IoT Unit IV PDF

Internet of Things UNIT-IV IoT Applications areas:– Smart Home, IoT and Healthcare, IoT and Agriculture, IoT and precision farming, IoT and Livestock monitoring, IoT agricultural drones, IoT smart greenhouses, IoT and military application, IoT and politics, IoT and constructions, IoT Smart Self Driving car, IoT and Fitness Trackers, IoT and Connected Factories, IoT and Hospitality and Tourism. IoT Applications areas IoT Applications at Smart Home What is a smart home? A smart home is a residence that uses internet-connected devices to enable the remote monitoring and management of appliances and systems, such as lighting and heating. Smart home technology -- also often referred to as home automation or domotics from the Latin word domus, meaning home -- provides homeowners security, comfort, convenience and energy efficiency by letting them control smart devices, often using a smart home app on their smartphone or another networked device. A part of the internet of things (IoT), smart home systems and devices often operate together, sharing consumer usage data among themselves and automating actions based on the homeowners' preferences. Examples of smart home technologies Nearly every aspect of life where technology has entered the domestic space -- including lightbulbs, dishwashers and other appliances -- has seen the introduction of a smart home alternative:  Smart TVs. These TVs connect to the internet to access content through applications, such as on-demand video and music. Some smart TVs also include voice or gesture recognition.  Smart lighting systems. In addition to being able to be controlled remotely and customized, smart lighting systems can detect when occupants are in the room and adjust lighting as needed. Smart lightbulbs can also regulate themselves based on daylight availability.  Smart thermostats. Smart thermostats, such as Google Nest, come with integrated Wi-Fi, letting users schedule, monitor and remotely control home temperatures. These devices also learn homeowners' behaviors and automatically modify settings --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Internet of Things (Unit-IV) Developed by Prof. Ratna Biswas Page-1 to provide them with maximum comfort and efficiency. Smart thermostats can also report energy use and remind users to change filters.  Smart door locks and garage door openers. Homeowners can use smart locks and garage-door openers to grant or deny access to visitors. Smart locks can also detect when residents are near and unlock the doors for them.  Smart security cameras and systems. With smart security cameras and doorbells, such as Ring, residents can monitor their homes when they're away. Smart motion sensors can identify the difference between residents, visitors, pets and burglars and can send notifications to authorities if suspicious behavior is detected.  Smart pet and lawn care. Pet care can be automated with connected feeders. Houseplants and lawns can be watered using connected timers.  Smart kitchen appliances. Brands such as LG, GE and Samsung offer smart kitchen appliances of all sorts. These appliances include smart coffee makers that can brew a fresh cup automatically at a programmed time; smart refrigerators that keep track of expiration dates, make shopping lists or even create recipes based on ingredients currently on hand; slow cookers and toasters; and, in the laundry room, washing machines and dryers.  Smart household monitors. Household system monitors can, for example, sense a power surge and turn off appliances, sense water failures or freezing pipes and turn off the water so the home doesn't flood.  Smart plugs. These connect to wall sockets to transform simple home devices, such as lamps and ceiling fans, so they can be controlled remotely via mobile apps and voice assistants such as Alexa. Role of IoT in Smart Home The role of IoT in a smart home is essential, as it creates a truly connected and intelligent living environment. IoT technology allows devices and appliances to communicate with each other and with homeowners, transforming traditional homes into smart, automated spaces. Here are some key roles that IoT plays in smart homes:  Automation and Control: IoT allows for seamless automation and control of various parts of a home, ranging from lighting and heating to security systems and entertainment devices. By integrating these devices and enabling them to --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Internet of Things (Unit-IV) Developed by Prof. Ratna Biswas Page-2 exchange information, IoT technology enhances convenience, efficiency, and energy management within the home.  Remote Access and Monitoring: One of the most crucial benefits of IoT in smart homes is the ability to remotely control and monitor devices. Through smartphone applications or web interfaces, homeowners can manage and adjust settings even when they are away from home. Whether it’s switching on the lights, adjusting the thermostat, or checking security cameras, IoT enables remote access for greater convenience and peace of mind.  Energy Efficiency: IoT technology plays a crucial role in optimizing energy usage within a smart home. By utilizing sensors, data analysis, and automation, smart devices can adjust energy consumption based on factors such as dwelling, time of day, and user preferences. Smart thermostats, lighting systems, and appliances can adapt to optimize energy usage, resulting in reduced utility bills and a more sustainable living environment.  Enhanced Security and Safety: IoT enhances the security and safety features of a smart home. Connected security systems, such as smart cameras, door locks, and motion sensors, provide real-time alerts and video feeds, enabling homeowners to monitor and secure their homes remotely. IoT can also integrate with fire alarms, carbon monoxide detectors, and other safety devices to provide immediate notifications and automated responses in emergency situations.  Personalized Experiences: IoT enables the customization and personalization of the smart home experience. By learning user preferences and behavior patterns, IoT systems can anticipate and adapt to individual needs. From adjusting temperature and lighting to playing personalized music playlists, smart homes powered by IoT technology offer personalized experiences that cater to the unique preferences of each homeowner. How IoT in Smart Home Works? IoT in smart homes operates through a network of interconnected devices, sensors, and a central hub. This network allows for seamless communication and control of various aspects of the home. Here’s a simplified explanation of how IoT in smart homes works:  Device Connectivity: IoT-enabled devices in a smart home, such as thermostats, lighting systems, appliances, and security cameras, are equipped with embedded sensors, processors, and wireless connectivity modules. These devices communicate using wireless protocols like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, or Z- Wave.  Data Collection and Transmission: Sensors embedded in these devices collect data about the home environment. They can detect factors like motion, temperature, humidity, and light intensity. The collected data is transferred wirelessly to a central hub or gateway within the smart home system.  Central Hub Processing: The central hub serves as the heart of the smart home system. It receives the data from various sensors and processes it to make informed decisions. The hub can be a dedicated device or software running on a server or cloud platform. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Internet of Things (Unit-IV) Developed by Prof. Ratna Biswas Page-3  Automation and Control: Based on predefined rules or user instructions, the central hub sends commands to the respective devices and appliances. For example, if a motion sensor detects movement, the hub can trigger the security system or turn on the lights in the corresponding area. These commands enable smart home automation and control of different functions.  User Interaction: Users can interact with the smart home system through various interfaces like smartphone applications or web interfaces. These interfaces allow homeowners to monitor and control devices remotely, adjust settings, and receive notifications. By enabling seamless communication and control between devices, IoT technology facilitates automation and enhances convenience in smart homes. It creates a connected ecosystem where devices work together to create an intelligent living environment. Through the central hub and user interfaces, homeowners can easily monitor and manage their smart homes from anywhere, providing greater flexibility and control over their living spaces. IoT Smart Home Technologies Several IoT technologies are commonly used in smart homes to enable connectivity and automation. Some of the key technologies include:  Smart Sensors: Sensors play a crucial role in collecting data about the home environment. They can detect motion, temperature, humidity, light intensity, and more. These sensors provide valuable information for automating different functions in the smart home.  Voice Assistants: Voice assistants, such as Amazon Alexa or Google Assistant, have gained popularity in smart homes. They allow users to control devices and perform tasks using voice commands, offering a hands-free and intuitive control experience.  Smart Appliances: IoT-enabled appliances, such as refrigerators, washing machines, or ovens, can communicate with the central hub and provide information about their status, energy consumption, or maintenance requirements. This connectivity enables improved efficiency and optimization of appliance usage.  Security Systems: IoT has greatly improved home security systems. Smart security cameras, door locks, and motion sensors can send real-time alerts, and video feeds to homeowners’ devices, enabling them to monitor and secure their homes remotely.  Energy Management: IoT in smart homes allows for efficient energy management. Smart thermostats can understand user behavior and adjust temperature accordingly, refining energy usage. Smart lighting systems can automatically adjust brightness and switch off when everyone leaves the room, reducing energy waste. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Internet of Things (Unit-IV) Developed by Prof. Ratna Biswas Page-4 IoT Smart Home Automation Future The future of IoT home automation looks promising, with continuous advancements and innovations on the horizon. Here are some incredible things we can expect:  Enhanced Interconnectivity: As IoT technologies mature, we can expect improved interconnectivity between devices from different manufacturers. This will result in more seamless integration and compatibility, making it easier for homeowners to expand and customize their smart home systems.  Artificial Intelligence Integration: AI algorithms can analyze data collected by IoT devices and provide valuable insights. In the future, AI integration in smart homes will enable more intelligent automation and predictive capabilities. For example, the system can learn user behavior patterns and automatically adjust settings based on individual preferences.  Expansion of IoT Ecosystem: The IoT ecosystem will continue to grow, with more devices becoming IoT-enabled. This expansion will cover various aspects of home living, including health monitoring, kitchen appliances, home entertainment, and more, further enhancing convenience and efficiency.  Data Security and Privacy: As the number of connected devices increases, ensuring data security and privacy will become even more critical. Future developments will focus on implementing robust encryption methods and authentication protocols to safeguard sensitive user information. IoT Applications in Healthcare Patient’s contacts with doctors were restricted, until the IoT (Internet of Things), to appointments, conferencing, and text messages. Doctors and hospitals were unable to keep track of their patient’s health and make rational decisions. With the Internet of Things technologies, remote surveillance is now available in the healthcare industry. Which can keep patients safe and protected. At the same time enabling medical practitioners to provide better care while they are away. With technology tools like video conferencing combined with real-time health statistics available to medical practitioners, communication with doctors has become smoother and more effective resulting in increased trust and satisfaction for the patients. Internet of Things (IoT) Applications for Healthcare: The Internet of Things has the potential to fully improve healthcare for all the stakeholders in the ecosystem including but not limited to patients, medical practitioners, caretakers, hospitals, and insurance companies. How Healthcare is Transforming Through the IoT Technologies IoT for Patients -The Internet of Things has changed people’s lives, especially the lives of elderly patients, by allowing them to track and control their health conditions and issues. This has a huge impact on single persons and their families. When a person’s --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Internet of Things (Unit-IV) Developed by Prof. Ratna Biswas Page-5 daily activities are moved, an alarm system sends warnings to family members and informed healthcare. Wearables such as exercise bands and other wirelessly wired instruments such as blood pressure and heart rate control cuffs, and glucometers. IoT devices provide patients with personalized care. These machines can be designed to remind you of things like calorie counting, exercising, appointments, blood pressure changes, and much more. IoT for Medical Practitioners – Medical practitioners can keep better track of their patient’s well-being by using wearables and other IoT-enabled home surveillance devices. They will keep track of whether or not patients are sticking to their recovery schedules, as well as whether or not they need emergency medical attention. IoT allows healthcare providers to be more vigilant and compassionate in their interactions with patients. IoT for Hospitals – The Internet of Things can be used in a wide variety of medical instruments, including wheelchair users, heart monitors, nebulizers, oxygen supplies, and other power storage devices. For hospital patients, infection spread is a big concern. Hygiene management devices with IoT capabilities help in the prevention of infection in patients. Asset management, such as medication inventory tracking, and environmental control, such as measuring refrigerator temperatures and controlling humidity and temperature, is also made simpler with IoT devices. IoT for Health Insurance Companies – With IoT-connected intelligent systems, health insurers have a variety of options. Data obtained by health tracking systems may be used by insurance providers for underwriting and claims management. They will be able to diagnose fraud allegations and classify underwriting opportunities using this information. Benefits of IoT in Healthcare Cost savings: IoT provides for real-time patient tracking, reducing the amount of unwanted medical appointments, hospital stays, and re-admissions. Enhances the capabilities of preventive medicine: Using IoT software, we can obtain a better understanding of the patient’s condition and react accordingly. Instead of waiting for symptoms to appear, doctors may use the information obtained to detect changes and easily resolve any concerns. For these reasons, the use of neural networks for data analytics under large amounts of IoT data is acceptable. Increased hospital staff versatility and alertness: This is one of the most important IoT benefits of healthcare that would benefit frontline workers. In the case of a pandemic influenza epidemic, a growing number of patients may need urgent medical assistance. Doctors are being forced to take on positions that they are not qualified to manage. They need software that helps them to track thousands, of patients in real-time. They --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Internet of Things (Unit-IV) Developed by Prof. Ratna Biswas Page-6 can receive immediate alerts when critical changes in patient parameters occur, and quickly locate patients. Who require assistance, and direct assistance as soon as possible using IoT tracking systems. Drug and Medical Equipment Management: Healthcare providers can use IoT and medical software for medical practitioners to remotely verify whether a patient has taken their medications and if they haven’t, the therapist can call and inform the patient, or even simplify the procedure. Reducing Errors: Usually, results turn wrong, or the doctor works an incorrect test or conclusion. In medicine, the social aspect may have important consequences. This is generally avoided with IoT due to checks and balances. The device can have the best performance in terms of diagnostic accuracy. Patient data collection is sped up: Doctors usually spend hours analyzing various types of data. With the help of IoT, it will take a few minutes. Furthermore, the IoT when paired with AI and machine learning, will have care solutions. How IoT Helps In Healthcare, What Process It Follows Imagine tiny, invisible helpers keeping a watchful eye on your health. That’s the magic of Internet of Things (IoT) devices in healthcare! Gathering Information: Imagine a smartwatch that feels your pulse or a smart patch stuck to your arm that measures your temperature. These are just some examples of sensors, which act like tiny detectives, constantly collecting data about your health. They can track things like heart rate, blood sugar, sleep patterns, and even medication intake. Doctor’s Notes: Sometimes, doctors and nurses might also add information to the mix. They might use special tablets or apps to record notes about your symptoms, medications, or allergies. This extra human touch helps the smart devices understand your health story better. The Smart Assistant: All the information collected by the sensors and doctors goes on a journey to a secure online storage space called the cloud. Here, smart algorithms, like mini-geniuses called machine learning (ML), analyze the data. They look for patterns and clues in the information, just like detectives piecing together a puzzle. Informed Decisions: With all the information gathered from sensors, doctors’ notes, and the smart analysis, doctors can make informed decisions about your health. They can adjust your medication, recommend additional tests, or simply give you peace of mind knowing everything is okay. Because of its diverse range of applications in various sectors, the growth of IoT is inspiring for everybody. It has a lot of functions in healthcare.  Reducing emergency room wait time  Tracking patients, staff, and inventory  Enhancing drug management  Ensuring the availability of critical hardware --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Internet of Things (Unit-IV) Developed by Prof. Ratna Biswas Page-7 IoT has since launched a range of wearables and accessories that have made patient’s lives easier. The following are the devices: 1. Hearables These innovative devices are not just for listening to music anymore. Smart headphones and earbuds are increasingly being equipped with sensors that can track vital signs like heart rate, blood oxygen levels, and even brain activity. This real-time data can be used to monitor for potential health issues like arrhythmias or sleep apnea, allowing for early intervention and improved management. 2. Ingestible Sensors This revolutionary technology involves swallowing miniature sensors that can travel through the digestive system and transmit valuable data about internal conditions. These sensors can monitor factors like temperature, pH levels, and even the presence of specific biomarkers, aiding in the diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal disorders and other internal ailments. 3. Moodables These wearable devices go beyond tracking steps and calories. They can employ various sensors and algorithms to assess mood, stress levels, and even sleep quality. By analyzing factors like heart rate variability, skin conductivity, and activity patterns, moodables can provide valuable insights into mental and emotional well-being, allowing for personalized interventions and improved mental health management. 4. Computer Vision Technology Cameras and other visual sensors are finding novel applications in healthcare through IoT integration. For instance, smart glasses can be used by healthcare professionals to assist in remote consultations, allowing them to examine patients virtually and access real-time visual information. Additionally, computer vision can be employed in wound care, analyzing images to track healing progress and identify potential complications. 5. Healthcare Charting The traditional pen-and-paper method of medical recordkeeping is gradually evolving with the advent of IoT. Wearable devices and sensors can seamlessly integrate with electronic health records (EHR) systems, automatically capturing and transmitting vital signs, medication adherence data, and other relevant information. This real-time data not only streamlines charting and documentation but also provides healthcare professionals with a more comprehensive picture of a patient’s health, facilitating informed decision-making. Healthcare monitoring devices IoT devices offer a number of new opportunities for healthcare professionals to monitor patients, as well as for patients to monitor themselves. By extension, the variety of wearable IoT devices provide an array of benefits and challenges, for healthcare providers and their patients alike. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Internet of Things (Unit-IV) Developed by Prof. Ratna Biswas Page-8 1. Remote patient monitoring Remote patient monitoring is the most common application of IoT devices for healthcare. IoT devices can automatically collect health metrics like heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, and more from patients who are not physically present in a healthcare facility, eliminating the need for patients to travel to the providers, or for patients to collect it themselves. When an IoT device collects patient data, it forwards the data to a software application where healthcare professionals and/or patients can view it. Algorithms may be used to analyze the data in order to recommend treatments or generate alerts. For example, an IoT sensor that detects a patient’s unusually low heart rate may generate an alert so that healthcare professionals can intervene. A major challenge with remote patient monitoring devices is ensuring that the highly personal data that these IoT devices collect is secure and private. 2. Glucose monitoring For the more than 30 million Americans with diabetes, glucose monitoring has traditionally been difficult. Not only is it inconvenient to have to check glucose levels and manually record results, but doing so reports a patient’s glucose levels only at the exact time the test is provided. If levels fluctuate widely, periodic testing may not be sufficient to detect a problem. IoT devices can help address these challenges by providing continuous, automatic monitoring of glucose levels in patients. Glucose monitoring devices eliminate the need to keep records manually, and they can alert patients when glucose levels are problematic. Challenges include designing an IoT device for glucose monitoring that: a. Is small enough to monitor continuously without causing a disruption to patients b. Does not consume so much electricity that it needs to be recharged frequently. These are not insurmountable challenges, however, and devices that address them promise to revolutionize the way patients handle glucose monitoring. 3. Heart-rate monitoring Like glucose, monitoring heart rates can be challenging, even for patients who are present in healthcare facilities. Periodic heart rate checks don’t guard against rapid fluctuations in heart rates, and conventional devices for continuous cardiac monitoring used in hospitals require patients to be attached to wired machines constantly, impairing their mobility. Today, a variety of small IoT devices are available for heart rate monitoring, freeing patients to move around as they like while ensuring that their hearts are monitored continuously. Guaranteeing ultra-accurate results remains somewhat of a challenge, but most modern devices can deliver accuracy rates of about 90 percent or better. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Internet of Things (Unit-IV) Developed by Prof. Ratna Biswas Page-9 4. Hand hygiene monitoring Traditionally, there hasn’t been a good way to ensure that providers and patients inside a healthcare facility washed their hands properly in order to minimize the risk of spreading contagion. Today, many hospitals and other health care operations use IoT devices to remind people to sanitize their hands when they enter hospital rooms. The devices can even give instructions on how best to sanitize to mitigate a particular risk for a particular patient. A major shortcoming is that these devices can only remind people to clean their hands; they can’t do it for them. Still, research suggests that these devices can reduce infection rates by more than 60 percent in hospitals. 5. Depression and mood monitoring Information about depression symptoms and patients’ general mood is another type of data that has traditionally been difficult to collect continuously. Healthcare providers might periodically ask patients how they are feeling, but were unable to anticipate sudden mood swings. And, often, patients don’t accurately report their feelings. “Mood-aware” IoT devices can address these challenges. By collecting and analyzing data such as heart rate and blood pressure, devices can infer information about a patient’s mental state. Advanced IoT devices for mood monitoring can even track data such as the movement of a patient’s eyes. The key challenge here is that metrics like these can’t predict depression symptoms or other causes for concern with complete accuracy. But neither can a traditional in-person mental assessment. 6. Parkinson’s disease monitoring In order to treat Parkinson’s patients most effectively, healthcare providers must be able to assess how the severity of their symptoms fluctuate through the day. IoT sensors promise to make this task much easier by continuously collecting data about Parkinson’s symptoms. At the same time, the devices give patients the freedom to go about their lives in their own homes, instead of having to spend extended periods in a hospital for observation. Other examples of IoT/IoMT While wearable devices like those described above remain the most commonly used type of IoT device in healthcare, there are devices that go beyond monitoring to actually providing treatment, or even “living” in or on the patient. Examples include the following. 7. Connected inhalers Conditions such as asthma or COPD often involve attacks that come on suddenly, with little warning. IoT-connected inhalers can help patients by monitoring the frequency of --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Internet of Things (Unit-IV) Developed by Prof. Ratna Biswas Page-10 attacks, as well as collecting data from the environment to help healthcare providers understand what triggered an attack. In addition, connected inhalers can alert patients when they leave inhalers at home, placing them at risk of suffering an attack without their inhaler present, or when they use the inhaler improperly. 8. Ingestible sensors Collecting data from inside the human body is typically a messy and highly disruptive affair. No no enjoys having a camera or probe stuck into their digestive tract, for example. With ingestible sensors, it’s possible to collect information from digestive and other systems in a much less invasive way. They provide insights into stomach PH levels, for instance, or help pinpoint the source of internal bleeding. These devices must be small enough to be swallowed easily. They must also be able to dissolve or pass through the human body cleanly on their own. Several companies are hard at work on ingestible sensors that meet these criteria. 9. Connected contact lenses Smart contact lenses provide another opportunity for collecting healthcare data in a passive, non-intrusive way. They could also, incidentally, include microcameras that allow wearers effectively to take pictures with their eyes, which is probably why companies like Google have patented connected contact lenses. Whether they’re used to improve health outcomes or for other purposes, smart lenses promise to turn human eyes into a powerful tool for digital interactions. 10. Robotic surgery By deploying small Internet-connected robots inside the human body, surgeons can perform complex procedures that would be difficult to manage using human hands. At the same time, robotic surgeries performed by small IoT devices can reduce the size of incisions required to perform surgery, leading to a less invasive process, and faster healing for patients. These devices must be small enough and reliable enough to perform surgeries with minimal disruption. They must also be able to interpret complex conditions inside bodies in order to make the right decisions about how to proceed during a surgery. But IoT robots are already being used for surgery, showing that these challenges can be adequately addressed. IoT Applications in Agriculture What is smart agriculture? --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Internet of Things (Unit-IV) Developed by Prof. Ratna Biswas Page-11 Smart agriculture is mostly used to denote the application of IoT solutions in agriculture. So what is smart agriculture using IoT? By using IoT sensors to collect environmental and machine metrics, farmers can make informed decisions, and improve just about every aspect of their work – from livestock to crop farming. The adoption of IoT solutions for agriculture is constantly growing. COVID-19 has had a positive impact on IoT in the agriculture market share. Disruptions in the supply chain, and the shortage of qualified workers, has propelled its CAGR to 9,9%. In fact, as per recent reports, the smart framing market share is set to reach $6.2 billion by 2021. At the same time, the global smart agriculture market size is expected to triple by 2025, reaching $15.3 billion (compared to being slightly over $5 billion back in 2016). Because the market is still developing, there is still ample opportunity for businesses willing to join in. IoT use cases in agriculture There are many types of IoT sensors for agriculture as well as IoT applications in agriculture in general. Monitoring of climate conditions Probably the most popular smart agriculture gadgets are weather stations, combining various smart farming sensors. Located across the field, they collect various data from the environment and send it to the cloud. Greenhouse automation The use of IoT sensors enables them to get accurate real-time information on greenhouse conditions such as lighting, temperature, soil condition, and humidity. In addition to sourcing environmental data, weather stations can automatically adjust the conditions to match the given parameters. Specifically, greenhouse automation systems use a similar principle. Crop management Just like weather stations, they should be placed in the field to collect data specific to crop farming; from temperature and precipitation to leaf water potential and overall crop health. You can monitor your crop growth and any anomalies to effectively prevent any diseases or infestations that can harm your yield. Cattle monitoring and management Just like crop monitoring, there are IoT agriculture sensors that can be attached to the animals on a farm monitoring their health and log performance. Livestock tracking and monitoring help collect data on stock health, well-being, and physical location. For example, such sensors can identify sick animals so that farmers can separate them from the herd and avoid contamination. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Internet of Things (Unit-IV) Developed by Prof. Ratna Biswas Page-12 Precision farming Also known as precision agriculture, precision farming is all about efficiency and making accurate data-driven decisions. It’s also one of the most widespread and effective applications of IoT in agriculture. By using IoT sensors, farmers can collect a vast array of metrics on every facet of the field microclimate and ecosystem: lighting, temperature, soil condition, humidity, CO2 levels, and pest infections. This data enables farmers to estimate optimal amounts of water, fertilizers, and pesticides that their crops need, reduce expenses, and raise better and healthier crops. Agricultural drones Perhaps one of the most promising agritech advancements is the use of agricultural drones in smart farming. Also known as UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles), drones are better equipped than airplanes and satellites to collect agricultural data. Predictive analytics for smart farming Precision agriculture and predictive data analytics go hand in hand. While IoT and smart sensor technology are a goldmine for highly relevant real-time data, the use of data analytics helps farmers make sense of it and come up with important predictions: crop harvesting time, the risks of diseases and infestations, yield volume, etc. Data analytics tools help make farming, which is inherently highly dependent on weather conditions, more manageable, and predictable. End-to-end farm management systems A more complex approach to IoT products in agriculture can be represented by the so- called farm productivity management systems. They usually include a number of agriculture IoT devices and sensors, installed on the premises as well as a powerful dashboard with analytical capabilities and in-built accounting/reporting features. This offers remote farm monitoring capabilities and allows you to streamline most of the business operations. In addition to the listed IoT agriculture use cases, some prominent opportunities include vehicle tracking (or even automation), storage management, logistics, etc. Smart Agriculture System Using IOT IoT device includes every object that can be controlled through the Internet. IoT devices have become commonplace in consumer markets with wearable IoWT (Internet of Wearable Things), such as smart watches, and home management products, like Google home. It is estimated over 30 billion devices could be connected to the Internet of Things by 2020. The applications of Internet of Things in agriculture target conventional farming operations to meet the increasing demands and decrease production loses. IoT in agriculture uses robots, drones, remote sensors, and computer imaging combined with continuously progressing machine learning and analytical tools for monitoring crops, surveying, and mapping the fields, and provide data to farmers for rational farm management plans to save both time and money Agriculture implements IoT through use of robots, drones, sensors, and computer imaging integrated with analytical tools for getting insights and monitor the farms. Placement of physical equipment on farms monitors and records data, which is then used to get valuable insights. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Internet of Things (Unit-IV) Developed by Prof. Ratna Biswas Page-13 IOT TECHNOLOGIES IN AGRICULTURE IoT smart agriculture products are designed to help monitor crop fields using sensors and by automating irrigation systems. As a result, farmers and associated brands can easily monitor the field conditions from anywhere without any hassle. Take a look at the different uses of IoT in agriculture by means of various IoT solutions: 1. ROBOTICS IN AGRICULTURE Since the industrial revolution in the 1800s, automation got more advanced to efficiently handle sophisticated tasks and increase production. With increasing demands and shortage of labor across the globe, agriculture robots or commonly known as Agribots are starting to gain attention among farmers. Crop production decreased by an estimated 213 crores approx ($3.1 billion) a year due to labor shortages in the USA alone. Recent advancements in sensors and AI technology that lets machines train on their surroundings have made agrobots more notable. We are still in the early stages of an ag-robotics revolution, harnessing the full potential of the Internet of Things in agriculture, with most of the products still in early trial phases and R&D mode. Weeding Robots These smart Agri robots use digital image processing to look through the images of weeds in their database to detect similarities with crops and weed out or spray them directly with their robotic arms. With an increasing number of plants becoming resistant to pesticides they are a boon to the environment and also to farmers who used to spread the pesticides throughout the farm. An estimated 13,000 kilograms (3 billion pounds) of herbicides are applied at a cost of 1,725 crores ($25B) each year, thus reducing their overall cost. Machine Navigation As remote-controlled toy cars are enabled with a controller, tractors and heavy plowing equipment can be run automatically from the comfort of home through GPS. These integrated automatic machines are highly accurate and self-adjust when they detect differences in terrains, simplifying labor-intensive tasks. Their movements as well as work progress can be easily checked on smartphones. With advancements in IoT in Agricultural and machine learning, these tech-driven motors are enabling Advanced farming using IoT independently with features such as automatic obstacle detection. Harvesting Robotics Utilizing agribots to pick crops is solving the problem of labor shortages. Working the delicate process of picking fruits and vegetables these innovative machines can operate 24/7. A combination of image processing and robotic arms is used by these machines to determine the fruits to pick hence controlling the quality. Due to high operational costs, crops that have an early focus on agribot harvesting are orchard fruits like apples. Greenhouse harvesting also finds applications with these bots for high-value crops like tomatoes and strawberries. These bots can work in greenhouses to aptly determine the stage of crops and harvest them at the right time. Material Handling Robots can perform dreaded manual labor tasks working alongside the labors. They can lift heavy materials and perform tasks like plant spacing with high accuracy, therefore optimizing the space and plant quality and reducing production costs. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Internet of Things (Unit-IV) Developed by Prof. Ratna Biswas Page-14 2. DRONES IN AGRICULTURE Drones in agriculture are used to enhance and optimize various farming activities such as crop monitoring, crop spraying, soil analysis, and mapping. In fact, agriculture is one of the major sectors to incorporate drones. Drones equipped with sensors and cameras are used for imaging, mapping, and surveying farms. There are ground-based drones and aerial drones. Ground drones are bots that survey the fields on wheels. Aerial drones, formally known as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), are flying robots. Drones can be controlled remotely or they can fly automatically through software-controlled flight plans in their embedded systems, working in coordination with sensors and GPS. From the drone data, insights can be drawn regarding crop health, irrigation, spraying, planting, soil and field, plant counting, yield prediction, and much more. Drones can either be scheduled for farm surveys (drone as a service) or can be bought and stored near farms where they can be recharged and maintained. After the surveys, the drones need to be taken to nearby labs to analyze the data that has been collected, thereby helping leverage IoT in agriculture better. 3. REMOTE SENSING IN AGRICULTURE Remote sensing in agriculture is revolutionizing the way data is acquired from different nodes in a farm' IoT-based remote sensing utilizes sensors placed along with the farms like weather stations for gathering data, which is transmitted to analytical tools for analysis. Sensors are devices sensitive to anomalies. Farmers can monitor the crops from the analytical dashboard and take action based on insights.  Crop Monitoring Sensors placed along the farms monitor the crops for changes in light, humidity, temperature, shape, and size. Any anomaly detected by the sensors is analyzed and the farmer is notified. Thus remote sensing can help prevent the spread of diseases and keep an eye on the growth of crops.  Weather conditions The data collected by sensors in terms of humidity, temperature, moisture precipitation, and dew detection helps in determining the weather pattern in farms so that cultivation is done for suitable crops.  Soil quality Soil health analysis helps in determining the nutrient value and drier areas of farms, soil drainage capacity, or acidity, which allows for adjustment of the amount of water needed for irrigation and opting for the most beneficial type of cultivation. The soil health data can also help leverage regenerative agriculture by providing insights into how and when to increase organic matter and therefore achieve a better soil structure and eventually pave a path for climate-smart agriculture. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Internet of Things (Unit-IV) Developed by Prof. Ratna Biswas Page-15 4. COMPUTER IMAGING IN AGRICULTURE Computer imaging involves the use of sensor cameras installed at different corners of the farm or drones equipped with cameras to produce images that undergo digital image processing. Digital image processing is the basic concept of processing an input image using computer algorithms. Image processing views the images in different spectral intensities such as infrared, compares the images obtained over a period of time, and detects anomalies, thus analyzing limiting factors and helping a better management of farms. IoT and precision farming Defining Precision Farming and Its Significance Precision farming is characterized by the precise application of inputs such as water, fertilizers, and pesticides based on the specific needs of each crop or field. This approach not only maximizes crop yields but also minimizes waste, making farming more efficient and environmentally friendly. The Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as a key enabler of precision farming.IoT devices collect and analyze data from the field, providing farmers with real-time insights that inform decision-making and facilitate proactive management of agricultural operations. IoT-Enabled Farm Management Systems IoT technologies play a crucial role in modern farm management systems. They enable real-time monitoring of soil and crop conditions, automated irrigation, and efficient resource management. Real-Time Soil and Crop Monitoring Sensors embedded in the soil or attached to drones collect data on soil moisture, nutrient levels, and crop health. This real-time information allows farmers to detect issues early and take corrective action, improving crop yields and quality. Automated Irrigation and Resource Management IoT devices also enable automated irrigation systems that deliver water precisely where and when it's needed. This not only conserves water but also ensures optimal growth conditions for crops, contributing to the overall efficiency and sustainability of farming operations. Advanced IoT Applications in Precision Farming --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Internet of Things (Unit-IV) Developed by Prof. Ratna Biswas Page-16 Beyond basic monitoring and automation, IoT technologies offer advanced applications in precision farming. These include using drones and satellite imagery for enhanced analysis and machine learning for predictive agriculture. Drones and Satellite Imagery for Enhanced Analysis Drones equipped with cameras and sensors can capture detailed images of fields, providing insights into crop health and growth patterns. Similarly, satellite imagery can offer a broader view of agricultural lands, helping farmers manage large-scale operations more effectively. Machine Learning for Predictive Agriculture Machine learning algorithms can analyze the vast amounts of data collected by IoT devices to predict future crop yields, identify potential pest infestations, and optimize irrigation schedules. This predictive capability allows farmers to make proactive decisions, further enhancing the efficiency and productivity of their operations. IoT and Livestock monitoring What is IoT-Enabled Livestock Management? Livestock management, also known as livestock monitoring or precision livestock farming, uses IoT-enabled devices to track and monitor the health of livestock, most commonly cattle. Value Proposition Traditional methods of livestock monitoring involve individually inspecting animals for signs of disease or injury. This method is both costly and highly unreliable. An Oklahoma University found lung lesions and scarring in 37 percent of cattle that had never been diagnosed as sick and, in a trial at the Meat Animal Research Center, 68 percent of steers tested showed signs of past respiratory infection. Although the animals had recovered on their own, studies have shown that once livestock has been ill, they never catch up to the rest of the healthy herd in health or value. How it Works? IoT-enabled livestock management solutions take the guesswork out of herd health. Using a wearable collar or tag, battery-powered sensors monitor the location, temperature, blood pressure and heart rate of animals and wirelessly send the data in near-real-time to farmers’ devices. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Internet of Things (Unit-IV) Developed by Prof. Ratna Biswas Page-17 This allows farmers to check in on the health and location of each individual animal in their herd from anywhere as well as receive alerts if something falls outside of the normal range. Rather than physically check the vitals of each individual animal to see if an illness has spread, they know immediately which livestock is affected and which are not. Besides tracking health, livestock monitoring solutions can use GPS tracking to gather and store historical data on preferred grazing spots or use temperature tracking to determine the peak of mating season. Key Benefits of IoT-Enabled Livestock Management  Monitor the health and vitality of livestock in real-time, enabling farmers to quickly treat animals and prevent the spread of illness or disease.  Track grazing animals to prevent loss and to identify grazing patterns.  Gather and analyze historical data to identify trends in cattle health or to track the spread of illness.  Monitor readiness to mate or give birth, preventing the loss of new calves and optimizing breeding practices. HOW IOT SOLUTIONS ARE HELPFUL IN LIVESTOCK MONITORING SYSTEMS? The livestock industry is huge, and therefore it is essential to keep track of livestock and other farm animals. A Livestock monitoring system is a revolutionary solution architected and developed using sensors, GPS, etc. and integrating all these with a network protocol for communication. This monitoring system helps the farmers to keep a check on their farm animals remotely. The tracker device is attached to collars and keeps track of animal health, chewing patterns, location details, pasture management, etc. The Livestock monitoring system not only helps in managing farm animals but also other farm equipment. The use of sensors on livestock, where the data is sent to a central unit for monitoring, is an implementation known as Wireless Sensor Network. HOW CAN IOT REDUCE THE SPREAD OF LUMPY DISEASE? Lumpy Skin disease is a contagious viral disease that spreads among cattle through vectors like mosquitoes, flies, lice and wasps by direct contact, as also through contaminated food and water Studies have also shown that it can spread through animal semen during artificial insemination. The symptoms include high fever, reduced milk production, skin nodules, loss of appetite, increased nasal discharge and watery eyes. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Internet of Things (Unit-IV) Developed by Prof. Ratna Biswas Page-18 As the early symptoms of Lumpy Disease are fever and Loss of appetite, temperature rise and rumination, which can be tracked by IoT cattle tracking devices. This can help in quarantining the cattle before spreading it to others. WORKING ON AN IOT-ENABLED LIVESTOCK MONITORING SYSTEM The IoT-enabled livestock monitoring platform can turn out to be a boon for livestock farming. IoT-enabled livestock management solutions provide data on various aspects of cattle health. Using a wearable collar or tag, equipped with sensors, monitoring of the location, temperature, blood pressure, and heart rate of animals can be done. These Wearable IoT devices wirelessly send the data of every cattle on the farm to a central unit, called IoT Gateway. The tracker device is made small in size and light weighted so that animals don’t find it bulky over their body. The GPS tracker and sensors are integrated into the device so that the animals’ movements and health can be monitored 24*7. The behavioral tracking feature of the system can help the farmers to know what their livestock are eating. There are mobile applications and web apps or IoT Dashboards associated with the hardware. With the help of the application associated with the device, farmers can create virtual boundaries with geofencing to secure the locations where the livestock can move freely. The tracker sends alerts to the mobile application if the livestock moves beyond defined boundaries. It also sends alerts if the livestock is eating or drinking something toxic or inappropriate. This way, the farmers can save their livestock from health issues. The system can work on LPWAN, which works everywhere, hence ensuring the proper connections. There are LPWAN protocols that are opted for according to the application. BENEFITS OF AN IOT-ENABLED LIVESTOCK MONITORING SYSTEM Farms now have huge numbers of animals making the direct interaction of staff with all the animals impossible. IoT-enabled monitoring for Livestock helps in checking on all the animals remotely and also provides information on every animal on the farm to rely on. Key benefits of IoT Cattle tracking and monitoring system are:-  Monitor the health and vitality of livestock in real-time, enabling farmers to quickly treat animals and prevent the spread of disease.  To monitor grazing patterns and nutritional changes.  Track grazing animals.  Gather and analyze historical data to identify trends in cattle health.  Accurate heat detection in cattle’s for optimized breeding practices.  Cloud-based integration and dashboard solutions to provide real-time information as well as historic data to vets, nutritionists etc. TRACKING LIVESTOCK’S MOVEMENT WITH GPS Tracking your animals’ behavior and keeping an eye on the locations wherever they go is essential nowadays. With an IoT Cattle Tracking and Monitoring system, you can --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Internet of Things (Unit-IV) Developed by Prof. Ratna Biswas Page-19 track your livestock location 24*7. You can also locate lost animals and rescue them in no time. The system comes with an integrated GPS tracker and geofencing feature by which it becomes easier to create grazing boundaries for the cow and other farm animals. TRACK LIVESTOCK HEALTH For healthy products we get from livestock, the livestock animals must be healthy. The livestock monitoring system helps in keeping a check on the health of the livestock. You can monitor the grazing pattern and make better decisions for livestock weight, food timings, etc. If livestock gets any illness such as lameness, then the medicine timings and behavior can be tracked along with the calving, lactation period, etc. With proper feed and better digestion, livestock can produce more nutritious milk. The temperature sensors can help in detecting feverish symptoms early so that animals can get better care. DECREASE LIVESTOCK MORTALITY RATE Sometimes for getting extra products from farm animals, farmers make their animals eat antibiotics or steroids. These antibiotics can harm livestock in ways that can also lead to the loss of the animal’s life. With the livestock monitoring system, you can track your livestock’s eating habits and give them good feed for better produce. IDENTIFICATION OF LIVESTOCK AND BETTER SECURITY The identification of animals becomes more comfortable with livestock monitoring systems. You can easily track birth details, breed, identification marks, etc. With the tags, it is easier to identify the livestock and increases their security too. This can reduce theft risks and loss cases. IMPROVED PASTURE MANAGEMENT The Monitoring system for livestock can be useful for improving the pasture or grass which animals eat. Farmers can track the animal’s movement and the area they are grazing. This way, animals will eat good grass and we can get better products from them. It will increase the profit which farmers earn from livestock. IoT has changed the way the livestock industry operates. If you are looking for a technology-savvy to help you out-track your livestock and manage it without any hassle, PsiBorg is an IoT solutions company where you can expect solutions that are new and beyond. IoT agricultural drones What Are Agriculture Drones? Agriculture drones, also known as agri-drones or farm drones, are UAVs specifically designed and employed for monitoring the health and growth of crops and land. These --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Internet of Things (Unit-IV) Developed by Prof. Ratna Biswas Page-20 drones are equipped with various sensors, cameras, and other cutting-edge technologies that enable them to capture high-resolution imagery and collect data about soil conditions, plant health, and environmental factors. By flying over fields and capturing detailed aerial images, agricultural drones provide farmers with valuable information about the overall condition of their crops. These precision agriculture drones can help farmers detect diseases, identify nutrient deficiencies, and monitor irrigation needs. The collected data is then analyzed to make better-informed decisions regarding fertilization, pest control, and irrigation management, leading to more efficient and sustainable farming practices. Agricultural drones have become essential tools for modern precision agriculture by eliminating the need for manual field inspections and offering real-time data. Capabilities of Agricultural Drones Agricultural drones possess several remarkable capabilities that have transformed farming practices, including crop monitoring, precision spraying, aerial seeding, land surveying, and thermal imaging. Crop Monitoring Perhaps the most beneficial and key function of agricultural drones is crop monitoring, enabled by cameras and sensors. These drones capture high-resolution images and collect data on various crop conditions, such as pest infestations, nutrient deficiencies, and water stress. By analyzing the collected data, farmers can identify and address issues promptly, improving crop health and productivity. Precision Spraying Another valuable capability of agricultural drones is precision spraying. Drones that are equipped with GPS technology can more precisely apply fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides to crops. This targeted approach allows for the efficient use of resources and reduces environmental impact. Even hard-to-reach or uneven areas of the field can be treated effectively, ensuring that crops receive the necessary nutrients while minimizing waste. Aerial Seeding Agricultural drones have also proven to be efficient in aerial seeding. Similar to precision spraying, drones can disperse seeds over large areas of land quickly and efficiently. This function enables farmers to achieve even coverage and save time compared to traditional manual methods. Aerial seeding is particularly advantageous for reseeding areas affected by natural disasters or large-scale land restoration projects. Land Surveying Land surveying is another application where agricultural drones excel. These drones can rapidly map out large areas of land, providing accurate data on terrain and --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Internet of Things (Unit-IV) Developed by Prof. Ratna Biswas Page-21 topography. This information is valuable for farmers in monitoring and tracking changes in the landscape, identifying drainage issues, and optimizing field management strategies. Thermal Imaging When equipped with thermal cameras, agriculture drones can provide thermal imaging that detects temperature variations in crops. These variations offer insight into plant health and stress levels. Early signs of diseases, poor irrigation practices, or other stressors can be identified through thermal imaging, allowing farmers to take timely action and mitigate potential crop losses. Benefits of Agricultural Drones Drones for precision agriculture offer numerous benefits that have altered farming practices and land management. Some of the key advantages include: Informed decision-making. With the help of aerial imagery and other data, farmers can make more informed decisions regarding irrigation, fertilization, and pest control. By having accurate and timely information about crop conditions, farmers can optimize their resource allocation, ensuring that crops receive the right amount of water and nutrients, which leads to improved crop yields and minimized losses. Time and resource efficiency. Agricultural drones significantly reduce the time and resources required for various farming activities. Instead of manually inspecting fields and walking through each foot of crops, drones can cover large areas efficiently, capturing detailed data in a fraction of the time. This enables farmers to focus on other essential tasks and increase overall productivity. Precision and accuracy. Compared to traditional methods, agricultural drones offer a higher level of precision and accuracy. The use of GPS technology allows for precise spraying of fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides, targeting specific areas of the field. This ensures that the treatments are applied where needed, minimizing waste and reducing the risk of environmental contamination. Early problem identification. Drones can detect issues before they cause significant damage by regularly monitoring crops from above. This early detection allows farmers to take prompt action, implementing appropriate measures to mitigate potential losses and maintain crop health. Sustainable land management. By providing precise data on crop conditions and resource utilization, drones enable farmers to optimize their farming practices, reducing unnecessary water and chemical usage. This leads to a more sustainable approach to agriculture, minimizing environmental impact and promoting long-term ecological balance. IoT smart greenhouses --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Internet of Things (Unit-IV) Developed by Prof. Ratna Biswas Page-22 Introduction on Smart Greenhouse Automation: Greenhouse farming is a technique that enhances the yield of crops, vegetables, fruits etc. Greenhouses control environmental parameters in two ways; either through manual intervention or a proportional control mechanism. However, since manual intervention has disadvantages such as production loss, energy loss, and labor cost, these methods are less effective. A smart greenhouse through IoT embedded systems not only monitors intelligently but also controls the climate. Thereby eliminating any need for human intervention. Different sensors that measure the environmental parameters according to the plant requirement are used for controlling the environment in a smart greenhouse. Then, a cloud server creates for remotely accessing the system when it connects using IoT. The Different sensors that are used to measure the environmental parameters to the plant requirement for controlling the environment in smart greenhouse are as follows: Soil Moisture Sensor: The two copper leads act as the sensor probes. They are immersed into the specimen soil whose moisture content is under test. The conductivity of soil depends upon the amount of moisture present in it. It increases with increase in the water content of the soil that forms a conductive path between two sensor probes leading to a close path to allow current flowing through. Light Sensor: The light sensor is extremely sensitive in visible light range. With the light sensor attached to the system when the surrounding natural lights are low, it displays the digital values corresponding to the light intensity. Humidity Sensor: Humidity sensor is used for sensing the vapors in the air. The change in RH (Relative Humidity) of the surroundings would result in display of values. Advantages of Smart Greenhouse Automation: Maintaining a controlled temperature within a greenhouse environment is crucial. Temperature fluctuations can damage or kill your plants in only a few hours. Remote monitoring systems protect valuable plants from extreme temperature fluctuations. Watch to learn more about these cost-effective systems. 1. Keeping plants healthy and prosperous requires the best possible growing environment. But staying on top of all environmental changes and equipment statuses or failures can be a challenge. Watch to learn how you can monitor conditions like humidity fluctuations, security breaches, heater, fan, equipment and power failures. 2. When your plants are at risk, every second counts. The sooner you discover a drop in temperature or an equipment failure, the more inventory you can save. Remote monitoring systems provide real-time updates, so you can take action fast. Main Components of a Greenhouse Environment Various factors impact the environment inside a greenhouse, with heat, humidity, light levels, and ventilation among the main ones. The right combination helps maximize the yields. For instance, the more efficient the air circulation, the more productive the plants will grow. Fine-tuning them manually is close to impossible. Yet, using IoT in a greenhouse environment and implementing the system properly can assist in automating and --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Internet of Things (Unit-IV) Developed by Prof. Ratna Biswas Page-23 optimizing these factors for the ideal environmental conditions. That’s what our experts can do. Having successfully deployed a smart greenhouse based on our 2Smart Standalone automation platform, we know how to address these challenges and increase your yields. Monitoring the greenhouse temperature, humidity, and lighting through 2Smart Standalone Let’s now take a closer look at the main components of a greenhouse environment:  Light Providing the right amount and quality of light is critical in a greenhouse environment. It’s essential for photosynthesis, leading to proper plant growth. IoT-enabled sensors can measure the light inside the greenhouse and adjust artificial lighting to supplement natural light levels.  Air Quality Air quality is another vital component of a greenhouse. The concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2) levels need to be carefully monitored and maintained for optimal plant development. IoT sensors detect the concentration of these gases and adjust ventilation systems accordingly.  Ventilation Proper ventilation helps maintain a healthy greenhouse environment by regulating temperature, humidity, and air quality. IoT technology can automate ventilation systems and adjust them in real time based on environmental conditions.  Heat It is also essential to monitor heat. Thus, you ensure the temperature inside the greenhouse stays within a specific range suitable for plant growth. Greenhouse operators use heaters to maintain a consistent temperature in addition to natural warmth from the sun. And IoT sensors detect temperature fluctuations and adjust heating systems to preserve the ideal temperature range.  Humidity The amount of moisture in the air affects plant growth and can also impact the spread of diseases. Thus, maintaining a consistent humidity level is crucial for healthy yields. IoT sensors detect changes in humidity and accommodate irrigation systems, misting systems, and other humidity control measures to maintain the perfect environmental conditions. Advantages of Smart Greenhouse Automation Smart greenhouse automation presents many benefits for greenhouse operators, and one of the most important is environmental monitoring. Here are some other benefits it offers:  Support Ideal Micro-Climate Conditions --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Internet of Things (Unit-IV) Developed by Prof. Ratna Biswas Page-24 By monitoring the environmental conditions inside the greenhouse, operators ensure they maintain the ideal micro-climate for the plant’s stable growth. It includes tracking temperature, humidity, light levels, and soil moisture, among other factors. By leveraging a climate control system, greenhouse operators improve crop yield and quality.  Improve Irrigation and Fertilization Smart greenhouse automation allows for precise control over irrigation and fertilization. Greenhouse operators adjust these processes by monitoring soil moisture and nutrient levels to ensure plants receive the appropriate water and nourisher amount. As a result, it improves plant growth and reduces the risk of over or under-fertilization.  Control Infection and Prevent Disease Outbreak IoT environmental monitoring can also help to control infection and prevent disease outbreaks in the greenhouse. By supervising the greenhouse conditions, operators can identify potential disease vectors and take preventive measures to reduce the risk of infection. For example, they can reconfigure ventilation systems, control humidity levels, and monitor temperature fluctuations.  Prevent Theft and Enhance Security Environmental monitoring assists in preventing thefts and enhancing security in the greenhouse. By observing the environment, operators identify potential security threats and take preventive measures to protect the facility. It includes installing CCTV cameras, sensors, alarms, and monitoring access to the IoT-based smart greenhouse. How Can IoT Help with Intelligent Greenhouse Management? IoT is a game changer in environmental monitoring. This technology allows for collecting and analyzing large amounts of data in real time. It is used to optimize the growing environment and automate processes, increasing efficiency and productivity. Here are some other instances of the IoT’s role in greenhouse management:  Building a Smart Sensor Network A smart sensor network collects real-time data on greenhouse conditions. Operators can install different sensors to track various parameters like water, soil moisture, air quality, and more. Such a network allows for gathering data quickly and easily, leading to more precise control of the greenhouse environment. It is also helpful for remote monitoring of IoT greenhouses across various locations — wireless sensors come in handy.  Monitoring External and Internal Conditions Smart greenhouse automation using IoT allows operators to monitor both external and internal environmental conditions. External ones (such as weather and temperature) also impact the greenhouse environment. By observing these, specialists adjust processes and take preventive measures to protect crops. By monitoring internal conditions, they can identify potential issues and make changes to optimize plant growth.  Storing Big Data --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Internet of Things (Unit-IV) Developed by Prof. Ratna Biswas Page-25 Vast amounts of data on the conditions inside and outside the IoT-based smart greenhouse can be stored and analyzed. It gives greenhouse operators insights into trends and patterns over time. Leveraging this data, operators make informed decisions about crop management and adjust processes as needed for optimal yield.  Automating Processes An IoT-based greenhouse monitoring system reduces the amount of manual labor required to manage the greenhouse environment. It includes automating tasks such as irrigation, lighting, and ventilation. By streamlining these processes, IoT greenhouse operators save time and resources while ensuring optimal conditions for plant growth. What Sensors Can Be Used for IoT Environmental Monitoring, and How to Install Them in a Greenhouse? An IoT-based greenhouse monitoring system leverages various sensors to collect data on environmental conditions, plant growth, and other variables. These sensors can be installed throughout the greenhouse to monitor its zones in real time. Here are some equipment types greenhouse operators can use:  Sensors Sensors are the primary devices in the smart greenhouse using IoT. There are various types of those available, including wireless and wired ones. Some highly specialized gadgets are expensive. Yet, many others are more affordable and monitor multiple zones simultaneously.  Base Unit A base unit is a device that collects data from the sensors and sends it to the cloud or a local server. It may connect to sensors via the Internet, radio transmitters, or wired connections.  Cloud or Local Server --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Internet of Things (Unit-IV) Developed by Prof. Ratna Biswas Page-26 The data collected by the sensors is typically sent to the cloud or a local server for processing, storage, and analysis. IoT greenhouse operators can then access this information, derive insights from it, and ultimately improve environmental conditions. You can place IoT sensors for environmental monitoring in various zones within the greenhouse, including soil, walls, and equipment. Wired sensors usually connect directly to the base unit, while wireless ones have more mobility. Here are some of the sensors commonly used for smart greenhouse monitoring system:  Carbon dioxide sensors. These devices monitor the concentration of CO2 in the air. High levels of CO2 can negatively affect plant growth, so it is critical to observe and regulate CO2 levels in the greenhouse.  Soil moisture sensors monitor the moisture level of the soil. The gathered data can be used to adjust irrigation practices to ensure that plants receive enough water.  Temperature sensors. They monitor the temperature in the greenhouse and help adjust heating and cooling systems to maintain ideal growing conditions.  Water sensors check the water level in irrigation systems and reservoirs. They help prevent over or under-watering of plants.  Light sensors track the intensity and duration of light in the IoT-based greenhouse, assisting in adjusting lighting systems to ensure that plants receive the appropriate amount of light.  Humidity sensors measure the moisture levels in the greenhouse. High humidity numbers lead to mold and mildew growth, while low humidity levels cause plant stress.  3-in-1 sensors. These multi-functional sensors simultaneously track air quality, soil moisture, and water distribution, providing a comprehensive overview of environmental conditions in the IoT greenhouse. IoT and military application Applications of IoT in Defense and Military Current military operations are focused at a difficult, multifaceted, deeply distinctive, and challenging state – some with unanticipated accomplices and occasional foes. Military commanders work at a solid time and high rhythms of operation. The time span of officers is constantly shorter for acquiring a precise assessment, surveying, and deciding possible gaming strategies. They also must draw from each possible source to ensure that the circumstances, closely and continuously, are taken into account and understand the consequences of their choices and plans as a whole and as relevant. The notion of the Internet of Things (IoT) is one answer to these issues. The Internet of Things has been developed widely across the world with an emphasis on civil applications. IoT is a paradigm that takes into account the prevalent presence in the surroundings of a number of clever things/objects. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Internet of Things (Unit-IV) Developed by Prof. Ratna Biswas Page-27 They may communicate and collaborate with each other in creating new applications/services through wireless and wired connections, so they can achieve common objectives. Items/things may be recognized and intelligently made by deciding contextually by aggregating information and sharing with other objects. The military may become more efficient and effective by integrating sensor systems, actuators, and control systems with current military infrastructures. IoT applications in defence and military With the Connected Devices architecture or its autonomous presence within the closed loop network of devices, IoT has already impacted several sectors. Many countries in military and defence applications are seeking to use the IoT as a means of addressing various issues in war and fighting. Below, there are distinct IoT defence and military applications areas that have been highlighted. 1. Gather Battlefield awareness in advance Survey the battlefield using airborne drones and connected cameras, to map the landscape and the positions of the adversaries and to transmit the data to the command centre. The officials are able to take strategic judgments using this information. These drones may also be utilised for self-employed border patrols and to alert military staff in the event of a violation or a threat. This eliminates any personal losses because it is unmanaged and does not offer a further risk because it may be operated over the distance. 2. Proactive health surveillance It's quite difficult to monitor the health of a Fighter on the field. A large range of sensors can be attached to the soldiers' jacket, which can track, sense, and send alerts about its changing medical conditions to the Command Center where each fighter can be centrally monitored and in adverse situations can be removed from the field or medical supplements based on medical conditions can be administered. Based on this knowledge, the equipment needed for treatment by injured soldiers may be prepared in advance so that no time is lost. 3. Augmented Reality Remote Training Automated models are created using the real field data from earlier times and then a training simulation environment is created. The combatants are fitted with VR/AR --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Internet of Things (Unit-IV) Developed by Prof. Ratna Biswas Page-28 equipment which is then transferred to the simulated environment to capture and use for the evaluation of its accuracy, emotional check, speed of movement and other parameters. Soldiers may also enhance their goal and precision by practising with no physical injury in this setting and prepare themselves for the real fight. In the training, errors may take place and the same error during the fight might lead to a lifetime. A flight simulator for pilots is available to check and obtain the near physical expertise of utilising a Flight Simulator before flying the aircraft. Pilots must carry out several manoeuvres to evade an enemy trail or a tracking missile. Physical preparation for these circumstances can be expensive and can lead to death. For training pilots in such situations, simulation is the ideal choice. 4. Real-time fleet management for equipment and vehicles The military invests optimally in the management of the fleet. It is difficult to monitor fleets and the state of the engine in real-time. Adopting IoT in defence will allow real-time GPS monitoring, displaying speed and motor status, overall engine times, fuel economy, and much more for vehicles embedded with sensors. Integration of AI with military transport can minimize traffic expenses and human operating efforts. It can also readily identify abnormalities and quickly forecast failure in the components of military fleets. Intelligent tracking also shows the operation of the driver and makes him responsible for every step of the vehicle. Real-Time Fleet Management would save fuel expenditures by 25 percent according to the Defense Department. 5. Efficient management of inventory In the military, weapons, tanks, cartridges and many more instruments are needed. These weapons are delivered safely, but manual administration and inventory updating of these goods is difficult and less effective. You may have visibility of stock and supply chain in real time using RFID trackers. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Internet of Things (Unit-IV) Developed by Prof. Ratna Biswas Page-29 Even if it is delivered, moved, used or consumed with any device an RFID tracker is connected that informs the affected team on mobile. Extending the visibility in real time would enable military personnel to forecast which products are in demand or excess. It also streamlines logistical control, eliminates losses and robbery. 6. Target Recognition and Autonomous Reconnaissance AI methods are developed in a complicated fighting environment to increase the accuracy of target detection. These approaches allow defence, via analyses of the reports, papers, news feeds and other kinds of unstructured information, to acquire a thorough picture of possible operational regions. In addition, AI enhances the capacity of these systems to determine the location of their targets via target recognition systems. AI-enabled target identification systems' capabilities include probability-based adversary behaviour projections, aggregated weather and environment, anticipated and flagged possible bottlenecks or vulnerability in the supply chain, mission approach evaluations, and proposed mitigation methods. Machine learning is also used to learn, track and find goals from collected data Objective recognition also supports military or search and salvage efforts, or if hostages are involved. When RADAR/Sensing sensors detect activity, the US military already uses drones for the independent patrol near borders or sends drones. In the event of a surprise enemy attack, this might save valuable lives of military men. These autonomous drones can conduct a first-hand examination of live food and take action based on the amount of hazard. An object/target recognition used by a drone in combination with machine learning to recognise the vehicles, persons and monitor their movements from an altitude. These data are collected and analysed in real time, which gives the army staff the edge before they go to the attack. 7. Transportation IoT technologies are utilized to benefit companies in various respects, from supply chain logistics to public transport. It can assist in guarantee that products, especially food, arrive in a safe state by linking carriages with sensors to monitor the temperature. Sensors and intelligent software can enable the driver to save gasoline, collecting data that can help the driver run the vehicle. In the future, linked infrastructure will also work to alleviate traffic and avoid accidents with connected automobiles. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Internet of Things (Unit-IV) Developed by Prof. Ratna Biswas Page-30 Internet of Military Things (IoMT) Internet of Military Things (IoMT) or Internet of Battlefield Things (IoBT) is a class of Internet of Things (IoT) for modern battle operations and intelligent warfare. It refers to physical objects in the military domain, which are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies. These objects communicate with each other to collect and transfer data over the internet to accomplish a broad range of activities in a more efficient and informed way. In IoMT and IoBT, the sensors are incorporated into the combat suits, helmets, weapons systems, and other equipment used by soldiers. These sensors collect a variety of biometrics such as their iris, face, fingerprints, heart rate, gestures, and facial expressions. 1. Gathering Battlefield Data IoT enables armed forces to survey the battlefield with unmanned aerial drones that are equipped with cameras and sensors. These drones can capture live images, trace the landscape and location of the enemies, and send real-time data to the command center. Using this data, officers can keep an eye on the battlefield and make informed decisions on time. 2. Monitoring Soldier’s Health Another application of IoT in defence and the military is knowing the health status of a soldier. This is done by placing sensors in the soldiers’ clothes to track or centrally monitor their physical health and mental health. Sensors can monitor heart rate, body temperature, and thermal distribution as well as some behavioral attributes like speech patterns. The data about their changing medical condition can be shared with doctors in real-time so that they can arrange medical supplements or equipment in advance based on their needs. 3. Equipment and Vehicle Fleet Management Regular maintenance of military vehicles and efficient transportation of ammunition and troops is important for a successful military operation. Connected sensors and analytics --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Internet of Things (Unit-IV) Developed by Prof. Ratna Biswas Page-31 provided by IoT technology can help in tracking supplies from the source to where they are required on the battlefield. Incorporating sensors into military vehicles can help track their position, fuel efficiency, damage level, engine status, and other crucial parameters. Smart tracking of defence and military transportation enables military fleets to quickly identify inconsistencies and implement solutions. This helps them lower transportation costs and reduce human operational efforts. Similarly, arms, ammunition, and unmanned equipment can also be tracked using sensors. Integrating sensors into weapons can help the soldiers know when to reload. Unmanned equipment can be tracked and monitored during spying and surveillance the enemy grounds. 4. Identifying the Enemy Enemies can access military bases with stolen badges or appear as civilians. IoT sensors can capture irises, fingerprints, and other biometric data to determine the identity of a person and find the individuals who can pose a threat. 5. Smart Bases IoT sensors and devices can be incorporated into military bases to improve the efficiency, performance, and convenience of assets and services on a military base. It can help in automated screening, efficient resource management, and more. Smart management of resources such as water and electricity can help enhance the capacity and output of military bases. 6. Remote Training IoT can help military personnel to get prepared for the real battlefield fight. Movement sensors, acoustic sensors, and more can screen the personnel during preparation or practice and send data and insights to the coaches who prepare them. 7. Data Processing & Analysis The information collected by IoT about various defence and military areas, such as weapons, aircraft, fleet, and troops can increase the effectiveness of their intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance systems. The data obtained related to these areas can enable armed forces to identify key threats quickly and with more accuracy. Military personnel can perform analysis on the collected data to recognize patterns and derive correlations. IoT and politics IoT in Government Sector The internet of things has the power to transform the world potentially by changing the way the government runs the country. IoT can transform the way the government collects data by inducing technologies such as mobility, automation and data analytics. IoT is the networking of devices such as embedded sensors, actuators and various other devices that have the capability to collect and transmit data over a network. Government bodies analyse this data. Let us see Applications of IoT in Government Sector. The various applications of IoT in Governmental sector are as follows- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Internet of Things (Unit-IV) Developed by Prof. Ratna Biswas Page-32 1. City Management and Planning Controlling a large city and tracking its waste management can be tedious and time consuming.  IoT sensors can be placed all over the city that monitor the locality and transmit details and information about the waste collection in the particular locality.  Similar sensors and applications can help the government collect data on population, water system, food supply, social services, transportation routes, zoning, mapping and so on.  IoT sensors gather and transmit details about the citizens in the city.  They can also deliver real time information of the public property.  Government officials can collect real time data and Information in less time and implement changes quickly. 2. Job opportunities It is easy to understand that with the rise in Iot more job opportunities will be available in the IT sector. IoT also creates job opportunities in other sectors such as manufacturing, production, transport and supply. Government bodies, with the help of Iot can predict the future of a particular sector and create better job opportunities for the youth of tomorrow. 3. National borders defense Installing and implementing Iot at national borders help minimize crimes such as trafficking, illegal imigration, terrorism and so on. Iot sensors and camera surveillance scan the border and deliver real time information. Drones with cameras help the government to remotely monitor the borderline. Iot devices such as sensors, cameras, data processing tools, transmission modes are used heavily to secure the borders in countries such as France, North Africa and Spain. Overall, Iot helps improve border security and curbs national crimes 4. Smart City The Internet of things is capable of managing, tracking and controlling an entire city. This alone explains the power IoT holds and how much it impacts human lives. Smart cities have technology such as connected public transport, traffic monitoring and control, water level and flood monitoring, weather monitoring, 24/7 video surveillance, connected street lights and so much more. Major companies such as Cisco, Schneider Electric, Siemens, Microsoft, Huawei are being used to create cities that are smart, sustainable, tourist-friendly and secure. 5. Faster responses during emergencies By placing environmental sensors across various locations in the city, the government can react quickly in case of an emergency such as fire, floods or high speed winds. Sensors store information about the constant physical changes in the environment. This information is sent to servers run by the government with the help of gateways through a wide range network. In case a criminal is on the run, cops can get to the criminal more easily by tracking the car through IoT applications. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Internet of Things (Unit-IV) Developed by Prof. Ratna Biswas Page-33 6. Water Management System Iot helps identify risks in water plants and in the water management system. Iot uses sensors and actuators that deliver real time analysis of the water bodies in a locality, city or town. This helps government bodies plan water supply more efficiently and easily. They can detect problems in the system, then repair and renew them more quickly to reduce further damage. Iot helps avoid sewage overflow risks by monitoring water bodies and their supply chain and alert officials quickly in case of a disturbance in the path of flow of water. IoT helps in saving energy, managing water bodies and optimizing wastewater treatment plants. 7. Disaster management and control Disaster Management is one of the prime uses of IoT by the government. IoT helps save land from potential destruction, transfers quick help to the victims and helps in quick recovery from natural calamities.  IoT helps prevent disasters from occurring by sensing changes in the environment and storing real time data constantly. Administrators and government officials track these changes and take necessary steps to prevent natural calamities.  Geofencing and perimeter fencing through NFC helps in generating effective responses  Predictive data and data analysis generates awareness of the situation for constructive planning  RFIDs are used for recovery from natural destruction 8. Government E-services  IoT helps citizens of a country manage their government offered services and plans.  Governments have introduced online applications to offer identification cards, citizenship documents, property and registration papers and so on.  IoT is helping both citizens and the government by saving their time and money in most cases.  IoT based services such as e-district, PDS portal of India and My Gov are some of the best examples. 9. Healthcare  The health of the citizens of a country is a major responsibility of the government  Programs such as virtual healthcare, smart hospitals are helping connect thousands of patients to doctors remotely.  Doctors have access to real time updates of their patients and IoT applications send alerts in case the health of a patient intensifies.  IoT sensors track the critical status of patients’ health and send continuous reports to the doctors who then advise on further precautions. 10. Education A good education system is the symbol of good governance. By introducing the internet of things into education systems, the government is bridging the gap between students and learning. IoT based applications such as virtual learning, smart boards, smart classrooms are helping connect students who cannot travel long distances to school. Teachers are able --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Internet of Things (Unit-IV) Developed by Prof. Ratna Biswas Page-34 to track the performance of a student, manage attendance, correct answer sheets and so much more via IoT systems. IoT and constructions Applications of IoT in Construction Historically, construction has not been the most tech-centric industry, but that is changing. In light of lengthy delays and skyrocketing costs, more firms are turning toward technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT) for help. As that trend has grown, many useful applications of IoT in construction have emerged. The use of IoT technologies in construction is still fairly new, but early use cases show significant promise. Here’s a look at five unique applications of this technology in the construction sector. The Applications of IoT in Constructions are as follows: 1: Wearables Wearables are some of the most familiar IoT devices for many people, and one of the most helpful in construction. Devices like smart helmets and connected work boots are starting to populate construction sites, in turn boosting safety and efficiency. More than one in five workplace deaths happen in the construction industry, but wearables can help by alerting workers to hazardous situations. Sensors in connected helmets can monitor heart rates and body temperature to recognize when employees are in danger of overexertion and notify them to take a break. Proximity sensors can alert workers when they approach a fall hazard or heavy machinery, preventing accidents. Wearables also help construction teams remain efficient. These devices can provide location features, helping managers know where everyone is at all times. Data from these sensors can also reveal where the biggest inefficiencies occur, informing workflow changes. 2: Safety Sensors On-site or on-vehicle safety sensors are a similar application of IoT in construction with significant benefits. Just as wearables provide helpful safety information about workers, these devices can do the same for the worksite as a whole. Roughly 75 percent of struck-by accidents involve heavy machinery. IoT sensors on this equipment can alert operators or automatically stop the machine if they get too close to another worker to prevent incidents. Maintenance sensors can notify teams when equipment needs repair, helping prevent breakdowns or malfunctions that could endanger nearby employees. On-site IoT sensors can monitor for hazards like toxic fumes or high temperatures. When these --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Internet of Things (Unit-IV) Developed by Prof. Ratna Biswas Page-35 readings reach dangerous levels, these systems alert employees so they can evacuate or pause their work, preventing accidents. 3: Material Monitoring Construction sites can also use IoT devices to monitor their materials. Concrete sensors are one of the most prominent examples. By placing connected sensors in concrete, construction teams can remotely check in on the curing

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