Basic Chemistry: A Foundation PDF

Basic Chemistry: A Foundation 1 Chemistry: An Introduction Chapter 1 2 Why is Chemistry Important?  In Our Daily Lives  New Materials  New Pharmaceuticals  New Energy Sources  Food Supplies  Can you t...

Basic Chemistry: A Foundation 1 Chemistry: An Introduction Chapter 1 2 Why is Chemistry Important?  In Our Daily Lives  New Materials  New Pharmaceuticals  New Energy Sources  Food Supplies  Can you think of others? 3 Chemistry deals with the natural world. 4 Source: Terry Donnelly/Stone/Getty Images Why is Chemistry Important?  In Your Education  Help you learn to Gather and Organize Information  Qualitative and Quantitative  Help you learn to find Patterns in Information  Help you learn to Analyze Complex Systems  Help you develop skills to Predict Future Events based on Patterns of Behavior  Help you develop Problem-Solving Skills  Systematic Approach 5 What is Chemistry?  The science that deals with the materials of the universe and the changes these materials undergo  The Central Science  Understanding most other fields of science requires an understanding of Chemistry 6 Branches of Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Analytical Chemistry Physical Chemistry Biochemistry 7 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Study of compounds that contains the elements carbon and hydrogen - Primarily of carbon and hydrogen. Examples: petroleum, almost all medicines, food Includes: 1. Medicinal Chemistry 2. Organometallic Chemistry 3. Polymer Chemistry 4. Physical Organic Chemistry 5. Stereochemistry 8 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY  Study of compounds that are made of only one or no carbon elements. It covers all chemical compounds except organic compounds  Study things such as crystal structures, minerals, metals, catalysts and most elements in the Periodic Table. Branches: 1. Bioinorganic Chemistry 2. Geochemistry 3. Nuclear Chemistry 4. Organometallic Chemistry 5. Solid-state chemistry 9 ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY  Study of the separation, identification and quantification of the chemical components of natural and artificial materials.  It involves the qualitative and quantitative determination of chemical components of substances. Includes: 1. Forensic Chemistry 2. Environmental Chemistry 3. Bioanalysis Chemistry 10 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY Chemistry that relies on lot physics and math to study the changes in energy that happen to matter. - Study of the shape of non-living matter and how that affects matter at the visible scale. Includes: 1. Photochemistry 2. Surface Chemistry 3. Chemical Kinetics 4. Quantum Chemistry 5. Spectroscopy 11 BIOCHEMISTRY  Study of the chemistry in biological processes of all living organisms.  Includes cancer and stem cell biology, infectious disease and cell membrane and structural biology. Includes: 1. Molecular biology 2. Genetics 3. Pharmacology 4. Toxicology 5. Clinical Biochemistry 6. Agricultural Biochemistry 12 SUB- BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY 1. Nuclear Chemistry 2. Radioactive decay 3. Material Chemistry 13 Solving Problems Using a Scientific Approach  Define the Problem Gather Information ❖ Facts ❖ Observations  Propose Solutions Organize Information and look for Patterns Hypotheses 14 Solving Problems Using a Scientific Approach  Evaluate your Proposed Solutions Test your Patterns by using them to Predict What Will Happen Experiments 15 The Scientific Method  A process of studying natural phenomena that involves making observations, forming laws and theories, and testing theories by experimentation 16 The launch of the space shuttle gives clear indications that chemical reactions are occurring. Source: NASA The Scientific Method  Make Observations  Qualitative  Descriptions  Quantitative  Measurements  Formulate Hypotheses  Possible Explanations for Observed Characteristics or Behaviors  Perform Experiments  Test Hypothesis 18 The Scientific Method  Repeat the process until we get a well-tested explanation  Theory  a set of assumptions put forth to explain some aspect of the observed behavior of matter  May need to be modified or discarded as new information (observations) becomes known 19 The Scientific Method  While Experimenting we may Observe the Same Behavior all the time, and therefore be able to Predict this Behavior will Always Occur in the Future  Law  a generally observed behavior  Without explanation as to why the behavior occurs! 20 The Difference Between a Theory and a Law  Laws predict what will happen  Theories explain why something happens  Which will also allow you to predict what will happen! 21 Figure 1.1: The various parts of the scientific method. The Best Approach to Learning Chemistry  Learn the Vocabulary of Chemistry  Definitions of Terms  How Common Vocabulary is Applied to Chemistry  Memorize Important Information  Names, Formulas and Charges of Polyatomic Ions  Solubility Rules  Learn and Practice Processes  Systematic Names and Formulas  Dimensional Analysis  Do the Questions and Exercises at the End of the Chapter to Test your Understanding and help you See the Patterns 23