which the IRA were pursuing change was destructive of the trust upon which new possibilities would have to be based. Nevertheless, until the British government caved in to the strong-arm tactics of the Ulster loyalist workers after the Sunningdale Conference in 1974, a well-disposed mind could still hope to make sense of the circumstances. […] After 1974, however, for the twenty long years between then and the ceasefires of August 1994, such a hope proved impossible. The violence from below was then productive of nothing but a retaliatory violence from above, the dream of justice became subsumed into the callousness of reality, and people settled into a quarter century of life-waste and spirit-waste, of hardening attitudes and narrowing possibilities that were the natural result of political solidarity, traumatic suffering and sheer emotional self- protectiveness. One of the most harrowing moments in the whole history of the harrowing of the heart in Northern Ireland came when a minibus full of workers being driven home one January evening in 1976 was held up by armed and masked men and the occupants of the van ordered at gunpoint to line up at the side of the road. Then one of the masked executioners said to them, "Any Catholics among you, step out here". As it happened, this particular group, with one exception, were all Protestants, so the presumption must have been that the masked men were Protestant paramilitaries about to carry out a tit-for-tat sectarian killing of the Catholic as the odd man out, the one who would have been presumed to be in sympathy with the IRA and all its actions. It was a terrible moment for him, caught between dread and witness, but he did make a motion to step forward. Then, the story goes, in that split second of decision, and in the relative cover of the winter evening darkness, he felt the hand of the Protestant worker next to him take his hand and squeeze it in a signal that said no, don't move, we'll not betray you, nobody need know what faith or party you belong to. All in vain, however, for the man stepped out of the line; but instead of finding a gun at his temple, he was thrown backward and away as the gunmen opened fire on those remaining in the line, for these were not Protestant terrorists, but members, presumably, of the Provisional IRA.  Government of Northern Ireland Majority rule (1921~1972) Direct rule (1972~73, 74~99) Devolved/Power-Sharing（1974, 1999~)  Majority rule (1921~1972) protestants The Unionist Party had a majority in the Stormont parliament and ruled alone.  Direct rule from London A Secretary of State (Minister) for NI was appointed by the British government to rule NI directly from London. NI politicians had little influence on his policies. (9 Feb.1972~31.Dec.73, 28 May 74~ 2 Dec. 99)  Devolved /Power-sharing → a political arrangement in which nationalists and unionists work in government together. The Sunningdale Agreement (1973) → a power-sharing government (1.Jan.〜28 May 1974) The Good Friday Agreement (1998) → a power-sharing government (2 Dec. 99~)  Power-sharing To provide a political settlement: → first minister + deputy first minister they basically have equal authority and cannot work in isolation from each other → They lead an Executive Committee of Ministers 1999~ The Scottish Parliament The National Assembly for Wales The Northern Ireland Assembly  Background to devolution in the UK Following referendums in both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland in 1998 and in Scotland and Wales in 1997, the UK Parliament transferred a range of powers to national parliaments or assemblies. The Scottish Parliament, the National Assembly for Wales and the Northern Ireland Assembly were established, and affirmed responsibility for devolved matters in 1999. The arrangements are different for each, reflecting their history and administrative structures. The UK government remains responsible for national policy on all matters that have not been devolved, including foreign affairs, defence, social security, macro-economic management and trade. It is also responsible for government policy in England on all the matters that have been devolved to Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland. Within the UK government, the Secretaries of State for Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are responsible for the Scotland Office, the Wales Office and the Northern Ireland Office. https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/articles/overview-government-northern-ireland Peace Process  Back-Channel Negotiations: 1970s~ ‘secret communication between the leadership of opposing groups’ sometimes conducted by a third party.’ → mutual trust and solidarity between parties → personal relationships, information sharing Ex: Jonathan Powell (British diplomat) and Martin McGuinness (Sinn Fein politician)  White Paper: Northern Ireland Constitutional Proposals (1973) NI →part of UK as long as the majority wanted that Assembly (≠ Parliament) is proposed. Northern Ireland Executive (≠ Government) set up by Assembly Parliament → Assembly Government → Executive  Sunningdale Agreement Conference: 6-9 December 1973 First attempt for a political settlement after 72 British & Irish governments NI parties (UUP, Alliance, SDLP)  Power-Sharing Executive A new system of government for NI A government in which both Catholics and Protestants shared power →Offer the Catholic minority a permanent role in the government of NI A Council of Ireland: cooperation between Northern Ireland and the Republic  Power-Sharing Executive [1 Jan – 28 May] Brian Faulkner (First Minister: Unionist) Gerry Fitt (Deputy First Minister: Nationalist) Unionists distrust of (even moderate) Nationalists ↓ General strike: 14 -28 May 1974 The Ulster Workers’ Council To bring the whole of NI to a standstill and ‘break’ the Power-Sharing Executive →Heaney: ‘the strong-arm tactics of the Ulster loyalist workers’  Heaney After 1974 … for the twenty long years: … people settled in to a quarter century of life- waste and spirit-waste, of hardening attitudes and narrowing possibilities that were the natural result of political solidarity, traumatic suffering and sheer emotional self-protectiveness.  British Government treat the Troubles as primarily a security problem with the IRA Patrol the streets Throw thousands in jail Angry young Catholics with a gun or a bomb → the violence would continue  Anglo-Irish Agreement (1985) Margaret Thatcher PM Garret FitzGerald Taoiseach （PM)  Anglo-Irish Agreement (1985) (1) The status of Northern Ireland would only change with the consent of the majority of its people (the principle of consent) (2) NI would remain part of the UK, but An Inter-Governmental Conference (chaired by the Northern Ireland Secretary and the Irish Foreign Minister) would meet regularly (3) Civil servants from London and Dublin in Maryfield (near Belfast) to support the Inter- Governmental Conference  Anglo-Irish Agreement (1985) Historic statement: NI’s future would be determined by democratic processes within NI Established an intergovernmental conference → the Republic an official consultative role Laid the ground for peace But… the Protestant/Unionist community in NI felt as if they were being left out.  Reactions in NI SDLP: warmly welcomed the Agreement. Sinn Fein: completely rejected the Agreement. IRA: ignored the Agreement & continued its bombing campaign. Unionists: shocked & frightened. →felt alone and betrayed. →called for a province-wide strike  Reactions in the Republic Supporters of the government parties: well received Fianna Fail (opposition party): opposed the Agreement. 1. the principle of consent gives Unionists the power to veto a united Ireland. 2. Unionist majority: artificially created in 1920: a decision based on a majority: undemocratic. 3. The Agreement ignored the wishes of the Irish people as a whole when deciding the future of NI.  In the early 1990s Gerry Adams (leader of Sinn Fein) John Hume (leader of the SDLP) Hume-Adams talk Adams’s visit to the US His visa was granted (Clinton) Downing Street Declaration (1993) Albert Reynolds (Irish Taioseach) John Major (British Prime Minister) Britain would protect the will of the majority in NI Irish Republic’s role in the peace process Downing Street Declaration (1993) That it is for the people of the island of Ireland alone, between the two parts respectively, to exercise their right of self-determination on the basis of consent, freely given, North and South, to bring about a united Ireland, if that is their wish. Downing Street Declaration (1993) For Nationalists: There was the guarantee that it was up to ‘the people of the island of Ireland alone’ to decide their future. For Unionists There was the guarantee that unity could only come ‘on the basis of consent, freely given, North and South’.  American Politicians Edward Kennedy [US Senator 1962-2009] ‘Ulster is becoming Britain’s Vietnam.’ (1971) Bill Clinton [US President 1993 -2001] George Mitchell [former US Senator] → Chairman of the peace talks (1995- 98)  Ceasefires (1994) IRA ceasefire: 31 August 1994 (~ 9 Feb. 1996) Loyalist paramilitaries’ ceasefire: 13 October → opens the way for peace → beginning of the end for the Troubles  ‘paramilitary’ An unofficial organization, or member of an organization that is prepared to use illegal means, including the use of violence, to achieve political objectives. Republican paramilitary organization → IRA Loyalist paramilitary organizations → Ulster Defence Association (UDA) → Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) → Ulster Freedom Fighters (UFF)  Clinton’s visit to NI (1995) Senator George Mitchell’s involvement →decommissioning of paramilitary weapons The Independent International Commission on Decommissioning (IICD) established on 26 August 1997.  decommissioning hand-over of weapons by paramilitary groups Unionists: IRA should decommission illegally held weapons IRA: No decommissioning before a political settlement to the conflict  1997 In the general election: Sinn Fein’s victory Tony Blair (Labour Party) →PM  IRA’s second ceasefire (1997) 9 February 1996: bomb attack at Canary Wharf (London)= end of the ceasefire (1994) 19 July 1997 All party talks on the future of NI  Mo Mowlam (1949-2005) Tony Blair’s Labour Government Secretary of State for NI [1994~](1997〜1999) Talked to Gerry Adams ‘Honest Mo’  Secretary of State for NI (1972~81) William Whitelaw (72-72) Merlyn Rees (74-76) (L) Humphery Atkins (79-81) Francis Pym (73-74) Roy Mason (76-79) (L) L = Labour party  Secretary of State for NI (1981~97) Tom King (85-89) Patrick Mayhew (92-97) Jim Prior (81-84) Douglas Hurd (84-85) Peter Brooke (89-92)  Upon her death in 2005 ‘Mo Mowlam was the catalyst that allowed politics to move forward which led to the signing of the Good Friday Agreement in April 1998. She cut through conventions and made difficult decisions that gave momentum to political progress.’ Peter Hain, Secretary for NI BBC News, 19 August 2005  IRA’s second ceasefire (1997) 19 July All party talks on the future of NI  U2: “PLEASE” (1997) Gerry David Adams Trimble (Sinn Fein) (UUP) John Ian Hume Paisley (SDLP) (DUP) So you never knew love Until you crossed the line of grace And you never felt wanted Till you'd someone slap your face So you never felt alive Until you'd almost wasted away You had to win, you couldn't just pass The smartest ass at the top of the class Your flying colours, your family tree And all your lessons in history Please, please, please Get up off your knees Please, please, please, please, oh yeah  Good Friday Agreement (1998) Deadline set by George Mitchell: Good Friday Unionists & Republicans agreed on a programme for running NI  Good Friday Agreement (1998) = Belfast Agreement Deadline set by George Mitchell: Good Friday Unionists & Republicans agreed on a programme for running NI  Good Friday Agreement (1998) Power-sharing executive [1999~] RUC (Royal Ulster Constabulary) → Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) IRA and Loyalist paramilitaries: cease-fire & decomissioning Political prisoners: released The Republic: amended its constitution to remove its territorial claim to NI (until the people of NI agreed to join)  Power-sharing To provide a political settlement: → first minister + deputy first minister they basically have equal authority and cannot work in isolation from each other → They lead an Executive Committee of Ministers 1999~ The Scottish Parliament The National Assembly for Wales The Northern Ireland Assembly →1-(3)  Referendum Northern Ireland Yes: 71.1% No: 28.9% Republic of Ireland Yes: 94.39% No: 5.61%  1999: Power-sharing Nobel Prize for Peace Hume (SDLP) Trimble (UUP) Clinton  Power-sharing Executives 1999 David Trimble (first minister) John Hume (deputy first minister) Ministers UUP: 3, DUP: 2, SDLP: 3, Sinn Fein: 2  Omagh Bombing (15 Aug 1999) Real IRA (splinter group of the IRA) 29 killed IRA and Loyalist paramilitaries: →kept the ceasefire Gerry Adams: violence must be a thing of the past.’  9.11 and the IRA Significant changes in global politics Label of ‘terrorists’: fatal to anybody IRA → political arena  9.11 and the IRA Significant changes in global politics Label of ‘terrorists’: fatal to anybody IRA → political arena 2007: Power-sharing “Chuckle Brothers” Ian Paisley (1926-2014) Martin McGuinness (1950-2017)  Power-sharing Executives 2007 Ian Paisley (first minister) Martin McGuinness (deputy first minister) Ministers DUP: 4, UUP: 2, Sinn Fein: 3, SDLP: 1  2017 ~ Election in 2017: Sinn Féin & the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP)→ Assembly suspended 2020-2021: Power-sharing agreement Brexit & the Irish Sea border 2022~ Civilian British Security Forces Republican Paramilitaries Loyalist Paramilitaries  Audra Mitchell Peace-building can be an act of violence. Conflict, on the other hand, may not be a cause of violence, but rather a crucial means for resisting, constraining and preventing it. … an inability to conflict is most likely to foster violence, rather than conflict itself. Lost in Transformation: Violent Peace and Peaceful Conflict in Northern Ireland. Palgrave Macmillan, 2011, p.1.  “our trials of the troubles” 3 days during Easter 1996, Belfast Hilary Gilligan, art student Names of 3,300 individual victims Apprentice Boys of Derry Review Quiz 13:10-13:15  1 ‘The principle of consent’ means that the status of Northern Ireland would only change with the consent of the majority of its people. TRUE  2 Both the IRA and Loyalist (Protestant) paramilitaries declared ceasefire in 1994. TRUE  3 ‘Decommissioning’ means the hand-over of illegally held weapons by paramilitary groups. TRUE  4 In Northern Ireland, various ‘Back-Channel Negotiations’ had been conducted since the early 1960s. FALSE 1960s→ 1970s 1968: Civil Rights movement 1969: break out of the Troubles  5 A Power-sharing Executive means a Northern Ireland based government but one which contained representatives elected by both nationalist and unionist communities. TRUE Brexit & Northern Ireland Week 12 2025/1/8 Ireland and the EU  Benefits of EU Membership for Ireland 1 As EU citizens, Irish people can live and work freely in any Member State. Being a part of the EU’s Single Market* makes it easier for Irish businesses to trade on both European and international markets. Ireland has received over €40 billion (net) of European funds (1973-2020). EU membership has helped Ireland attract billions of euro in foreign direct investment (FDI)*, creating thousands of job opportunities for Irish people. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Ireland) NET CONTRIBUTORS NET BENEFICIARIES Financial transfers from/to EU funds Year Receipt from Payment to Net receipts % of GDP EU budget € m EU € m €m 1973 47.1 5.7 41.4 1.2 1977 346.5 28.1 318.5 4.4 1983 924.0 234.5 689.5 3.6 1987 1397.1 324.0 1073.1 3.6 1993 2850.9 575.8 2275.1 5.3 1997 3179.9 652.0 2527.9 3.8 2003 2611.6 1190.4 1421.2 1.1 2005 2395.0 1398.0 997.0 0.6 cf: The Celtic Tiger: mid-1990s ~2007/8  Benefits of EU Membership for Ireland 2 An estimated 700,000 jobs have been created in Ireland since 1973, and trade has increased 90 fold. Irish farmers benefit from direct payments paid out under the CAP*. Currently, Irish farmers receive EU funding of €1.2 billion every year through CAP funding. European legislation on equality in the workplace has ensured that Irish men and women are entitled to equal pay for doing the same job. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Ireland)  Benefits of EU Membership for Ireland 3 Around 50,000 students from Ireland have participated in Erasmus+* since 1987. Irish citizens choosing to work or study abroad can have their Irish qualifications recognized throughout the EU, under the European Qualifications Framework*. EU membership has supported the Peace Process in Northern Ireland through investment in cross-border programmes and the creation of the Northern Ireland Task Force (NITF) and the Peace Programmes. Since 1995 the programmes have committed approximately €2.26 billion worth of funding to Northern Ireland and Border Region of Ireland. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Ireland)  Benefits of EU Membership for Ireland 4 The European Health Insurance Card provides cover and access to care to all Irish citizens if they fall sick or have an accident while travelling in the EU. Thanks to EU legislation liberalizing transport sectors it has also become far cheaper for EU citizens to travel within the EU. The EU provides protection for EU consumers shopping across European borders. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Ireland)  Key words Single Market Foreign direct investment (FDI) Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) Erasmus+ European Qualifications Framework  Single Market A Single internal market without borders The EU aims to enable EU citizens to study, live, shop, work and retire in any EU country and enjoy products from all over Europe. To do this, it ensures free movement of goods, services, capital and persons in a single EU internal market. By removing technical, legal and bureaucratic barriers, the EU also allows citizens to trade and do business freely. https://european-union.europa.eu/priorities-and- actions/actions-topic/single-market_en  Foreign direct investment (FDI) (OECDiLibrary) Foreign direct investment (FDI) is a category of cross-border investment in which an investor resident in one economy establishes a lasting interest in and a significant degree of influence over an enterprise resident in another economy. Ownership of 10 percent or more of the voting power in an enterprise in one economy by an investor in another economy is evidence of such a relationship.  Foreign direct investment (FDI) (OECDiLibrary) FDI is a key element in international economic integration because it creates stable and long- lasting links between economies. FDI is an important channel for the transfer of technology between countries, promotes international trade through access to foreign markets, and can be an important vehicle for economic development. The indicators covered in this group are inward and outward values for stocks, flows and income, by partner country and by industry and FDI restrictiveness.  CAP The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is about food, the environment and the countryside. The CAP is a partnership between society and agriculture that ensures a stable supply of food, safeguards farmers’ income, protects the environment and keeps rural areas vibrant. European Commission: Agriculture and rural development  Erasmus+ Erasmus+ is the EU's programme to support education, training, youth and sport in Europe. It has an estimated budget of €26.2 billion. This is nearly double the funding compared to its predecessor programme (2014-2020). European Commission: Erasmus+  European Qualifications Framework The EU developed the European Qualifications Framework (EQF) as a transition tool to make national qualifications easier to understand and more comparable. The EQF seeks to support cross-border mobility of learners and workers, promote lifelong learning and professional development across Europe. European Union: The European Qualifications Framework UK referendum 2013 – David Cameron announces intention to hold a referendum February 2016 – Referendum date announced 23 June 2016 – Referendum day  Brexit: Results (23 June 2016) Leave Remain UK 51.9% 48.1% Northern Ireland 44.2% 55.8% England 53.4% 46.6% Scotland 38.0% 62.0% Wales 52.5% 47.5%  Leave Campaigners ‘Let’s Take Back Control.’ 1. More control over their laws: over 50% of British legislation→from the EU 2. Global free trade deals 3. Border control back: the problems of EU migration (1.5 m EU migrants, 2004-2010) 4. More money for the UK: the cost of membership NET CONTRIBUTORS NET BENEFICIARIES  ‘We spend the EU £350 million a week. Let’s fund our NHS instead. Vote Leave Brexit: Vote Leave chief who created £350m NHS claim on bus admits leaving EU could be 'an error’ (4 July 2017. Independent) NHS= National Health Service National Identity and Brexit  Political Parties in NI DUP (38): Leave → First Minister UUP (16): Remain Sinn Fein (28): Remain → Deputy First Minister SDLP (12): Remain Alliance (8): Remain (Numbers in the Assembly)  Northern Ireland The only part of the UK to share a land border with another EU member state (= the Republic of Ireland). Northern Ireland Protocol, 2021.1.1 NI: remained in the EU's single market for goods (England, Scotland and Wales: left). This allows goods to flow to and from NI to the ROI and the rest of the EU as they did while the UK was a member of the EU, without customs checks, tariffs or new paperwork. The EU's rules on customs and regulation of agri-food products will continue to apply to goods arriving in NI. The Identity Question in Northern Ireland  Good Friday Agreement (1998) ‘Dual Citizenship’ ‘It is the birthright of all the people of Northern Ireland to identify themselves and be accepted as Irish or British, or both, as they may so choose, and accordingly [the two governments] confirm that their right to hold both British and Irish citizenship is accepted by both Governments and would not be affected by any future change in the status of Northern Ireland.’  Irish border (NI & ROI) an EU external border Good Friday Agreement: absolute priority →open border, no new cameras/border posts  Northern Ireland Protocol (1 Jan. 2021~) The protocol aims to: avoid a hard border between NI and the ROI make sure of the integrity of the EU’s single market for goods facilitate unfettered access for NI goods to the GB market, and the inclusion of NI goods in free trade agreements between the UK and third countries https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/articles/eu-exit-and-northern- ireland-protocol  As a result of the protocol: NI: remained in the EU's single market for goods (England, Scotland and Wales: left). This allows goods to flow to and from NI to the ROI and the rest of the EU as they did while the UK was a member of the EU, without customs checks, tariffs or new paperwork. The EU's rules on customs and regulation of agri- food products will continue to apply to goods arriving in NI. Unionists’ reaction  Northern Ireland Assembly election 5 May 2022 27 25 17 9 8 1 0 0 1 2 BBC News: Elections 2022  Northern Ireland Assembly election 5 May 2022 [suspension] Sinn Fein: Michelle O’Neill →First Minister DUP: Jeffrey Donaldson → Deputy First Minister  Northern Ireland Assembly & Brexit 5 May 2022: NI Assembly election No functioning government in NI [suspension] DUP (Democratic Unionist Party): refuses to restore power-sharing unless the sea border created by the Brexit deal is removed.  Windsor Framework (1 Oct. 2023) Agreement between EU & UK Adjusts the operation of the NI Protocol 3 Feb. 2024: NI’s government →Stormont UK to NI A: Customs-free B: EU Customs duty A EU to NI C: Customs-free B Great Britain = UK Customs area Island of Ireland C = EU’s single market  Good Friday Agreement ‘Border Poll’ ‘If the wish expressed by a majority in such a poll is that Northern Ireland should cease to be part of the United Kingdom and form part of a united Ireland, the Secretary of State shall lay before Parliament such proposals to give effect to that wish as may be agreed between Her Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom and the Government of Ireland.’ Border poll 2012 Belfast Telegraph 11 June 2012  Border poll 2019 https://lordashcroftpolls.com/2019/09/my-northern-ireland-survey-finds-the- union-on-a-knife-edge/ Border poll 2019 For NI □ to leave the UK & join the Republic □ to stay in the UK  The Irish Times ‘More Irish than UK passports issued in North’ (3 May 2022) 48,555 applied for a UK passport 48,911 applied for an Irish passport "These figures are significant but not surprising - they are indicative of evolving trends in the North. In some sense it reaffirms the Good Friday agreement, around the right to be British, Irish or both. But it is suggestive of the fact that people are availing of that guarantee, which is unsurprising in a post-Brexit context, where Irish citizenship also means European Union citizenship.” (Prof. Colin Harvey, Queen’s University Belfast)  Travel and migration: Does NI have freedom of movement with the EU? The UK no longer has freedom of movement within the EU. It has established its own immigration regime. As set out in the Belfast/Good Friday Agreement, people born in Northern Ireland may choose to have a British or Irish passport or both. With an Irish passport, you can continue to exercise many EU rights, such as the freedom to live and work in EU and EEA member states. The rights of British passport holders will depend on the EU country’s individual immigration rules, and they will no longer have an automatic right to emigrate to an EU country. This does not apply to movement between Ireland and the UK, where the Common Travel Area enables British and Irish citizens to live and work in either country. NI Assembly: Brexit Questions and Answers https://www.niassembly.gov.uk  Border Controls 1923: a Common Travel Area (CTA) agreement Between Ireland and the UK: →no passport controls →cooperate on immigration issues During the Troubles →frequent road closures and check points  Prof. Colin Harvey Queen’s University Belfast “Ultimately, Northern Ireland was removed from the EU against its will. There is an attachment to the EU as well as the benefits that flow from European Union citizenship too. Any future Border poll will also be a referendum on re-entry to the EU, as the EU has made clear that the North would automatically re-enter in a vote for constitutional change. It would be a vote about the North, yes, but also a vote about a united Ireland within the EU.”  Passports held (person based) of usual residents – Census 2021 Passports held (person based) Number Percentage United Kingdom only 887,600 46.6% Ireland only 509.500 26.5% United Kingdom and Ireland only 104,500 5.5% United Kingdom and other (not Ireland) 6,500 0.3% Ireland and other (not United Kingdom) 3,700 0.2% United Kingdom, Ireland and other 1,500 0.1% Other only 92,500 4.9% No Passport 302,200 15.9% All usual residents 1,903.200 100%  Northern Ireland Life & Time Survey 2022 Which of these best describes the way you think of yourself?  2022: Do you think yourself as British/Irish/Ulster/Northern Irish?  2022: Do you think yourself as British/Irish/Ulster/Northern Irish?  2022: Do you think yourself as British/Irish/Ulster/Northern Irish? Review Quiz 13:10-13:15  1 An EU citizen can live and work freely in any EU member state. TRUE  2 Since its entry into the EEC (the predecessor to the EU), Ireland has paid more than it received from the EU funds in total. FALSE  3 In the Brexit referendum held in 2016, the majority of the population of Northern Ireland chose to remain in the EU. TRUE  4 Since the Brexit referendum, people born in Northern Ireland have had to choose only one nationality. FALSE They have the right to hold both British and Irish citizenship.  5 On 1st January 2021, the Irish Sea border came into effect as the result of the Northern Ireland Protocol. TRUE 55.8% of the population voted to ‘remain’.  Final Exam: 22 January Starts at 13:15 and ends at 14:00 in Room 11-702 Bring your student ID card and your own computer and go to Final exam page at Moodle. The paper version is also available in class. This is a closed-exam: books, notes, ppts etc. are not allowed.  Use Waseda-Net only Before the exam, log-out once from Waseda Moodle and My Waseda and then re-enter both. Do NOT use other network, such as Eduroam or your own private network. Do NOT open more than one browser when doing exam. (Do NOT move from the exam page of the Moodle.)  There will be NO make-up exam. Those who catch the flu or coronavirus can have make-up exam. 1. Send me an email by 11:00 on 22 Jan. 2. Submit medical certificate to the SILS office. 3. Arrange the schedule with me. [[email protected]]  There will be NO make-up exam. Those who attend funerals of up to the second degree of kinship, can have make-up exam. 1. Send me an email by 11:00 on 22 Jan. 2. Go to the SILS office and follow the university procedure. 3. Arrange the schedule with me. [[email protected]]  Final exam 80 questions from the lectures (Weeks 8 to 13) Type of questions: 1. True/False 2. Fill-in-the-blank 3. Multiple-choice  The Celtic Tiger & The Celtic Phoenix  Today’s points The Celtic Tiger (1994/1995 - 2007/2008) Crash period (2008 – 2012) The Celtic Phoenix (2012/13 - ) GDP per capita: No.3 in the world  The Celtic Tiger Coined in 1994 Kevin Gardiner (UK economist, Morgan Stanley) Ireland’s unexpected economic growth Irish economic growth: 1994/1995〜2007/2008 Asian tiger economies The Boom/Ireland’s Economic Miracle  Ireland, Ireland A New National Anthem for Ireland (Joke!) Thomas Walsh & Neil Hannon For the Irish Times on 16 March 2010 → One day before St Patrick’s Day (17 March) Post-Celtic Tiger Ireland mentality “Once we were poor…”  Emigration Total No. of out-going population – incoming population →Net Emigration 900,000 800,000 700,000 600,000 500,000 400,000 Net Emigration 300,000 200,000 100,000 0 1880s 1900s 1950s 1850s 1860s 1870s 1890s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s Recession and Emigration: 1980s The Celtic Tiger “Then we were wealthy…” From 1990s to mid-2008 The Celtic Tiger Era  The European Union (EU) Entry into the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1973 Opportunity to expand Irish markets Reduce its over-reliance on trade with Britain Single Market by the Maastricht Treaty (1992) →Eliminated trade barriers →Established a consolidated economic union  Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Create direct employment Provide markets to local companies Stimulate domestic industrial growth Help to build international networks → vital ingredient to sustain a growing economy  Corporate Tax Rate: Comparison From IDA Ireland http://www.idaireland.com/why-ireland/tax/  Shift to a 15% Corporate Tax Rate From the 1st January, 2024 Cf: the UK 21% → 25% European Headquarters in Dublin Cork Kildare Pharmaceutical companies in Ireland →Knowledge-intensive manufacturing industry Labour Force  Employment 1992: 1,165,000 2004: 1,920,000 2008: 2,241,000 ← peak during the Celtic Tiger 2009: 2,187,000 2010: 2,150,000 2016: 2, 130,000 2017: 2,190,000 ← The Celtic Phoenix 2018: 2,250,000 2019: 2,320,000 The Celtic Tiger  Population change 1996-2006: →Overall population: 4.23 million (+ 16.8%) ROI: 5,023,109 (2022) NI: 1,903,175 (2021) 6,926,284  1950-2022 Population 2007 Annual Growth Rate 1988 Population 2023 Pope’s children  “The Pope’s Children” Phrase coined by David McWilliams baby boom (1970s – 1980) its peak: June 1980 Exactly nine months after the Pope’s visit in September 1979 First generation since the Famine to experience an increase in the size of population  “Quality of Life” best country to live in 2004 Economist, 2004 No.1 Ireland: 8.33 No.2 Switzerland: 8.07 No.3 Norway: 8.05 No.4 Luxembourg: 8.02 No.29 United Kingdom: 6.92  the Celtic Tiger mentality € 30,000: The average cost of an Irish wedding The people who say they never benefited from the Celtic Tiger are probably better off. They’re like people who had booked a ticket but then missed the Titanic. […] We should feel guilty about what we did with our money. I know I should have been more careful. My family are living on less than €2,500 a month and that covers absolutely everything. During the boom, we struggled to keep our spending below €6,000 and I keep asking myself why I couldn’t have been more careful when times were good. (Irish Times, 23 Jun. 2009)  Property bubble During the Celtic Tiger period € 58,000,000: Price paid for “Walford” a house on two acres in Shrewsbury Road in 2005 → Valued at 15 million (11 Sep 2011) → Sold for 14 million (29 March 2013)  “Now we are poor again.” 2008: collapse of the Lehman Bros. 2010: Irish Government → an €85 billion EU-IMF bailout Unemployment rate in Ireland Economic Growth House price index  “How Spending got guilt-edged” Conor Pope: Irish Times (Jan. 23 2010) 300,000: Empty houses across the country 31.5 %: The fall in house prices (peak price: Feb.2007) € 7,270: Average level of debt (excluding mortgage) 200,000: people who have had an overdraft facility 62%: Percentage fall in new car sales Property related tax revenue Consumer Price General Government Balance The Celtic Phoenix 2013 - 2020  The Recovery (2013-2020) Banking Sector Reforms →Bank recapitalization & stringent regulation Export-Led Growth →FDI-driven model (MNCs) →technology, pharmaceuticals, & finance Corporate Tax Policy →corporate tax rate: 12.5% →a hub for MNCs (Apple, Google, Pfizer etc.) Skilled Workforce & Innovation MNCs = multinational Corporations  The National Recovery Plan 2011-2014 Issued on 24 Nov. 2010 Savings in social welfare expenditure of €2.8 billion Reduce the public sector pay bill by about €1.2 billion Cut public service staff numbers by 24,750 The minimum wage will be reduced by €1 to €7.65 Raise €1.9 billion through income tax changes Increase the standard rate of VAT (from 21% to 22% in 2013 with a further increase to 23% in 2014) Economic Recovery  Ireland: unemployment rate 1983-2022 The Celtic Tiger period  The Celtic Phoenix Post-Pandemic 2020 - Pandemic Resilience: →strong pharmaceutical sector →tech industry: remote work EU membership & Trade (post-Brexit): →only English-speaking EU conuntry GDP vs. GNI(Gross National Income)  GDP per capita in USD (2024) 1. Luxembourg 143,740 2. Macao SAR 134,140 3. Ireland 133,900... 9. US 85,370 Source: International Monetary Fund (IMF) Ireland GDP growth 2015  Pfizer’s tax inversion 2015: transfer of headquarters function to ROI (plans to merge with Allergan) = all financial management functions→ ROI → take advantage of Ireland’s lower corporate tax rates → resulted in a rapid increase in Ireland’s GDP 2016: the deal (valued at $160 billion) abandoned ↑US government’s new regulations US’s corporate tax (2018: 39.1% → 21%) Pfizer’s case: Ireland’s appeal to MNCs  Disparity: GDP vs GNI Pharmaceuticals: produced and exported by MNCs →Irish exports majority of the income earned by MNCs →transferred to other countries (MNCs are based) Same applies to computer services: →GAFA’s Irish basses to the EU →income earned by GAFA → to the US ‘But I’d rather be Irish than anything else.’  ‘Second most generous nation in the world’ 19 December 2011 ‘World Giving Index 2011’ 1. donate money to charity 2. volunteer their time 3. help a stranger No. 1: US No.2: Ireland No.105: Japan  Ranking in Europe Ireland – UK – Netherland – Iceland –Denmark ・・・・・・ France, Spain, Italy, Portugal, Greece.  World Giving Index 2024 1. Indonesia 9. United Arab Emirates 2. Kenya 10. Malta 3. Singapore 11. Canada 4. The Gambia 12. Liberia 5. Nigeria 13. Guinea 6. US 14. Thailand 7. Ukraine 15. Ireland 8. Australia 16. Bahrain  World Giving Index 2022 1. Indonesia 8. Canada 2. Kenya 9. Zambia 3. US 10. Ukraine 4. Australia 11. Ireland 5. New Zealand 12. Thailand 6. Myanmar 13. Czech Republic 7. Sierra Leone 14. Nigeria 118. Japan!!!