IoT Unit 2 Notes - Sensors and Edge Computing PDF

SENSORS IN INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) =================================== - - Generally, sensors are used in the architecture of IOT devices.   **Sensors** are used for sensing things and devices etc. A device that provides a usable output in response to a specified measurement.\ The sensor a...

SENSORS IN INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) =================================== - - Generally, sensors are used in the architecture of IOT devices.   **Sensors** are used for sensing things and devices etc. A device that provides a usable output in response to a specified measurement.\ The sensor attains a physical parameter and converts it into a signal suitable for processing (e.g. electrical, mechanical, optical) the characteristics of any device or material to detect the presence of a particular physical quantity.\ The output of the sensor is a signal which is converted to a human-readable form like changes in characteristics, changes in resistance, capacitance, impedance, etc. https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/uploads/20210429114343/Sensors.png *IOT HARDWARE* **Transducer : ** - - - **Sensors characteristics :** 1. 2. **Static characteristics:** It is about how the output of a sensor changes in response to an input change after steady state condition. - **Accuracy: **Accuracy is the capability of measuring instruments to give a result close to the true value of the measured quantity. - - - - - - - **Dynamic Characteristics :** Properties of the systems - - - **Sensor Classification :** - - - 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. **Types of sensors --** - Electrical proximity sensors may be contact or non contact.  Simple contact sensors operate by making the sensor and the component complete an electrical circuit.  Non- contact electrical proximity sensors rely on the electrical principles of either induction for detecting metals or capacitance for detecting non metals as well. - Light sensor is also known as photo sensors and one of the important sensor. Light dependent resistor or LDR is a simple light sensor available today. The property of LDR is that its resistance is inversely proportional to the intensity of the ambient light i.e when the intensity of light increases, it's resistance decreases and vise versa. - Detection of something like a touch of finger or a stylus is known as touch sensor. - Range sensing concerns detecting how near or far a component is from the sensing position, although they can also be used as proximity sensors.  Distance or range sensors use non-contact analog techniques. Short range sensing, between a few millimetres and a few hundred millimetres is carried out using electrical capacitance, inductance and magnetic technique.  Longer range sensing is carried out using transmitted energy waves of various types.eg radio waves, sound waves and lasers. - Any suitable mechanical / electrical switch may be adopted but because a certain amount of force is required to operate a mechanical switch it is common to use micro-switches. - These proximity sensors operate by breaking or disturbing an air flow.  The pneumatic proximity sensor is an example of a contact type sensor. These cannot be used where light components may be blown away. - In there simplest form, optical proximity sensors operate by breaking a light beam which falls onto a light sensitive device such as a photocell. These are examples of non contact sensors. Care must be exercised with the lighting environment of these sensors for example optical sensors can be blinded by flashes from arc welding processes, airborne dust and smoke clouds may impede light transmission etc. - Sensor used for detecting the speed of any object or vehicle which is in motion is known as speed sensor.For example -- Wind Speed Sensors, Speedometer ,UDAR ,Ground Speed Radar. - Devices which monitors and tracks the temperature and gives temperature's measurement as an electrical signal are termed as temperature sensors.These electrical signals will be in the form of voltage and is directly proportional to the temperature measurement. - PIR stands for passive infrared sensor and it is an electronic sensor that is used for the tracking and measurement of infrared (IR) light radiating from objects in its field of view and is also known as Pyroelectric sensor.It is mainly used for detecting human motion and movement detection. - The principle of ultrasonic sensor is similar to the working principle of SONAR or RADAR in which the interpretation of echoes from radio or sound waves to evaluate the attributes of a target by generating the high frequency sound waves. EDGE COMPUTING ============== **Edge** can relate to the data processing as well as the local processing of real-time data. The various edge components that can be counted upon are Data processing, Rule Engine, Local Database**. **[Cloud](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/cloud-computing/) is more concerned with big data processing and [data warehousing](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/data-warehousing/). **The difference between an IoT device and an edge device** ----------------------------------------------------------- Edge devices are physical hardware located in remote locations at the edge of the network with enough memory, processing power, and computing resources to collect data, process that data, and execute upon it in almost real-time with limited help from other parts of the network. An IoT device is a physical object that has been connected to the internet and is the source of the [data](https://www.redhat.com/en/topics/data-services/what-is-data-management). An edge device is where the data is collected and processed. Edge devices can be considered part of the IoT when the object has enough [storage ](https://www.redhat.com/en/topics/data-storage/why-choose-red-hat-storage)and compute to make low latency decisions and process data in milliseconds. The terms IoT device and edge device are sometimes used interchangeably. **Why Edge Computing?** - - - - - **Real Life Application Of Edge Technology:** 1. 2. **5 Key Benefits Of Edge Computing:** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. **Limitation Of Edge Computing:** 1. 2. 3. 4. **Edge Cloud Computing Services: ** - - - - - - ### CLOUD COMPUTING [**Cloud computing**](https://www.cloudpanel.io/blog/10-reasons-to-choose-cloud-computing/) is a way to use computer services, like storing information or running programs, over the internet without using our machines or equipment. It makes it easy for people to access data from anywhere in the world. One example of cloud computing is online storage services like Dropbox or Google Drive. They let us save files in a different place and open them on any device with internet access. Cloud computing services are of three main types: - - - **IoT and Cloud Computing in Real-World Applications** ------------------------------------------------------ IoT and Cloud Computing are used in many areas like smart cities, healthcare, agriculture, manufacturing, and retail. ### 1. Smart Cities IoT and Cloud Computing are helping to build smart cities. Cities can collect real-time data about traffic, pollution, energy use, and more through connected devices and cloud platforms. For example, Barcelona uses IoT and Big Data to improve its transportation system and reduce air pollution. Sensor-equipped traffic systems and AWS cloud infrastructure work together, helping the city cut pollution and save money. ### 2. Healthcare IoT and cloud computing technologies are changing healthcare. Wearable devices track patients\' health, and the data is securely stored in the cloud for analysis and treatment. Health risks can be spotted early using machine learning and AI, leading to better treatment and lower costs. ### 3. Manufacturing IoT devices and cloud computing are improving manufacturing processes by monitoring machines in real time and using cloud-based data storage for efficiency and collaboration. Sensors send data to the cloud for analysis, helping manufacturers spot problems before they happen. ### 4. Retail Transformation IoT and Cloud Computing are upgrading retail businesses. Customers have a better shopping experience with improved operations, inventory management, and logistics. Retailers can collect data on stock levels and customer habits through IoT devices and cloud analytics, leading to faster decision-making and better results. **Benefits of Merging IoT and Cloud Technology** ------------------------------------------------ ### 1. Scalability and Flexibility for IT Infrastructure One significant advantage of combining IoT and cloud technology is [**scalability**](https://www.cloudpanel.io/blog/cloud-elasticity/) and flexibility. Businesses today generate massive amounts of data through IoT devices, requiring a reliable and robust system to manage this data effectively without causing downtime or delays. Businesses can quickly scale resources up or down using cloud solutions based on their needs. Cloud computing also offers more flexibility, allowing access to data and applications from anywhere. Companies can use the \"as-a-service\" model (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS) to easily access software tools and services. It might be challenging to manage in-house due to cost constraints or technical limitations. ### 2. Cost-Effectiveness Merging IoT and cloud computing can help businesses save money. By using cloud-based solutions, companies can significantly reduce infrastructure costs while ensuring access to scalable data storage and analytics capabilities. It means lower initial investment costs and higher operational efficiency through automated workflows. For example, a business can improve decision-making by using IoT devices to track real-time inventory and reduce waste through predictive maintenance. IoT sensors collect large amounts of data from multiple locations. This data is processed on central cloud platforms for analysis. Organisations can track various metrics, like energy consumption levels and temperature control systems\' performance. They don\'t need to install local hardware, leading to cost-saving benefits. ### 3. Better Data Security Combining IoT and cloud technologies can strengthen data security, which is crucial in today\'s digital world. Companies must protect their valuable data from unauthorised access or hacking attempts. [**Encryption**](https://www.cloudpanel.io/blog/what-is-let-s-encrypt/) protocols like Transport Layer Security (TLS) can secure sensitive data transmitted between devices over the network. Additionally, implementing role-based access control policies and multi-factor authentication mechanisms can reduce risks related to privileged access misuse or insider threats. ### 4. Improved Performance and Reliability Merging IoT and cloud computing can significantly enhance performance and reliability for businesses. This combination allows faster access to real-time data, which can be swiftly analysed, providing actionable insights for better decision-making. For instance, a logistics company can use IoT sensors to track goods in transit. IoT devices need fast and reliable connectivity to transmit accurate data without interruption. Cloud computing provides scalable storage capacity and high-speed access to this information, making data available when needed. **Challenges in Combining IoT and Cloud Technology** ---------------------------------------------------- ### 1. Data Privacy Concerns Integrating IoT and [**cloud computing**](https://www.cloudpanel.io/blog/types-of-cloud-computing/) raises data privacy concerns. Transferring sensitive information from IoT devices to the cloud increases the risk of unauthorised access and data breaches. Privacy breaches can happen when data is transmitted from sensors or devices, leading to unclear data handling. Cloud storage of IoT data needs proper security measures to prevent hacks or unauthorised access. Third-party data centres add more risks, primarily if they don\'t provide sufficient protection. ### 2. Network Latency Issues Network latency, or delays in data transmission between devices, is a significant challenge in combining IoT and cloud computing. As more IoT devices connect to the internet and transmit data, latency issues may arise. Cloud computing services can offer faster processing and storage capabilities. However, the distance between IoT devices and [**cloud servers**](https://www.cloudpanel.io/blog/what-are-cloud-servers-used-for/) can still contribute to network latency. Edge computing, a technique that processes data closer to the IoT device, can address latency challenges. Optimising communication protocols between IoT devices and the cloud can decrease latency in areas with limited connectivity or bandwidth. ### 3. Interoperability Problems A key challenge in merging IoT and cloud computing is interoperability. The issue arises due to differences in communication protocols, data formats, and security standards between the two technologies. Common standards and protocols for data exchange between IoT devices and cloud computing resources are essential to solving such issues. The process requires collaboration between several industry stakeholders. It includes hardware manufacturers, software developers, service providers, and end-users. **Future Trends in IoT and Cloud Computing** -------------------------------------------- ### 1. Edge Computing [**Edge computing**](https://www.cloudpanel.io/blog/benefits-of-edge-computing/) is a new technology that processes and analyses data close to its creation instead of sending all data to a central location. This is helpful for IoT devices, as it can reduce network latency and bandwidth usage and make better real-time decisions. For example, edge computing could help an intelligent city research traffic flow and prevent congestion using real-time data from sensors across the city. ### 2. Better Security with Edge Computing Edge computing also improves security by controlling sensitive data away from central servers, which hackers could target. Plus, edge computing reduces the space needed in cloud storage by only sending vital parts of data to distant servers. ### 3. Joining AI and Machine Learning In the future, IoT and cloud computing will be shaped by artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML). AI can analyse data, predict outcomes, and make decisions, making it essential to boosting IoT systems. ML can find patterns in big data from sensors and IoT devices. For example, AI could help doctors find early signs of diseases by monitoring patients through smartwatches and fitness bands. ### 4. Increased Adoption Of Hybrid Cloud Solutions Many organisations have recently started using [**hybrid cloud solutions**](https://www.cloudpanel.io/blog/multi-cloud-data-management/), combining public and private clouds. By doing so, businesses can balance the need for data processing power and secure storage of sensitive information. Big companies like Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform offer hybrid cloud solutions, making setting up and managing multi-cloud integration easier. ### 5. Enhanced Security Measures [**Security**](https://www.cloudpanel.io/blog/cloud-security-trends/) is essential for IoT and cloud computing, as businesses use these technologies to store and handle data. To improve security, measures like: - - - - - - ### 6. Securing the IoT Companies should also be aware of potential threats coming from IoT devices. Businesses should use strong security practices in the cloud. It includes end-to-end encryption between connected devices, secure APIs, and trustworthy platforms for app development. Regular testing can also help find weaknesses before hackers can take advantage.  **PERIPHERAL CLOUD**  Peripheral Cloud is a virtual connection to a peripheral device that uses the cloud, such as Google Drive for storage.  Peripherals are devices that can be connected to a computer to enhance the computing experience. They can be internal or external, and have different functions like input, output, or storage. Peripherals can be connected to a computer using physical connections like USB or HDMI cables, or wireless technologies like Bluetooth or Wi-Fi.  ### IOT AND SBCS: ARCHITECTURE AND FUNCTIONS IoT technology can revolutionize industries with real-time data, automation, and analytics, enhancing efficiency and decision-making. Compact, highly integrated, and cost-effective Single Board Computers (SBCs) serve as a foundation in IoT.   IoT architecture comprises three fundamental layers. Perception Layer, primarily intelligent devices and sensors, collects raw data. Network Layer makes up the communication infrastructure connecting these devices for data transmission. Application Layer, responsible for storing, processing, and analyzing data, provides user-centric functionality, insights, and alerts, being the core IoT application.   In sum, the three layers interplay to deliver comprehensive IoT solutions featuring real-time data, analytics, and automation across various industries. SBCs, analogous to computers, manage the application layer\'s data analysis and exhibit flexibility. Some SBCs connect with external smart devices, making them invaluable in IoT. https://dfimg.dfrobot.com/6209babbaa9508d63a41b1bb/cmsen/eae0e5c06054f6605373559304281bed.png Figure: The architecture of IoT (Internet of Things)   Single Board Computers (SBCs) can perform various functions in IoT solutions. Here are some of the functions that SBCs can undertake in IoT solutions: 1\.  Data Collection: SBCs can be connected to sensors and other devices to collect data, such as temperature, humidity, or motion.   2\. Data Processing: SBCs can process data collected from IoT devices, perform real-time analytics, and machine learning algorithms.   3\. Data Storage: SBCs can store data collected from IoT devices locally or remotely in databases or cloud storage.   4\. Connectivity: SBCs can connect to various communication protocols such as Wi-Fi, Ethernet, and Bluetooth to enable seamless data transfer.   5\. Integration: SBCs can integrate with other systems and applications to enable automation and data exchange.   Overall, SBCs can perform many of the same functions as larger servers or cloud-based systems, but on a smaller scale. They are particularly useful for IoT solutions that require edge computing, where data is processed locally, in real-time, and only relevant data is sent to the cloud for storage and analysis.   So, how to choose a single-board computer for IoT? ###   ### How to choose a single-board computer for IoT? Choosing the right Single Board Computer (SBC) for your IoT project can be a daunting task, but here are some factors to consider that can help you make an informed decision:   **1. Processing Power:** The processing power of an SBC is an important consideration when choosing an SBC for IoT projects. You need to choose an SBC with sufficient processing power to perform the tasks required by your project.In recent years, edge computing technology has played a significant role in promoting IoT direction. Simply put, edge computing refers to the analysis of data collected from terminal devices directly in local devices or networks close to the data source, without transmitting the raw data to the cloud data processing center. This reduces the transmission of irrelevant data, reduces bandwidth requirements, reduces power consumption, and increases decision-making speed. SBCs can play an important role in data collection and analysis as edge computing devices in IoT solutions.  Figure: Single Board Computers as the Computing Devices of Edge Nodes   **2. Power Consumption:** As the crux of the Internet of Things revolves around a continuous influx of big data and the incorporation of additional devices into the network, device power consumption assumes pivotal significance.AndIoT SBCs may need to be deployed in locations or scenarios where power resources are limited, such as water quality monitoring, oil and gas exploration, earthquake monitoring, etc. By consuming less power, SBCs can operate for longer periods of time.   **3. Memory and Storage:** The amount of memory and storage an SBC has will affect the performance of your project. If your project requires high amounts of data storage, consider an SBC with a large storage capacity.   **4. Connectivity:** The connectivity options of an SBC are also important. Make sure the SBC has the required connectivity options, such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Ethernet, and USB, and connect to your sensors and other IoT devices.   **5. Operating System and Software Support:** The operating system and software support for an SBC are important factors to consider when choosing an SBC for IoT. Choose an SBC that is compatible with the operating system and software required by your project.   **6. Cost:** The cost of an SBC is another important factor to consider. Choose an SBC that fits your budget, but make sure it has the required features for your project.If you want an SBC that can handle both network and edge computing, its price will be higher. However, compared to choosing separate network devices and PCs, there is still a higher cost-effectiveness.   Overall, the choice of an SBC for IoT depends on the specific requirements of your project. Evaluate the above factors carefully to choose the SBC that best meets the needs of your project.   There are several Single Board Computers (SBCs) available in the market that are suitable for IoT projects. ### UNIHIKER: Simplifying IoT Connectivity with Built-in SIoT Service for Effortless Device Integration\" UNIHIKER, the latest SBC (Single-Board Computer) unveiled by DFRobot, is the most beginner-friendly board for individuals aspiring to undertake IoT projects. With its built-in SIoT (Simple IoT) service, UNIHIKER simplifies the process of creating an IoT project. In just one click, users can activate the MQTT service, transforming this board into an IoT server. This empowers users to store data through the MQTT protocol and enables real-time web data access.   What sets UNIHIKER apart is its ability to store all data within the device itself, eliminating the need for complicated hardware configurations and the selection of IoT service software. Its compact design, rich features, and user-friendly interface offer an innovative development experience, perfect for individuals who are venturing into the realm of IoT.   https://dfimg.dfrobot.com/6209babbaa9508d63a41b1bb/cmsen/1e6851e771c9e7de223148f399c3aeae.png Figure: [UNIHIKER](https://www.dfrobot.com/product-2691.html)   **UNIHIKER **excels in various functionalities within IoT scenarios: 1\. Device control and sensor operation: UNIHIKER provides rich interfaces and capabilities to directly control a variety of sensors and actuators, enabling seamless device control and operation.   2\. Data acquisition and storage: With built-in IoT services and local data storage functionality, UNIHIKER allows for real-time data acquisition and storage by receiving and storing sensor data.   3\. Communication and connectivity: UNIHIKER features built-in Wi-Fi and Bluetooth capabilities, facilitating wireless communication and connectivity with other IoT devices for seamless data transmission and interaction.   4\. Programming environment and tool support: Equipped with pre-installed programming software such as Jupyter Notebook, VS Code, and PinPong control libraries, UNIHIKER offers a convenient programming environment and tool support, empowering developers to use Python for development and operations.   In summary, UNIHIKER excels in device control and sensor operation, data acquisition and storage, communication and connectivity, while offering a convenient programming environment and tool support. It caters to the needs of developers in the field of IoT. \ Figure: Display and Logging of IoT Data https://dfimg.dfrobot.com/6209babbaa9508d63a41b1bb/cmsen/e6af2451f8669ea3aca8d8d3a7d6cd01.png Figure: [Interface of UNIHIKER IoT Agricultural Irrigation Terminal](https://edu.dfrobot.com/makelog-313318.html) **OPEN-SOURCE HARDWARE** Open-source technology is playing a major role in the development of IoT products. Open-source platforms and frameworks provide a foundation for developers to build and deploy IoT solutions quickly and cost-effectively. Additionally, open-source communities offer a wealth of resources, such as code, documentation, and support, that can help developers accelerate their development efforts. For example, the open-source platform Eclipse Paho provides a wide range of tools and libraries for developing IoT applications. Paho can be used to connect to a variety of IoT devices, including sensors, actuators, and gateways. It also provides a variety of features for managing IoT devices, such as data collection, data storage, and data analysis. Another example of an open-source IoT platform is Node-RED. Node-RED is a visual programming tool that makes it easy to create IoT applications without writing any code. Node-RED can be used to connect to a variety of IoT devices and services, and it provides a wide range of nodes for processing and visualizing data. As the IoT market continues to grow, open-source technology is likely to play an even greater role in its development. **Importance of Open-Source IoT Architecture in IoT Platforms** --------------------------------------------------------------- **Community Value** Open-source IoT architecture is like a unique building plan for IoT platforms with many benefits. It creates a friendly community where people who know much about technology can collaborate and share their ideas. Open sourcing also means being open and honest about how the technology works. Users who see how things work feel more confident using them. **Added Value** Another good thing about open-source IoT architecture is that it can be changed and adjusted to fit the needs of each business. This flexibility helps companies to work better and more efficiently with IoT. Open-source IoT architecture also leads to fast progress and new ideas. When many people contribute to a project, they can build on each other\'s work and quickly improve things. **Cost Effective** Lastly, using open-source IoT architecture can save businesses money. They don\'t have to pay expensive fees to use special software. This is good news, especially for smaller businesses or startups that don\'t have much money. However, there are some good things about using open-source technology. They are. ### **Cost** Open-source IoT frameworks don\'t cost any money because they\'re free. This makes it easier for people and organizations to use IoT without worrying about expenses. However, you may need to adjust them to fit your specific needs. ### **Innovation** The open-source code shared by the community encourages new ideas and creativity. Developers can make different products that work on various systems like Android, Windows, iOS, and Linux. ### **Open APIs** Open-source IoT frameworks have special tools that let different software, hardware, and systems talk to each other in a unified way. ### **Libraries** Open-source IoT frameworks offer valuable resources like libraries, software development kits (SDKs), and open-source hardware such as Raspberry Pi and Arduino. These tools help companies stay updated with the latest technology and customize their IoT platforms. ### **Security** Open-source software can protect people\'s data using strong security methods like encryption (SSH, SSL, and PGP). It\'s an important part of keeping mobile devices secure and protecting data. ### **Interoperability** Open source technology helps different IoT systems work together smoothly, solving the problem of devices being unable to talk to each other easily. **Challenges With Open Source IoT Architecture** ------------------------------------------------ Open-source IoT platforms are flexible but come with a fair share of challenges. For an open-source architecture to cater to enterprise-level IoT, it must provide end-to-end IoT solutions. Here are some challenges you may face with open-source IoT architecture. - **Complexity:** Open-source IoT can be complex for organizations with limited expertise or resources. - **Fragmentation:** Different open-source IoT components can be incompatible, leading to integration challenges. - **Security risks: **Improper implementation or maintenance of open-source IoT can pose security threats. - **Lack of support: **Getting timely and reliable help for specific issues in open-source IoT may be challenging. - **Scalability:** Scaling open-source IoT may require additional resources to handle many devices or data-intensive applications. - **Integration with proprietary systems: **Integrating open-source IoT with existing proprietary systems can be difficult due to differences in protocols, interfaces, and data formats. - **Intellectual property concerns:** You must consider intellectual property implications and comply with licenses when adopting open-source IoT. Top Open Source IoT Platform in 2024 ------------------------------------ ### **ThingsBoard** ThingsBoard is a platform that helps with collecting, processing, and visualizing data in IoT. It also manages devices. It works with popular IoT protocols like CoAP, MQTT, and HTTP. You can use it in the cloud or on your own servers. ThingsBoard lets you create workflows based on different events like life cycle changes, API events, and requests. Now, let\'s explore the key features of ThingsBoard: - Scalability, production readiness, and fault tolerance ensure a stable platform. - Robust device management, providing secure control over all connected devices. - Transformation and normalization of device inputs and the ability to generate alarms and alerts for telemetry events, restorations, and inactivity. - Customizable rule groups to enable use-case-specific features and functionalities. - High scalability, capable of handling millions of devices concurrently. - Fault-tolerant architecture with no single point of failure, as every node in the cluster is identical. - Out-of-the-box support for multi-tenant installations. - Thirty highly customizable dashboard widgets to enhance user access and provide comprehensive data visualization. **IOT EXAMPLES USED ACROSS THE MAJOR INDUSTRIES** ### 1. Retail and supply chain management This industry was probably among the first to be made "smart". Take for example proximity-based advertising with Beacons and smart inventory management technologies used at [Amazon Go no checkout store](https://www.amazon.com/b?node=16008589011). However, the use of IoT devices and apps in retail isn't limited to shopping and supply chain management. It's an opportunity for restaurants, hospitality providers, and other businesses to manage their supplies and gather valuable insights. This might give retailers full control over their supply chains, eliminating the human factor. This will allow business owners to avoid over-ordering, effectively restrict staff members who abuse their privileges, as well as better manage the logistical and merchandising expenses. The listed benefits, in turn, result in high adoption rates for all IoT products in retail. [QueueHop](https://youtu.be/HBHw82RMhjQ) is another example of an innovative inventory tracking and theft prevention IoT solution. Smart tags attached to the items on sale unclip automatically only after the payment is made. The system speeds up the checkout process by offering mobile self-service capabilities and allows business owners to manage their inventory in real time. As a result, this technology has the potential of disrupting the whole shopping process, by allowing business owners to reallocate resources for better efficiency and improved customer service. #### Internet of Things benefits in retail and supply chain management: - improved transparency of the supply chain; - automated goods check-in and check-out; - monitoring goods location, and warehouse storage conditions; - predictive maintenance of equipment; - managing inventory and preventing theft; - improving the shopping experience and customer service; - pinpointing and timely notifications about any issues during transportation; - warehouse demand-alert; and - route optimization. ### 2. Home automation It is impossible to ignore the impact that IoT technologies have had on our homes. Smart appliances, lighting, security, and environment controls make our life easier and more convenient. [Nest](https://nest.com/) is among the leaders in this sphere. With a number of smart devices, including Nest Thermostat, indoor cameras, and alarms, the company helps you better manage your home. The thermostat learns about your preferences and automatically adjusts the temperature. In addition to a comfortable environment at home, it will help you save on heating and use your energy more efficiently. Nest Indoor and Outdoor Cameras together with smoke and CO alarms make your home a safer place. The best part about Nest smart home products is the fact that you can monitor and manage all of these devices with your smartphone using a dedicated app. The company also offers various partnership and cooperation models, [providing full documentation and API access](https://developers.nest.com/documentation/cloud/get-started) to independent developers and businesses. Thus, you can build on the success of the Nest products and introduce new revenue channels for your own business. #### Benefits of IoT in home automation: - smart energy management and control, - centralized management of all home devices, - predictive maintenance and remote functionality of appliances, - enhanced comfort and security, - remote control of home appliances, and - insights and analytics on smart home management. *An example* *At Eastern Peak we have developed a smart-lock home entrance security system ([DOORe](https://www.calcalistech.com/ctech/articles/0,7340,L-3832171,00.html)) that totally eliminates the need for house keys.* *The smart device allows apartment owners to see in real time who is requesting to visit them, be it a friend or a delivery man. Real-time alerts, a smart camera and two-way audio makes it easy to answer the door from anywhere through the smartphone app.* *Moreover, all household members, family, friends, and housekeepers can be sent their own "virtual keys" over the app to open the door on their own.*   ### 3. Wearables Multiple wearables that flooded the IoT market recently can all be roughly classified as health and fitness devices. Apple, Samsung, Jawbone, and Misfit wearables all represent this area of IoT use. Such devices monitor heart rate, caloric intake, sleep, track activity, and many other metrics to help us stay healthy. In some cases, such wearables can communicate with third-party apps and share information about the user's chronic conditions with a healthcare provider. In addition to the personal use of health wearables, there are some advanced smart appliances, including scales, thermometers, blood pressure monitors, and even hair brushes. Smart medication dispensers, such as [HERO](https://herohealth.com/), are widely used for home treatment and elderly care. The appliance allows you to load the prescribed pills and monitor the intake. The mobile app paired with the device sends timely alerts to the family members or caregivers to inform them when the medicine is taken or skipped. It also provides useful data on the medication intake and sends notifications when your medication is running low. A huge number of projects developed by both leading tech powerhouses and startups, clearly indicate the demand for IoT solutions in the health & fitness domain. #### Benefits of IoTwearables: - remote diagnostics and health monitoring, - advanced personal care options for patients, - early disease detection and prevention, and - data-driven approach to fitness and personal care. An example from our experience: We at Eastern Peak have developed a related project with the focus on women's health. Modern technologies used to collect and analyze the data from the IoT devices allow us to process the required measurements and identify the current ovulation state with the highest possible accuracy. The device and the applications, both web and mobile, were built completely by our team.   ### 4. Automotive Loaded with smart sensors, our cars are becoming increasingly connected. While most of such solutions are provided out of the box by car manufacturers (Take Tesla for example), there is a third-party solution to make your car "smart". An example from our experience: One of such solutions, [Cobra Connect](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.cobra.connect&hl=en) -- remote control and monitoring of your car, was built by our company Eastern Peak. The mobile application connects to a connected device, which allows you to control such functions of your car as opening/closing the doors, engine metrics, the alarm system, detecting the car's location *and* routes, etc. While connected or even self-driven cars have already become a reality, automotive IoT use cases are actively expanding to other types of ground transport, including railway transport. An example of such an initiative is represented by the latest GE Evolution Series Tier 4 Locomotive, loaded with 250 sensors measuring over 150,000 data points per minute. Thus, your car can be controlled directly from your mobile phone with information from your routes and car stats which are stored safely in the cloud. #### IoT benefits in automotive: - improving and streamlining car manufacturing processes, - remote vehicle monitoring and control, - smart road infrastructure for drivers, - monitoring drivers' conditions, - smart car insurance, - car and smartphone integration, and - preventive vehicle maintenance. ### 5. Agriculture Smart farming is often overlooked when it comes to the business cases for IoT solutions. However, there are many innovative products on the market geared toward forward-thinking farmers. Some of them use a distributed network of smart sensors to monitor various natural conditions, such as humidity, air temperature, and soil quality. Others are used to automate irrigation systems. One such example of IoT devices, [Blossom](https://www.myblossom.com/), offers both. This smart watering system uses real-time weather data and forecasts to create an optimal watering schedule for your yard. Consisting of a smart Bluetooth-powered controller and a mobile app, the system is easy to install, setup, and manage. While the product is initially designed for use at home, similar solutions can also be applied to larger scales.   #### Internet of Things benefits in agriculture: - crop, climate, and soil condition monitoring; - livestock monitoring; - precision farming; - watering and fertilization automation; - automating detection and eradication of pests; - greenhouse automation; and - higher crop quality and better yields. *An example* *A similar IoT application example was developed by the Eastern Peak team. We have built an IoT app for GreenIQ that helps manage your irrigation and lighting systems.* *This application is another valuable contribution to eco-friendly gardening. The IoT-powered solution helps control water usage, saving water for nature and money on your bills. The GreenIQ application also integrates with the most well-known home automation platforms.* \* * ### 6. Logistics Freight, fleet management, and shipping represent another promising area of use for IoT. With smart BLE tags attached to the parcels and items being transported, you can track their location, speed, and even transportation or storage conditions. This is one of the use cases for an innovative IoT platform by thethings.iO. The company's smart sensors, Cold Chain and Location Trackers, paired with a powerful cloud-based dashboard provide reliable, real-time monitoring of the temperature and location for their logistics. For companies that own a corporate fleet, IoT devices are on their way to becoming an essential solution for efficient vehicle control. IoT-powered hardware gathers information about engine temperature, driving time and speed, fuel consumption, etc. Then, it sends this data to a cloud platform for further analysis. Internet of things products for fleet management help companies manage and execute their daily operations more effectively, as the IoT app sends extensive data on drivers' behavior to the operators. But on top of that, these solutions also contribute to better vehicle maintenance by monitoring the car condition. Furthermore, this technology makes driving much safer and prevents vehicles from being stolen. *An example* *The Eastern Peak development team already has experience in building apps for fleet management. The Kaftor Business IoT application brings together all the advantages of this kind of software.* *The app monitors all vehicle-related activity, including routes and stops, and compiles relevant everyday reports. A thought-out security system records any abnormal activity and provides instant notifications about attempted thefts or road accidents.*   #### IoT benefits in logistics: - remote vehicle tracking and fleet management; - monitoring cargo conditions; - improved last-mile deliveries; - monitoring driver activity; - detecting exact vehicle locations; and - advanced routing capabilities. ### 7. Healthcare IoT is playing a major part in the digitization of healthcare helping improve both clinics' operations and patients' outcomes. End-to-end clinical management suites like [RTLS by CENTRACK](https://centrak.com/products/real-time-location-services/) are some of the most vivid examples of the use of IoT in the healthcare industry. RTLS places smart sensors to track every aspect of patient care and clinical operations from asset management and regulatory compliance to staff satisfaction and the quality of patient care. By collecting real-time data, clinics can monitor the state of medical equipment and avoid breakdowns by scheduling timely repairs. NHS test beds used in the UK's national healthcare system are packed with sensors and use video monitors to track patients' data in order to notify physicians about their immediate conditions. #### IoT benefits in healthcare: - saving wait time and cutting expenses, - early diagnostics and disease prevention, - improved functionality of healthcare devices, - reduced hospital readmission rate, - improved patient care, and - enhanced efficiency of clinic processes. ### 8. Industrial business Industrial IoT solutions are disrupting business domains like manufacturing, warehousing, energy, and mining. Successful examples of IoT solutions for manufacturing include the equipment-maker [Caterpillar](https://www.hottopics.ht/30354/caterpillar-is-already-big-in-mining-now-it-wants-to-be-even-bigger-in-data-mining/): using a combination of IoT and AR to give workers a comprehensive view of equipment conditions, from fuel levels to parts that need replacement. In the energy sector, IoT systems like TankClarity use sensors to alert companies when their clients are running out of oil and gas. In smart warehousing, IoT helps monitor the state of merchandise, ensure immediate goods check-in and check-out, and streamline daily operations. In industrial mining, companies increasingly use IoT solutions like WellAware to monitor the state of pipes and mining equipment, avoid disruptions, and ensure employee safety. #### Benefits of IoT in industrial business: - improving employee safety; - increasing operational efficiency; - avoiding equipment failure and scheduling repairs; - improving time-to-value; and - reducing operational expenses. ### 9. Smart cities IoT has all it takes to improve the quality of urban life and the experience of its city dwellers. Increasingly, smart cities across the world use IoT to resolve issues with traffic and transportation, energy and waste management, etc. Platforms like Digi Remote Manager help smart cities become more energy-efficient. The solution also enables them to control surveillance cameras, wi-fi coverage, electronic billboards, and other mission-critical devices like environmental sensors and charging stations. Some of the most prevalent examples of internet of things applications for smart cities include tracking, routing, and fleet management solutions for public vehicles, such as Fleetio. The IoT sensors help detect the exact location of a vehicle, monitor drivers' actions as well as vehicle conditions and the state of the core systems. Smart cities also use IoT for infrastructure management: controlling the state of water supply and sewer systems, street lighting, waste reduction, garbage collection, etc. However, among the most advantageous use cases for urban IoT solutions is smart parking. Each year, the number of vehicles grows exponentially, and modern technology aims to curtail traffic congestion, manage city parking wisely, and even cut emissions. As for individuals, Internet of Things applications for parking significantly cuts back on the amount of time that is spent on finding an appropriate spot and then figuring out how to pay for it. The ParkWhiz app is among the best Internet of Things solutions examples for smart parking. It helps drivers choose from a variety of parking spots and book it. The app compares the pricing of several locations and allows users to pay for it in advance. #### Internet of Things benefits for smart cities: - enhanced energy-efficiency; - improved traffic management; - reducing pollution and waste; - eliminating crime and increasing safety; - better infrastructure management; and - improving the quality of life of its citizens. ### 10. Smart buildings  IoT is also gradually transforming real estate: smart buildings are the examples of how Internet of Things applications are taking our quality of life to an entirely new level. IoT helps track the state of assets of the entire building and deliver metrics that help indicate its overall condition. By monitoring the state of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems, building administrators can ensure optimal maintenance and schedule timely repairs. Tracking energy efficiency by providing real-time access to water and electricity meters is another indisputable advantage of using IoT in smart buildings. Another example of Internet of Things applications in smart buildings are systems like [ZATA](https://www.zataiot.com/all-in-one-air-quality-sensor-in-smart-building/), used for measuring and controlling air quality. #### IoT benefits for smart buildings: - tracking the state of core building assets, - energy consumption monitoring, - controlling air quality, - collecting data for smart building analytics systems, and - Improving the experience of its tenants. ### 11. Sports  The Internet of Things in sports doesn't boil down to fitness trackers that count your steps daily and give insight into your heart rate. In fact, businesses in this niche put IoT sensors in nearly anything sports enthusiasts and professionals use. IoT products for sports aim at improving player and team performance, as well as safety and fan engagement. Coaches, players and fans are able to shape game tactics, analyze potential injuries, and customize various experiences by analyzing data collected via multiple devices. That's why you can find various IoT devices examples on the market, from smart pods and equipment to professional gear, including any kind of smart apparel and footwear. For instance, yoga mats by YogiFi are stuffed with AI-powered sensors that track every move and provide unique personalized guidance through IoT software. Such a smart yoga mat may provide an experience that is close to the one you get with personal instructors. For professional and amateur games, there are highly specific IoT examples like [Wilson Connected Football System](https://www.wilson.com/en-us/explore/labs/connected-football-system), a football with a smart sensor inside. The system analyzes spiral efficiency, spin rates, and other parameters to give you invaluable insight into your performance. The smart ball can help you identify your weaknesses and improve your skills most effectively. On top of providing powerful IoT solutions for athletes, the industry also works for facility management and fan experience. Internet of Things applications provide first-class in stadium satisfaction and convenience for fans during sports events and at other venues. #### IoT benefits for sports: - real-time performance monitoring, - improving technique and avoiding injuries, - upgrading equipment maintenance, - enhancing professional guidance and coaching, - developing effective game strategies, and - bettering the fan experience. ### 12. Pet care The Internet of Things industry is truly human-centric and is intended to simplify our daily and professional lives and make them safer. However, there are some examples of IoT devices that you can use to care for your cats, dogs, and other beloved pets. These IoT solutions come in the form of such smart wearables as IoT-powered collars, tags, and even smart feeders and interactive cameras. With these devices, you can understand your pet better, measure its activity and calorie intake, as well as notice undesired health changes in their early stages. Busy pet owners can benefit from IoT-powered monitors and cameras that help you interact with your four-legged buddy even when you're away. IoT devices also notify you when your pet is having a meal and when you need to fill the feeder. **IoT benefits for pet care:** - maintaining your pet's health and wellbeing, - preventing medical conditions, - simplifying feeding and general pet care, - making your walks safer, and - monitoring your pet's activity while you're away. *An example* *In the Eastern Peak portfolio, you can find Pawscout, an IoT application example for pet tracking.* *This app uses GPS and BLE for tracking the location of your four-legged companion. Just put the Pet Finder on the collar, and then you'll be able to see your pet as far as 200 feet away from you. With Pawscout you won't lose your dog or cat, and additionally, it can connect you to a community of other pet owners.* \* * ### 13. Environment Technological progress is often to blame for severe harm to the planet. Today, however, we focus our attention on turning technologies into helpful tools that help minimize these effects and build a cleaner future. In fact, many examples of Internet of Things applications in other niches imply eco-friendly solutions. Present-day mobility management aims at cutting C02 emissions, home IoT devices help to monitor and curb energy and water consumption, and IoT-powered farming and gardening offer smart, eco-friendly solutions. Some IoT applications examples even put sustainability in the spotlight and not as a peripheral benefit. [XiO](https://xiowatersystems.com/) is a cloud-based system that helps prevent excessive waste of drinking water, wastewater, and water for irrigation and agricultural purposes. Another vivid example of IoT for sustainability is Enevo, the company that offers smart waste collection and management solutions. Using innovative sensors, the technology assists private households, restaurants, and commercial structures in taking waste generation and management under control. #### IoT benefits for the environment: - optimizing energy consumption and water usage, - monitoring air quality, - improving farming methods, - wildlife care, - managing waste responsibly, and - enhancing the green city and mobility management.