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SOCIAL WELFARE AND SOCIAL WORK situation of stress, interpersonal helping or helping (THIRD EDITION) people in need. Thelma Lee Mendoza 3. Public Assi...

SOCIAL WELFARE AND SOCIAL WORK situation of stress, interpersonal helping or helping (THIRD EDITION) people in need. Thelma Lee Mendoza 3. Public Assistance – refers to concrete aids/ Published by: Central Book Supply Inc. materials supports provided usually by Government agency. Chapter One SOCIAL SERVICES SOCIAL WELFARE An organized system of social services and institutions, Refers to the programs, services and other activities designed to aid individuals and groups to attain satisfying provided under various auspices, to concretely answer the standards of life and health, and personal and social needs and problems of the members of the society. relationship which permit them to develop their full capacities and to promote their well- Concrete demonstration of social welfare or concern for the being.(FRIEDLANDER) well-being of human society. Includes those laws, programs, benefits and services which According to Richard M. Titmus, social problems are assure or strengthen provision for meeting social needs basically located in the economy. He considers social recognized as basic to the well-being of the population services as partial compensation for the “SOCIALLY (Elizabeth Wickenden) GENERATED DISSERVICES AND SOCIALLY CAUSED DISWELFARE” Includes all those forms of social interventions that have a primary and direct concern with promoting both the well- THREE GOALS OF SOCIAL WELFARE: being of the individual and the society as a whole. It includes 1. Humanitarian and Social Justice Goal - the treatment and prevention of social problems, the democratic ideal of social justice. This goal involves the development of human resources, and the improvement of identification of the most afflicted, the most dependent, the the quality of life (Romanyshyn) most neglected and those that least able to help themselves, and making them the priority target for the investment of “An organized concern of all people for all people” scarce resources. (Gertrude Wilson) 2. Social Control Goal - This is based on the recognition that needy, deprived or disadvantaged groups in It encompasses the well-being of all members of the society a society are capable of striking out, individually or including physical, mental, emotional, social, economic collectively, against what they consider to be an alienating and spiritual being. or offending party. Therefore society has to secure itself against threats to life, property, and political stability in the Society responds to unmet needs through the following: community posed by those who are deprived of resources 1. Individual and group effort and opportunities to achieve a satisfying life. 2. Major societal institution which have their 3. Economic Development Goal - This gives priority designated roles and responsibilities for meeting to those programs designed to support increases in the human needs – Shared Responsibilities production of goods and services and other resources that 3. Social Agency will contribute to economic development. The immediate TWO VIEWS OR CONCEPTIONS OF SOCIAL beneficiaries -- able bodied, relatively better-off members of WELFARE the community. 1. Residual formulations – conceives of the social welfare structure as temporary, offered during SOCIAL WORK emergency situation and withdrawn when the regular social system. A profession which is concerned with man’s adjustment in 2. Institutional formulations - sees social welfare as his environment; a person in relation to a person’s social proper, legitimate function of modern society. situation. THREE CATEGORIES OF SOCIAL WELFARE PROGRAM Social work seeks to enhance the social functioning of 1. Social Security – compulsory measures instituted individuals, singly, and in groups, by activities focused upon to protect the individual and his family against the their social relationship which constitute the interaction consequences of an unavoidable interruption. between man and his environment. 2. Personal Social Services – service function which These activities can be grouped into three functions: 1 has bearing on personal problems, individual restoration of impaired capacity 2 provision of individual and social resources 3 prevention of social dysfunction Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY. (US Council on SW Education) 1940 – Department of Health and Public Assistance Service took over the activities that used to be performed by the Social Work in its various forms addresses the multiple Associated Charities before it had ceased to exist. complex transactions between people and their Japanese Occupation environment. (IASSW and IFSW) Social Welfare activities during this period consisted mainly of giving medical care and treatment, as well as food and clothing, to the wounded soldiers, prisoners and civilians. SOCIAL FUNCTIONING PROBLEMS ARE CAUSED Prominent among volunteer organizations are Philippine BY: Red cross, Young Women’s Christian Association, and 1. Personal inadequacies o sometimes pathologies National Federation of Women’s League. which may make it difficult for a man to cope with The Post War Year the demands of his environment. 1946 – Bureau of Public Welfare re- opened. 2. Situational inadequacies and other conditions 1946 – UNICEF was created. which are beyond man’s coping capacities. October 4, 1947 – the Bureau of Public Welfare became the 3. Both personal and situational inadequacies. Social Welfare Commission and was placed under the Office of the President. PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN RIGHTS and SOCIAL August 1948 – PACSA was created by Pres. Quirino. JUSTICE 1948 – UNICEF became active in the Phil. are fundamental to social work January 3, 1951 – SWC and PACSA was fused in only one agency which is Social Welfare Administration. Chapter Two The Seventies Sept. 8, 1976 – Department of Social Welfare became the THE PRE-HISTORIC PERIOD Department of Social Services and Development. Social Welfare work in those times centered on mutual June 2, 1978 – Ministry of Social services and Development. protection and economic survival. The Eighties THE SPANISH PERIOD - Case Management was Launched. During the Spanish Period the Spaniards brought the Jan. 30, 1987 – MSSD became DSWD under E.O No. 123, teaching “to do good to others for the salvation of their signed by Pres. Cory Aquino souls” Nineties 1565 – Don Miguel Lopez de Legazpi established the first Oct. 10 1991- R.A 7160 “Local Government Code” was hospital in Cebu. passed. 1882 – Hospicio de San Jose was founded to house the aged R.A 4373 Social Work Law 1965 and the orphans. No Social Welfare Agency shall operate and be accredited 1885 – Asilo de San Vicente de Paul, an asylum for girls unless it shall first have registered with the Social Welfare was established Administration which shall issue the corresponding The American Period Certificate of Registration. 1899 – American introduced the new educational system, new health methods and religious freedom. R.A 5416 1968 1900 – Phil. Normal School Empowers the Department to: 1902 – Insular Board 1. Set standards and policies to insure effective 1905 – American Red Cross, Philippine Chapter implementation of public and private social welfare 1907 – La Gota de Leche programs 1910 – Phil. Anti – TB Society 2. Accredit public and private institutions and 1913 – Associacion de Damas Filipinas organizations engaged in social welfare activity February 5, 1915 – PWB ( Public Welfare Board) including licensing consultative services to them. January 1917 - Associated Charities of Manila 3. Coordinate government and voluntary efforts in 1921 – Office of Public welfare Commissioner social welfare work to avoid duplication, friction 1922 - Office of Public welfare Commissioner prepared overlapping of responsibility in social services. solicitation forms 1924 – Associated Charities became independent agency DSWD VISION 1933 - Scholarship grants for professional training for “a society where the poor, vulnerable and disadvantaged Social Work individuals , families, and communities are empowered for Josefa Jara Martinez an improve quality of life” She worked on the Public Welfare Board and introduced the scientific approach in Social Work. DSWD MISSION Commonwealth Period Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY. “to provide social protection and promote the rights and RA 7877 ANTI-SEXUAL HARASSMENT welfare of the poor, vulnerable and disadvantaged ACT OF 1995 individuals, families and communities that will contribute to RA 8353 ANTI-RAPE LAW OF 1997 poverty alleviation and empowerment through DSWD RA 8505 RAPE VICTIMS ASSISTANCE policies, programs, projects and services implemented with AND PROTECTION ACT OF 1998 or through local government units. NGO’s, Peoples RA 9208 ANTI-TRAFFICKING IN organization, other national government agencies and other PERSON’S ACT OF 2003 members of civil society” RA 9262 Anti-VAWC C. OLDER PERSONS/PWD’S SELECTED SOCIAL LEGISLATION BP 344 ACCESSIBILITY LAW A. Children RA 7277 MAGNA CARTA FOR DISABLED PD 603 THE CHILD AND YOUTH PERSON WELFARE CODE RA 7432 SENIOR CITIZENS ACT OF 1992 RA 6972 BARANGAY TOTAL RA 7876 SENIOR CITIZENS CENTER IN DEVELOPMENT AND ALL CITIES AND PROTECTION OF CHILDREN MUNICIPALITIES ACT RA 9257 EXPANDED SENIOR CITIZENS RA 7610 SPECIAL PROTECTION OF ACT OF 2003 CHILDREN AGAINST CHILD D. FAMILY ABUSE, DISCRIMINATION AND EO 209 FAMILY CODE OF THE EXPLOITATION PHILIPPINES RA 7658 AN ACT PROHIBITING THE RA 8187 PATERNITY LEAVE EMPLOYMENT OF CHILDREN RA 8369 FAMILY COURTS ACT OF 1997 BELOW 15 YRS. OLD RA 8972 SOLO PARENT WELFARE ACT RA 8043 INTER-COUNTRY ADOPTION OF 2000 ACT OF 1995 E. HEALTH RA 8044 YOUTH IN NATION BUILDING RA 7875 ESTABLISHING PHILHEALTH ACT INSURANCE CORPORATION EO 340 PROVIDE DAY CARE SERVICES RA 7883 INCENTIVES TO ACCREDIT FOR THE EMPLOYEES BHW CHILDREN UNDER 5 YEARS OF RA 8344 PENALIZING THE REFUSAL OF AGE HOSPITAL AND RA 8552 DOMESTIC ADOPTION ACT OF MEDICALCLINICS TO 1998 ADMINISTER APPROPRIATE RA 8980 ECCD INITIAL MEDICAL TREATMENT RA 9231 ELIMINATION OF WORST FORM RA 924 AMENDMENT OF RA 7875 OF CHILD LABOR AND F. LABOR/ EMPLOYMENT STRONGER PROTECTION FOR PD 442 LABOR CODE OF THE WORKING CHILDREN PHILIPPINES RA 9255 ALLOWING ILLEGITIMATE RA 7655 INCREASING MINIMUM WAGE CHILDREN TO USE SURNAMES OF HOUSE HELPERS OF THEIR FATHER RA 8042 MIGRANT WORKERS BENEFITS RA 9344 JUVINILE JUSTICE AND AND INCENTIVES ACT OF 1995 WELFARE ACT OF 2006 RA 8282 STRENGTHENING THE SOCIAL B. Women SECURITY SYSTEM THEREBY RA 6525 STRENGTHENING THE AMENDING RA 1161 PROHIBITION ON RA 8291 INCREASING THE COVERAGE DISCRIMINATION AGAINST AND BENEFITS OF THE GSIS WOMEN IN RESPECT TO TERMS G. OTHERS AND CONDITION OF RA 7160 LOCAL GOVERNMET CODE OF EMPLOYMENT THE PHILIPPINES RA 6955 MAIL BRIDE ORDER AS RA 8371 INDIGENOUS PEOPLE’S RIGHTS UNLAWFUL ACT ACT OF 1997 RA 7192 WOMEN IN NATION BUILDING ACT OF 1992 Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY.  RA 8425 SOCIAL REFORMS AND Elimination of all forms of violence against women POVERTY ALLEVIATION ACT through the formation of women’s communities, OF 1997 supporting initiatives and encouraging partnership. Change and transformation of existing values and SOME GOVERNMENT attitudes that breed violence against women through the AGENCIES/ORGANIZATIONS application of feminist principles. MAJOR PROGRAMS: OWWA o Crisis Intervention The agency offers both local as well as overseas programs o Feminist Counseling (face-to-face and hotline) and services for Filipino contract workers and their o medical assistance and advocacy dependents in keeping with the provisions of the Labor o legal assistance and advocacy Code. o temporary shelter o survivor’s support group National Housing Authority (NHA) o education and advocacy Created under Presidential Decree No. 757 in 1975. o training and education It’s mandate is to develop and implement a comprehensive o research and integrated housing program in the country. o documentation and publication Focused in providing housing assistance to the lower 30% o consultancy services of the urban population. The NHA also provides technical and other forms of HAVEN, a hospital-based crisis center for women assistance to local government units in implementing their survivors of a violent environment and also coordinates urban development and social housing programs. with NGOs all over the country in efforts to prevent and eliminate family violence. Public Attorney’s Office (PAO) Under the DOJ and used to be known as the Citizen’s Legal Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Child Assistance Office (CLAO). Sexual Abuse (CPTCSA) It represents, free of charge, indigent persons or the Established to help children, and their families, who are immediate members of their families, in all civil , victims of sexual abuse. administrative, and criminal cases where, after due It offers them protective services, prevention and investigation, and the interest of justice will be served. treatment services, training, research and advocacy, post-rehabilitation, educational and medical assistance, Some Private Social Welfare Agencies and housing, legal assistance, and technical training. Organizations Philippine Business for Social Progress (PBSP) Tribal Development Foundation in the Philippines A private, non-profit organization established on This agency addresses the needs of tribal communities December 16,1970, to serve as private enterprises’ in different parts of the country. implementing arm for social development. Its services include: skills development and livelihood Its current priorities are indigenous peoples, small projects, tribal leadership training, educational lowland farmers, small upland farmers, sustenance assistance and adult literacy. fisher folks, landless rural workers, and the urban poor. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOCIAL WORK SOS Children’s Village PROFESSION IN THE PHILIPPINES A private child caring agency founded by Dr. Hermann Gmeiner in Austria after World War II. Associated Charities Outside of adoption, it is the only agency which – mother of the social work profession in the implements Alternative Parental Care formulating a Philippines purposely planned long-term care orphaned and – First to use casework as a method of helping people. abandoned Filipino children. – First to use social workers a a full time and paid employees Women’s Crisis Center (WCC) – First to hire a trained social worker as executive This agency was established to pursue the following secretary (Josefa Jara Martinez) goals: – (Josefa Jara Martinez) introduced new Establishment of holistic feminist services for victims/ CONCEPT IN CHILD WELFARE WORK at survivors of all forms of violence against women. Office of Public Welfare Commissioner Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY.  – President’s Action Committee on Social impetus towards health, growth and belonging, and Amelioration (PACSA) established by Pre. organized efforts of society to integrate its parts Quirino into a productive and dynamic whole. – PACSA is a community development agency to help with the problem of social unrest in the country William Gordon side, 1948. - PERSON IN HIS LIFE SITUATION – Philippine School of Social Work was established COMPLEX – a simultaneous dual focus on man in June 1950, offering a 1 year degree program and his environment. This focus has been called Master of Arts in Social Administration concentrated at same times on the side of the – First director of PSSW is Mrs. Jara Martinez organism as interpreted by psychological theory and – RA 4373, June 19, 1965 at other times on the side of environment as interpreted by sociological and economic theory. THE PHILIPPINE ASSOCIATION OF SOCIAL Harriet Barlett WORERS –PASWI - Social functioning is the relation between the - National organization for professional social coping activity of people and the demand from the workers in the country environment. - Founded on November 12, 1947 Louise C. Johnson - It was incorporated on April 18, 1948 and re- - Social workers become involved when individuals incorporated with the security and exchange are having difficulty in a relationship with other commission on October 18, 1988 people: in growing so as to maximize their potential - MAGNA CARTA FOR PUBLIC SOCIAL and in meeting the demands of the environment. He WORKER described this situation as “people coping” and RA 9433, APRIL 11, 2007 “environmental demand”. The Association’s objectives: 1. Promote and maintain a professional standard of Social Role – socially recognized pattern of behaviors and social work practice activities expected from an individual occupying a certain 2. Strengthen the competence of members through the position in society. provision of opportunities for their continuing professional growth and development. THREE WAYS OF SOCIAL WORKERS TO 3. Work for the better understanding, acceptance and IMPROVE SOCIAL FUNCTIONING OF recognition of social work as a profession. INDIVIDUAL 4. Initiate and work for social legislation in social 1. Change strategies directed towards the individual if welfare and development through effective action. personal inadequacies or sometimes pathologies 5. Expand professional activities of the association make it difficult for the individual to cope with the through the organization of local chapters and demands of his situation or environment. development of linkages with international 2. Change strategies directed toward the environment organization devoted to human services. if it is latter that is beset with inadequacies or if the situation is such as to be beyond the coping Chapter Three capacities of the individual. SOCIAL FUNCTIONING: SOCIAL WORK’S FOCUS 3. Change strategies directed towards both the OF CONCERN individuals and the environment. Wernes Boehm THE FUNCTIONS OF SOCIAL WORK - Social work seek to enhance the social functioning 1. REHABILITATIVE FUNCTION - tries to put of individuals, singularly and in groups by activities back the person to a normal of healthy sate of social focused upon their social relationship which functioning. Curative aspect – seeks to remove constitute interaction between individuals and their factors which have caused the breakdown in the environment. person’s social function. William Schwartz 2. PREVENTIVE FUNCTION – early discovery, - SW profession mediates the process through which control and elimination of those conditions or the individual or society reach out to each other situations which may have harmful effect on social through mutual need for self-fulfillment. functioning. - Symbiotic means relationship between people and 3. DEVELOPMENTAL FUNCTION - both to help their nurturing group the individual make maximum use of his own - the Social Worker’s Field of intervention lies at the potentials and capacities as well as to further the point where two forces meet: the individuals Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY.  effectiveness of available social or community obtain what is preferred whether article, behavior or resources. state of affair. Knowledge 5 ELEMENTS OF ATTRIBUTES OF A - Refers to what it thought to be as confirmed by the PROFESSION reality. BY ERNEST GREENWOOD - Refers to what, in fact seems to be, established by RA 4373, promulgated in 1965 – Social Work officially the highest standards of objectivity and rationality recognized as a profession with the passage of a law by of which man is capable. Congress. Skills - Ability expertness or proficiency gain from practice 1. SYSTEMATIC BODY OF THEORY - the skills and knowledge. that characterize a profession flow from and are - Application with doing supported by a fund of knowledge that has been THE PHILOSOPHY OF SOCIAL WORK organized into a internally consistent system called - Derived from the society of which it is a part body of theory. - “man has worth and dignity” 3 types of knowledge used by social work: - This belief is associated with democratic theory, TESTED KNOWLEDGE – established through which views man as having worth because he is scientific study capable of reason, of rational analysis and choice. HYPOTHETICAL KNOWLEDGE – unproved theory, undergo transformation into tested THE VALUES OF SOCIAL WORK knowledge ASSUMPTIVE KNOWLEDGE - practice 1. Each person has the right to self-fulfillment deriving wisdom his inherent capacity and thrust towards that goal. 2. PROFESSIONAL AUTHORITY – client- 2. Each person has the obligation, as a member of professional relationship society, to seek ways of self-fulfillment that 3. COMMUNITY SANCTION - professional- contribute to the common good. community relationship 3. Society has the obligation to facilitate the self- 4. REGULATIVE CODE OF ETHICS - serves to fulfillment of the individual and the right to check possible abuses which can arise out of a enrichment through the contribution of its professions exercise of authority, and its individual members. accompanying powers and privileges. 4. Each person requires for the harmonious 5. PROFESSIONAL CULTURE – interactions of development of hi powers socially provided and social rules required by the formal and informal socially safeguarded opportunities for satisfying his groups generated a social configuration unique to basic needs in the physical psychological, the profession, viz… a profession culture. economic, cultural, aesthetic and spiritual realm. Social Values - basic and fundamental beliefs of a 5. As society becomes more complex and professional group, practically reasons for its interdependent increasingly specialized social existence. organization is required to facilitate the individual’s Professional Norms – accepted standards of effort at self-realization. behavior of doing things, which guide the 6. permit both self-realization and contribution to professional in various situations such as how to society by the individual, social organization must gain entry into formal and informal groups make available socially provided devices for needs Symbols - “meaning-laden items” including satisfaction as wide in rage, variety and quality as emblems, insignias, dress, history, its idioms, and the general welfare allows. vocabulary and its stereotypes of the professional. Chapter Four SEE TABLE ONE 3 essential components of profession: Values DESCRIPTION OF MAN (Leonard Schneiderman) - worth which man attaches to certain things, systems 1. Natural vs Transcendental View or person within realm of usefulness, truth, - Naturalistic View can explain by science. goodness or beauty. Formulation of preferred - Naturalistic View, man is part of nature behavior held by individuals or group. - Transcendental View can never fully explain man - William Gordon states that to “value” something partly due to our ignorance and partly because man is to prefer it and measure of the extent of a has a potential to transcend the natural order of preference what is price, effort or sacrifice one will things to choose, to create and to be rational 2. Man as Social, Asocial or Anti-social Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY.  - Social, men aspire to live on good terms with others - A person must suffer before he can gain happiness, to be part of and to contribute to group life, making and related to it is that which many still believe, that personal goals subservient to group goals. women, particularly must suffer in silence. - Asocial, they are discreet (unnoticeable) individuals who came together to form groups for their mutual Seven Principles of the Social Work protection and safety. Relationship - Anti-social, self-seeking egotistical out to extend Felix Biestek personal gain at the expense of others PURPOSEFUL EXPRESSION OF FEELINGS 3. Democracy’s view of Man - Recognition of the client’s need to express - man viewed as capable of reason of rational analysis feelings freely and choice - Worker listens purposefully - Worker neither discourages nor condemns DOMINANT VALUES OF FILIPINO the expression of feelings 1. SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE – defines as being taken - Sometimes worker actively stimulates and by one’s fellows for what one is, or believes he is encourages expression of feelings and being treated in accordance with his status. CONTROLLED EMOTIONAL INVOLVEMENT a. Smooth Interpersonal Relation S.I.R - The worker is sensitive to the client’s feelings 1. Pakikisama which means giving - Makes effort to understand their meaning in concession or following the lead - A purposeful, appropriate use of the worker’s of suggestion of another. emotions in response to the client’s feelings 2. Euphemism means stating of an - Controlled and objective emotional involvement in unpleasant truth, opinion, or the client’s problem request as pleasantly as possible. - Controlled emotional involvement in the client as a 3. Go Between or tulay means 3rd person party who will carry a message ACCEPTANCE b. Amor Propio is a term used to refer to - The recognition of client’s innate dignity, worth, the sensitivity to personal affront and equality, basic rights, and needs functions to protect the individual - Regardless of client’s individual qualities against loss of social acceptance. Hiya arising from heredity, environment, is fear of exposure of one’s insecure behavior, or any other source. self. - Acceptance does not mean approval of the client’s 2. Emotional Closeness and Security in a Family behavior, attitudes, or standards - This value is believed to be facilitated through the - Acceptance includes thought and feeling elements, following: sacrificing individual interest for the and is expressed primarily in the manner of service. good of the family, parental striving to give their INDIVIDUALIZATION children an education even at great cost to - The recognition and understanding of each client’s themselves older unique qualities 3. Authority Value - Differential use of principles and methods to assist - Belief that families will remain close if someone client toward change exerts firm authority, and that such person must be - Individualization is based on the right of human respected and obeyed. beings to be individuals - Closely relate to the authority value is the respect - Right to be treated not just a human being but as this for traditions and rituals no matter how impractical human being with these personal differences. they have become. NON-JUDGEMENTAL ATTITUDE 4. Personalism - Based on the conviction that the helping process - Attaches major importance to personal factors precludes: which guarantees intimacy, warmth, and security of - assigning guilt or innocence kinship and friends in getting things done. - degree of client responsibility for causation - E.g tiwala, kakilala, walang pakialam of the problems or needs 5. Utang na Loob - Does include making evaluative judgments about - Debt of gratitude the attitudes, standards, or actions of the client - It is granted when a transfer of goods or service CLIENT SELF-DETERMINATION takes place between individuals belonging to two - Based upon the right of the individual to make their different groups own choices and decisions - Returning the favor “with interest” 6. Patience, Suffering and Endurance Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY.  - The client has a right and a need, within certain 3. Believing in the human being’s capacity to change limitations, to have freedom in making their own and recognize the value of unity in diversity, decisions/choices individual differences and pluralism in society. - Worker has a duty to respect that right, in theory and 4. Believing in free men and women living in a free in practice society where poverty, in all forms, is neither a fate - refrains from any direct or indirect nor a punishment but is a condition that can and interference must be change. - positively helps the client to exercise that 5. Believing in the family as a basic unit of society and right. its vital role in the growth and development of the CONFIDENTIALITY individual, the family system and the community. - The protection of secret/private information 6. Believing that the government, the private sector disclosed in the professional relationship and the public have a joint responsibility to promote - Confidentiality is a basic right of the client social justice and to ensure the political, economic - An ethical obligation of the worker and social well-being of all people. - Necessary for effective helping 7. Believing in the role of social workers as agents and - The client’s right, however, is not absolute advocates of change and in the promotion of - The client’s information is often shared professionalism, responsibility and accountability. with other professional persons within the 8. Believing that our professional practice is deeply agency and in other agencies rooted in our cultural values. - Written permission is required to divulge Standards of ethical conduct: information to other agencies Two concepts that sw’ers usually experienced when A. Relative to Self and the Profession dealing with clients Ambivalence To conduct myself in a manner consistent with the - Conflicts between two opposing tendencies within philosophy, principles, values and beliefs of the social work oneself are manifested in day to day experiences of profession. social workers - Mixed feelings To act at all times with honesty, openness and transparency Transference in all my professional transactions. - Client unconsciously transfer to the social worker attributes or characteristics of some important or To constantly work towards my own professional powerful persons in his early life. advancement so as to contribute to the promotion of social Counter transference work practice - Worker’s unconscious response to the client’s unconscious transference. To contribute time and professional expertise to activities ETHICS that promotes respects for the integrity and competence of - The science that treats of morals and right conduct social workers. PROFESSIONAL ETHICS - System of ethical principles and rights of conduct To contribute time and professional practice wisdom to generally accepted by the members of a professional colleagues and other professionals group, based on philosophy, values, guiding principle of that profession. To be vigilant and act to prevent the unauthorized and It has two aspect: unqualified practice of social work. 1. Profession’s code of ethics which is written expression of some of these principles and rules of To support the professional association duly organizes and conduct for the guidance of professional group. constituted for the professional welfare of all social workers 2. Unwritten principles and rules of conduct To respond and volunteer my professional services in times PASWI CODE OF ETHICS of emergency. 1. Believing in the inherent worth and dignity of all person emanating from a supreme being who directs To uphold and protect the dignity and integrity of the our actions of love for one another. profession 2. Believing that every human being has natural and social rights capacities and responsibilities to To promote cultural values that will enhance the practice of develop his full potential as a human being. the social work profession Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY. B. Relative to Clients A professional does not exploit her professional membership, and distinguishes between activities she does To uphold the basic human rights of clients and to serve as a private citizen and as a member of the profession. them without discrimination Purposes served by a professions Code of Ethics To accept primary responsibility and accountability to clients, respecting their right to self-determination and It helps check abuses, which can result from observe confidentiality in all my dealings with them the powers and privileges accompanying the monopoly enjoyed by a profession. To seek out the marginalized and ensure equal access to the It provides the community same protection resources, services and opportunities required to meet basic against abuses by members of profession needs. It sets forth basic principles which serve as guidelines to members of profession, and which are To expand choice and opportunity for all persons, with helpful in the socialization of future professional special regard for disadvantaged or oppressed groups or It sets guidelines for relationships, if not persons. specific duties of members to each other, to their clients and to other groups C. Relative to Colleagues It is a useful resource for the enrichment or improvement of the professional curriculum To acknowledge and respect the professional expertise of ETHICAL DILEMMA usually faced by social workers other disciplines, extending all necessary cooperation that I. Manipulation: the matter of influencing will enhance effective service. clients to act in the way a worker wants them to act in response to a given situation, or manipulating To bring any violation of professional ethics and standards agency reports to justify budgetary requests. to the attention of the appropriate bodies inside and outside II. Advocacy: Some promote unnecessary the profession and ensure that relevant clients are properly conflict situations, resorting to various involved. machinations, including the use of insult, embarrassment, distortion of the truth, disruption To advocate with legislative and policy bodies for the and violence. welfare of all colleagues III. Conflicting loyalties: Would loyalty to a client’s cause such as where human dignity or Unwritten Duties and Obligations Expected of a survival is involved be a justifiable reason for not Professional Social Worker upholding loyalty to one’s organization or colleague A.Duties toward clients group? This is where professionals unite against outsider who threaten the privileges and rewards of A professional deals with clients openly and frankly the group A professional is patient, tolerant and consideration of the IV. Cultural and other realities: Eg. clients point if view Personalistic culture calls for the use of personal A professional never use threat or deceit connections to facilitate action on a client’s request. A professional never is punctual in keeping appointment and This quite often mean that one has to disregard makes no compromises she cannot keep accepted agency rules or channels. Political A professional is careful and thorough in dealing with client influence is when a worker remains on the job only problems because of political influence and engages and A professional never discriminates against any client, giving activities that is not acceptable to the others in the so-called “hopeless” cases as much attention as promising agency. ones A professional will act in relation to a client’s problems only Important Names to Remember on the basis of adequate knowledge of client’s situation  Pumphrey states, “Surely there was more ethical B. Duties toward colleagues and the profession than unethical, more value-based than value- defying social work. A professional is courteous and fair in dealing with co-  Justice Ramon San Jose, addressed the successful workers examinees in the 1963 bar examinations. “The legal A professional cooperates with co-workers in the pursuit of profession, next to priesthood is the most exalted common goals and dignified; it is an apostleship of justice… A professional should maintain high standards of honor,  Ross states, “Obligation and freedom are polar integrity and morality opposites: freedom is an absence of constraint, and Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY.  obligation and constraining...” “…All social life o Process PROCESS seems to me based on genuine morality, whose core  PLANNED CHANGE- a change originating from is obligation, and whose condition for existence is decision to make a deliberate effort to improve the choice, and so freedom to choose.” system and to obtain the help of an outside agent in making this improvement. INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL  Client System (CS)- System that is being helped WORK PRACTICE  Outside Agent- professional Agent  1967 National Workshop on social Work Education  Problem- or situation assessed is the reason of entry resulted to: of the change agent o Dictated that schools teach social work  Process- or the development of the helping methods based on generics approach relationship. It consists 7 phases. o Develop skills based on generic aspects of  Change Force- increases the willingness of the CS the methods used by social worker for change  Integrated method of Social Work Practice US =  Resistance Force-reduces the willingness of CS for Generalist Social Approach PH change  Against the separation of Methods (Casework, Group Work, Community Organization): Herbert Chapter Five Bisno, Comptom and Galaway  Herbert Bisno – the inclusion of a quantitative Alfred Kadushin attribute of the potential transaction unit in the - Knowledge base of social work is a comprehensive designation of the method has led to an illicit bond topic which encompasses the facts and theories, between a given method and a given, but arbitrary skills and attitudes, necessary for effective, efficient restricted and limiting client system. practice.  Bisno’s 9 Social work method Three Areas of Social Work Knowledge 1. Adversary 2. Conciliatory 1. SWPPS 3. Developmental - Is concerned with the organization, administration 4. Facilitative-Instrumental and operation of social welfare programs and 5. Knowledge Development & Testing services which are established in the society in order 6. Restorative to meet human needs and problems, the 7. Rule-Implementing development of these undertake them, and the 8. Rule making nature of needs being served by these programs.  Comptom and Galaway- the traditional model encourages the dichotomous thinking that: OUTLINE OF THE SPECIFIC KNOWLEDGE o Community Organizer will work to REQUIRED FOR THIS AREA produce community change, the case FRAMEWORK worker to produce individual change, and - Society responds to a variety of human needs and the group worker either depending on the problems through the institution of social welfare. nature of the groups, instead on CONCEPT OF NEED maintaining the primary focus of SW - Universality of need intervention in the person-situation 1. Material interaction. 2. Non-material o Has led to the training of specialists in each CONCEPT OF PROBLEM of these methods who tend to see the - Problem as manifest need problems of their clients in terms of their - Problem as person-centered own methodological preference, rather - Problem as universal ad yet singular than in terms of ta complete assessment of - Problem as cause and consequences the client situation interaction. - Problem as institutional lack or dysfunction in  Micro Approaches- focus on the individual society’s institution for meeting needs  Macro Approaches- directed towards community or - Problem as challenge and opportunity larger social systems - Problem as requiring solution in the form of social  Filipino clients are multi-problem clients welfare services  The essentials elements in SW practice are: - Problem as requiring social work help o Client PERSON CONCEPT OF PROVISION o Worker PLACE - Individual and group effort o Problem PROBLEM Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY.  -Major societal institutions and their role and - The biological, psychological, physical, social and responsibilities for human needs cultural determinants of human behavior can be - Social agency as provision for helping people with group into internal/ nature and external/ nurture their problems; as an integral part of a community factors. institutionalized network of services to the people - According to Compton and Galaway: MOTIVATION FOR SOCIAL WELFARE interpenetration, interaction and transaction of the PROGRAMS AND SERVICES self and the outside world - Social justice 3. Social Work Methods - Social control - Is concerned with the actual process by which the - Economic development social worker helps the client – an individual, group, - Human values and norms which shape policies and or community, the methods and techniques of services helping, the resources necessary for helping, as well SOCIAL WELFARE PROGRAMS AND SERVICES as the appropriate attitudes that facilitate the helping - Historical and current forces which contribute to process. social problems and generate social policies PHILOSOPHY: human worth and dignity - Source of policies VALUES: self-realization social responsibility, - Policy –formulation, implementation and equal opportunities improvement inter-related processes; competencies ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL WORK and skills needed for effective participation. PRACTICE: client, problem, worker, process. - Ways and means by which policies are translated into programs and services. Chapter Six - Setting priority targets for investment of resources THE ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS IN SOCIAL WORK - Assessing and evaluating effectiveness as well as PRACTICE deficiencies or inadequacies of programs and - Client services in meeting needs and problems. - Worker 2. HBSE - Problem - Is concerned with the material necessary for - Process understanding the client in his problem situation, the Planned Change dynamic of individual and group behavior, and of - Change originating from a decision to make a group and community process which affect or deliberate effort to improve the system and to obtain influence of the individual, the group and the help of an outside agent in making this community process. improvements - It is also concerned with content about normal and Client System deviant behavior. - Specific system that is being helped. - Understanding of individual and collective behavior Outside agent in planned change is called - Critically assess the state of theory and knowledge “Professional change agent” who works with about man and his social environment. particular client system. - 3 ASPECT OF INNER STATE 1. Cognitive PHASES OF PLANNED CHANGE 2. Emotional 3. Conative/ striving/ tendency to do actively PHASE 1: client system discovers the need for help - ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL FORCE/SOCIAL PHASE 2: helping relationship is established and COMPONENTS define 1. Societal - social patterns PHASE 3: problem is identified and clarified 2. Institutional- organizational arrangement PHASE 4: change goals/ intention is established 3. Status – characteristics and position in the PHASE 5: change effort is attempted society PHASE 6: change is generalized ad stabilized 4. Normative – forms in which social behavior are PHASE 7: H-R ends expressed and the social rules that these forms. 5. Interactive – type of interaction and perception DYNAMICS OF PLANNED CHANGE of interaction made of self and others that are Change Force- aspect of the situation which increases basis of behavior. the willingness of the c-s to make a propose change - 2 types of physical environment Resistance Force- aspect of the situation which reduces a. Natural the willingness of the client system to change b. Constructed Chapter Seven Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY.  THE HELPING OR PROBLEM SOLVING relationships should involve self-discipline and self- PROCESS IN SOCIAL WORK awareness. John Dewey in his book “How We Think ” - Problem solving process is describe as what goes Emmanuel Tropp (Developmental) – developed an on in the human mind when confronted with a important set of statement that sum up the essential problem. characteristics of the worker’s presentation of self to each of - The problem solving behavior s based on the her clients: reflective thought that begins with a feeling of 1. Compassion doubt or confusion. 2. Mutuality FIVE PHASES OF REFLECTIVE THINKING – 3. Humility JOHN DEWEY 4. Respect 1. Recognizing the difficulty 5. Openness 2. Defining/ specifying the difficulty 6. Empathy 3. Raising a suggestion for possible solution and 7. Involvement rationally exploring the suggestion, which include 8. Support data collection. 9. Expectation 4. Selecting an optimal solution from among many 10. Limitation proposals 11. Confrontation 5. Carrying out the solution 12. Planning PROBLEM SOLVING FRAMEWORK IN SOCIAL 13. Enabling WORK 14. Spontaneity and control Helen Harris Pearlman – originator of P-S Framework in 15. Role and person sw. 16. Science and art - In her book “Social Casework: A Problem Solving Process” she describes the social work process as a SELF-AWARENESS may be called for in situation where progressive transaction between the professional worker’s values clash with the client values. Many of these helper and the client, consisting of a series of values usually been so internalized that the worker is often problem solving operations which can be not conscious that she is judging other people’s behavior summarized as follows: along these values. 1. STUDY (facts that constitute and bear upon the PROBLEM SOLVING PROCESS problem must be ascertained and grasped) - Essentially a cognitive process, a rational 2. DIAGNOSIS (facts must be thought about, procedure involving series of steps to be followed examine relationship and searched for sequentially. significance) SOCIAL WORK HELPING PROCESS 3. TREATMENT (some choices or decision - Is not just a cognitive process since it involves a must be made as an end result of the relationship between 2 parties (C-W system). consideration of the particular facts with the Professional values and ethical principles guide this intention of resolving the problem) relationship particularly in relation to the handling IN GENERAL, THE PROBLEM SOLVING PROCESS of feelings, attitudes that inevitably enter the DEMANDS THAT A WORKER BE SUCCESSIVELY picture. INVOLVED IN THE FOLLOWING SEQUENTIAL STEPS IN SOCIAL WORK HELPING PROCESS STEPS 1. Assessment 1. Recognition or definition of the problem, and 2. Planning Beginning Phase engagement with the client system 3. Intervention Middle Phase 2. Data collection 4. Implementation 3. Assessment of the situation 5. Evaluation Ending Phase 4. Goal setting and planning of an action 6. Termination 5. Intervention or the carrying out of an action 6. Evaluation Helping Relationship has the ff elements: 7. Termination 1. SELF-DISCIPLINE AND AWARENESS Noimi Brill believes that an effective worker THE HELPING RELATIONSHIP must: The worker-client relationship is such a crucial factor it can a. Be aware that she is a walking values spell difference between successful or unsuccessful b. Use all means to become conscious to those problem-solving. All of the worker’s professional values Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY.  c. Strive to evaluate herself and her on values by o The major tasks involved during this stage are data, looking at the origin gathering, and problem definition based on the d. Strive to change those values that need to be agreement between the client and the worker as to changed the problem-for-work. 2. AUTHORITY/PROFESSIONAL o These tasks culminate in the worker’s writing of an AUTHORITY/POWER Assessment Statement or a Problem Definition. Position or functions in the agency; and o professional knowledge and experience TYPES OF SOURCES 3. COMMITMENT AND OBLIGATION 1. Primary source – the client Accountability and responsibility to Clients and 2. Secondary source – significant others others 3. Existing source – records and reports Naomi I. Brill – recognizing the worker’s value system 4. Worker’s own observation defines her behavior and relationships with other people, PRINCIPLE IN DATA GATHERING believes that the effective worker must: 1. The client should be the main source of information 1. Be aware that she is a walking system of values although, when appropriate and available sources 2. Be conscious of what these biases are should be used. 3. Strive to evaluate herself and her values 2. Data to be gathered should directly relate to the objectively and rationally identified problems. 4. Strive to change those values that, on the basis of 3. The client should be informed about the source this evaluation, need changing being used for data collection. In certain cases, his permission should be sought before certain kinds of AUTHORITY (and the power that accompanies it) 0 there information are obtained. are 2 sources of a worker’s authority – her position and 4. Data collection is a continuous process, but it is the corresponding functions in the agency, and her possession collection, organization and synthesis of such data of knowledge and experience. that is especially critical to the definition of the o GODSTEIN points out that is SW relationships, problem and setting of goals. when one seeks something from another person 5. The type of client and the general nature of the “that cannot be obtained elsewhere – the problem can guide the worker on the type of data relationship cannot be equalized. that should be collected and how much. THE INTAKE PROCESS AND THE PRESENTING COMMITMENT AND OBLIGATION – to bind or PROBLEM pledge one’s self to relationship; to obligate one’s self is to Intake – process by which a potential client achieves the perform the moral responsibility that goes with a pledge or status of a client. a promise made - On the client’s part, this involves the presentation of the self and the problem or need as he/she is HELPING CONTRACT is frequently used in reference to experiencing the expectations and terms of the commitments and - On the worker’s part, this involves some assessment obligations of both client and worker, which are often of the client and the problem and whether or not the clearly spelled out. agency is in a position to help. - A good intake interview should provide the client STEPS IN SOCIAL WORK HELPING PROCESS with adequate understanding of the agency and its Assessment policy and program in relation to the need or Max Siporin – assessment is a process and product of problem, as well as the responsibilities and understanding on which action is based. obligations from both client and worker. The process involves the collection of necessary information - Intake may be accomplished in one session with a and analysis and interpretation in order to reach an client. understanding of the client, the problem, and the social Presenting problem- problem that is a threat to the client’s context in which it exist. or other’s welfare, and usually stated or presented as it is being perceived or experienced. ASSESSMENT o Also termed as diagnosis and social study In working in a small group, a worker does individual or o Involves the collection of necessary information group intake interviews. and its analysis and interpretation o The ultimate purpose is to provide understanding Individual Intake Form: community identifying necessary for appropriate planning. information, presenting problem and circumstances relating Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY. to this, background data and other pertinent information 8. Judgment is important in assessment because many obtained during the initial contact with the community. decisions have to be made. 9. No assessment is ever complete DEFINING THE PROBLEM Compton and Galaway- the way you define the problem PLANNING will define the data collected and will dictate what are seen as appropriate answers. The link between assessment and intervention Problem for work- place of beginning together which Planning process translates the content of assessment into means problem or part of the problem that: a goal statement that describes the desired results and is also concerned with identifying the means to reach the goals. Defining the problem – the problem for work means: 2 majors task during the planning stage: 1. The problem or part of the problem that the client 1. Formulating goals that directly relate to the client’s system is most important or a good beginning place. need or problem 2. The problem or part of the problem that in the 2. Defining the specific actions/interventions that are worker’s judgement is most critical necessary to achieve the goals. 3. The problem or part of the problem that in the GOALS worker’ judgement can most readily yield to help  The desired or expected outcomes of an endeavor 4. The problem or part of the problem that falls within  The term interim goals, intermediate goals the action parameter of the helping system. objectives- refers to specific, short-term goals *** the Clients Presenting Problem: , if it is the problem or which facilitate the achievement of the long term or part of the problem the client system feels is most important, overall goals. it may serve as the “Problem for Work”  Characteristics of goals- SMART *** if the client system presents multiple problems, the worker may use PARTIALIZATION – the process of PLANS separating from so many problems identified by the C and  Means to achieve goals the W, the problem that need to be addressed first, and will  Consist of the specific actions/steps to be be the focused of the helping relationship. undertaken in order to reach the goals. PRIORITIZING- the added aspect of a problem taking  Jointly made by the worker and the client, helping precedence over other problems because of its Importance. Plan, Action Plan, or intervention Plan  Systematic review of the client strengths when WRITING AN ASSESSMENT STATEMENT preparing of intervention plan is one way to avoid offering an intervention plan without considering Components of an assessment statement by Maria O’niel alternatives with the client. Mcmahon:  Opening casual statement- this requires the worker UNITS OF ATTENTION to clearly indicate who’s has the problem, and why  Intervention or Action/Helping Plan calls for an the problem exists at the time. identification of other persons who, in additions to  Change potential statement- a statement- a client, have to be given attention because they are problem’s change potential is dependent on three involved in the situation, and work with them is interdependent factors: problem, person and essentials to goal attainment environment.  Systems that are the focus of the change activity.  Judgment- about the seriousness or urgency of the problem. STRATEGY DEFINED AS AN OVERALL APPROACH TO CHANGE A SITUATION CHARACTERISTICS OF ASSESSMENT 1. On-going Factors that influence the plan of action 2. Focuses on understanding the client in situation and 1. The community in which it is being carried out providing a base of planning and action. 2. The agency sanctioning the plan 3. A mutual process between client and worker 3. The social problem that the plan is response to 4. There is movement within the assessment process 4. The social worker involved in the plan. 5. Both horizontal and vertical explorations are 5. The client. important 6. Assessment identifies needs in life situations, The assessment and planning steps in the problem solving defines problems, and explains their meaning and process culminates in the workers writing of a case study patterns that contains the synthesis of the information that has been 7. Assessment is individualized obtained on the client and his situation, and assessment Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY. statement/ definition of the problem of work and the helping Mediator- person who acts as an intermediary or conciliator intervention goals and plans. between two persons or sides. THE HELPING CONTRACT Advocate- the worker has to take a partisan interest in the After having worked together in assessment and action client and his cause. The objective is to influence, in the planning, what should follow is an agreement between the client’s interest, another party, usually possessing same worker and the client on what needs to be done and who power or authority over the client. should do it. This is called a “contract” in our setting and having verbal agreement is common practice. Enabler- involves the social worker in interventive activities that will facilitate the clients’ strengths and INTERVENTION resources within themselves to solve problems they  This phase in the helping process is concerned with experiencing the action that would solve the client’s problem  Involves the rendering of all the specific and Counselor/Therapist- the goals of the worker is the interrelated services appropriated to the given restoration,.maintenance of the client capacity to adapt or problem and situation in the light of the assessment adjust to his current reality. and planning  Includes all the goal related activities that the INTERVENTIVE ROLES BEYOND DIRECT worker will undertake following the agreement PRACTICE forged with the client based on the problem to be worked on and the plan of action to be pursued. Mobilizer of Community Elite- involves the worker in activities aimed at informing and interpreting to certain Compton and Galaway have vey apt words for two sectors of the community, welfare programs and services as phases of the helping process: well as need and problems, with the objectives or enlisting Deciding what to do (assessment and planning) and Doing their support and/or involvement in them. the decided (intervention) Documenter/Social Critique- worker documents the need ECO-MAP is an assessment, planning and interventive for more adequate social welfare policies and programs tool. A simple paper and pencil simulation that present the based on her knowledge about the inadequacies on individual or family and the major systems in the life space, deficiencies in these existing welfare policies and programs as well as the nature of the individual’s or family’s as well as on her belief as to how there ought to be, in the relationships with these various systems. light of professional values and goals. INTERVENTIVE ROLES IN DIRECT PRACTICE Policy/Program Change Advocate- worker is involved in Interventive role refer to the composite of activities or tasks efforts to change policies and programs on behalf of that she is expected to undertake in order to accomplish the particular sectors of the population based on the values of goals agreed upon with the client. profession. Resource Provider- engages the worker in the direct LIMITATIONS OF WORKER ACTIVITES: provision of material aid and other concrete resource that Times- the worker may not be able to give the client will be useful in eliminating or reducing situational unlimited time deficiencies. Skill- the worker should perform only those activities that are within her competence Social Broker- involves the process of negotiating the Ethics- the worker watch out for activities that might service jungle for client, whether singly or groups. The commits her unethical behavior worker links or connects the client to needed service in the Agency Function- the worker must be sure that she community. understand and interprets agency function properly.  It requires a broad knowledge or community resources and operating procedures of agencies. EVALUATION  Referral is considered a basic activity in this interventive role.  Collection of data about outcomes of a program  Networking- worker’s efforts at establishing and relative to goals and objectives set in advance of the maintaining relationship with other community implementation of that program. entities which have resources that can support and  Ongoing evaluation supplement her own agency’s resources  Terminal evaluation  Both qualitative and quantitative Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY.   Summative evaluation concerned with outcomes beyond the present agency worker’s competence, or the of effectiveness client needs additional services which the present  Formative evaluation concerned with looking at agency cannot provide. the process of the work. It forces the worker to find out whether the implementation plan is being COMPONENTS OF TERMINATION according to implemented as designed Pincus and Minahan o Intervention plans can be viewed in 2 levels conceptual level and operational A. DISENGAGENMENT level.  Professional accountability- SWer and SW Most Common Reactions during agencies must answer for their work, not just to termination/disengagement client who are the direct users, but to the public that 1. Denial – avoid painful feelings. Avoiding the supports them. discussion of termination.  2 Aspects of Accountability 2. Emotional reaction – fear of loss or fear of the o Effectiveness- refers to the questions on unknown can give rise to the feeling of sadness and whether or not the services or intervention grief. There can be anger expressed in verbal plans are accomplishing their intended outburst of physically violent behavior directed goals; towards the worker or other significant others. o Efficiency- refers to the cost of services and 3. Bargaining – clients tries to negotiate an extension intervention plans in money, time and other of time or a modified schedule which can mean resources. fewer contacts over a longer period with the worker. Some offer promises or gifts. 4. Depression – listlessness, little energy, withdrawal, sadness, helplessness, despair, absence of TERMINATION motivation to go on. - End of helping relationship 5. Acceptance – the client manifest an increase energy and is able to talk about good and bad times and to MOST COMMON REASON FOR TERMINATING think for future. CLIENT WORKER RELATIONSHIP Factors that influence their reaction during termination 1. When the goal set by the worker and client has been 1. Length of service reached. 2. Attainment of client goals 2. When, after reasonable period of time, there has 3. Client worker relationship been very little movement toward the attainment of 4. Modality of intervention the goals formulated, and the prospect for any change in the situation held unlikely 3. When the client thinks that the worker has provided B. STABILIZATION OF CHANGE sufficient help so that it is now possible for the client to pursue problem solving on his own. Ronald Lippit – contend that the main test of a change 4. When an agency does not have the resources needed agent’s help is the stability and performance of the client by the client of the worker does not get her agency system’s changed behavior when the change agent is no approval to provide the services needed by the longer actively working with client. They submit “the client. change process must equip the client system to carry on 5. When the system outside the client make it difficult effectively in a wide range of day to day activities after the for the client to continue with the helping initial change project is over” relationship or when these systems influence the Robert Vinter – explains this as the requirement of client to discountinue the relationship. transferability. i.e gains achieved by the client within the 6. When for one reason or another, the worker must helping process must be transferrable beyond this process, leave the agency. and the degree of improvement should be assessed according to conventional standards in the community. TRANSFER – process by which the client is referred by his social worker to another worker usually in the C. EVALUATION same agency because the former will no longer be able It is ongoing part of helping process. to continue working with the client… Periodic/regular evaluation allows the worker and the REFERRAL – an act directing a client to another client to review and, if necessary, revise the goals and worker/agency because the service that the client needs objectives ….. Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY.  A family who’s want to take advantage of the government’s Spin- offs or unexpected/unwanted consequences Balik Probinsya Program - This may help the worker and the client to know how to deal with future problems. Intercession-mediation Model: - The worker should identify what have been useful Involves the process of negotiating the service jungle for and what have not been helpful and what might have clients, whether singly or in groups. The worker connects been done differently. the client to need services in the system until he has availed of them Social Worker takes partisan interest in the client Chapter Eight and his cause. Advocacy efforts of the social worker are SOCIAL WORK HELPING MODELS AND frequently directed towards securing benefits to which the APPROACHES client is legally entitled. I. For individual, groups and communities: direct Proponents and principles/Key Concepts provision model, intercession- mediation model, Schneiderman: the utilization of non-consensual strategies mobilizing resources of clients system to change such as direct confrontation, administrative appeal, and the their realities, crisis intervention approach and use of judicial and political systems, as an appropriate problem solving model II. For individual and groups: task-centered model, Helping Process: APIET psychosocial approach, functional approach, Activities: Social Workers may need to argue debate, behavioral modification, and family intervention bargain, negotiate and manipulative the environment on III. For groups: developmental approach, interactionist behalf of the client. approach, remedial approach IV. For communities: community development model, Example: social planning model, social action model Working women are defined labor benefits by their V. Indirect model of intervention: working with the employers, juvenile offenders who are arrested, the illegal elite, documentation/social criticism, advocacy detained, neglected prisoners who should already qualify for parole privileges, slum dwellers who are having illegally The Direct Provision Model: evicted. Involves the direct administration of existing programs of material aid. This should not be equated with dole out. Other Crisis Intervention Approach refers to this as Resource Provision, where resources may be is a Process for actively influencing the psycho-social mobilized, created, directly furnished where the client may functioning of individuals and groups, during the period be advised and counseled in making optimal use of them. of acute disequilibrium. Involves crisis-oriented, time limited work, usually 2 or 6 weeks in duration. To be really Proponents and principles/Key Concepts effective, it should be available within 24 to 72 hours after Schniederman: the goal of this model is the enhancement application or referral for assistance. of client social functioning through the direct functioning through the direct provision of material and useful in Key Concepts eliminating or reducing situational deficiencies. Crisis is defined as an upset in a state, an emotional reaction on the part of an individual, family or group to a threatening Helping Process : APIET life event. Activities: 1. Case by case involvement of the client in the study The theory is based on the idea that there is no such thing as and evaluation process (determination of need and a problem-free state and life is a series of recurring forms of need-meeting) development crisis. 2. A determination of eligibility within the administering agency’s terms of reference Lydia Rapoport Goals for this approach: 3. A judgment that the provision of the service or  Relief of symptoms benefits will promote the clients best interest  Restoration to the optimal pre-crisis level of functioning Recruiting, selecting, training, supporting, collaborating  Understanding of the relevant precipitating events with personnel offering direct care (e.g. Homemakers, foster that contribute to state of disequilibrium parents, adoptive parents, health personnel, trainers, day  Identification of remedial measures that can be care workers) taken by the client and the family  Recognition of the connection between the current Example: stress and past life experiences and conflicts Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY.   Initiation of new models of perceiving thinking and it is always the person is being helped in relation to what is feeling and development of new adaptive and focused to be stressful. The goal is to help a person cope as coping Reponses effectively as possible with problems in carrying on social tasks and relationship which are perceived, felt as stressful Jacobson Two Treatment Approaches and found insuperable without outside help.  Generic: does not require assessment of the psychodynamics of the