Introduction_to_HE ---1 (2).ppt

Introduction to Health Education and Health Promotion Defining Health Several researchers found different understanding of health from different population (mothers, elderly, youth, children ) in different settings. 15/07/24  Summary of lay definition...

Introduction to Health Education and Health Promotion Defining Health Several researchers found different understanding of health from different population (mothers, elderly, youth, children ) in different settings. 15/07/24  Summary of lay definition – People’s idea of ‘health’ and ‘being healthy’ widely vary – They are shaped by their experiences, knowledge, value and expectations as well as their view of what they are expected to do in their lives and fitness level they need to fulfil that role 15/07/24  Holistic concept of health Over half a century ago in 1948 WHO defined health as ‘ a state of complete physical, mental, and social well- being and not the absence of disease or infirmity’ Physical health: concerned with the mechanistic function of health Mental health: the ability to think clearly and coherently Emotional health: the ability to recognize emotions such as fear, joy, grief and anger and to express such emotions appropriately (coping with stress, tension, depression and anxiety) 15/07/24  Holistic concept of health Spiritual health: for some it is connected with religion, for others with personal creeds, principles of behaviour and achieving peace and being at peace. Social health: the ability to make and maintain relationship with other people – An individual’s health is inextricably (inseparably) related to everything surrounding the person – It is impossible to be healthy in a sick society that does not provide basic needs – A society that undermines women’s contribution – A racist society 15/07/24  Holistic concept of health Social health cont.. – A society that values employed people than unemployed – In countries of extreme oppression People can not lead a healthy life The identification of the different aspects of health is important for raising awareness about the complexity of the concept However, it is not practical to divide individuals health into categories 15/07/24  Critics of the holistic view This holistic approach has been heavily criticized mainly on two grounds: It is totally idealistic and unrealistic to achieve such a state of health and also implies a static position Another criticism is it doesn't consider the lay definition of health Whereas, its strength is the acknowledgement of social and mental well-being as a central point  Health Promotion Health promotion is the combination of educational and environmental supports for actions and conditions of living conducive to health In this definition: – Combination refers to the importance of matching the multiple determinants of health with multiple interventions or sources of support – Educational refers to health education  Why health education and health promotion: An estimated 40-70 percent of all premature deaths A third of all cases of acute disability Two thirds of all causes of chronic disability Are caused due to behavioural and lifestyle risk factors – substance abuse; – poor diet; – sedentary work, and leisure; – and stress related conditions (suicide, violence, and reckless behaviour  International initiatives for improving health The ‘Health for All’ movement of the 1977 by the WHO Emphasised on: – Reducing inequalities in health – Positive health through health promotion and disease prevention – Community participation – Cooperation between health and other local authorities – A focus on primary health care as the main basis of health care system  International initiatives --- A further milestone was the publication in 1996 of the Ottawa Charter which identified five key themes or health promotion: – Building a healthy public policy – Creating supportive environment – Developing personal skills through information and education in health and life skills – Strengthening community action – Reorienting health services towards prevention and health promotion  International initiatives ---- The Jakarta Conference in 1997, more recent one for WHO The Jakarta Declaration reiterated the importance of the Ottawa Charter principles and added priorities for health promotion in the 21st century – Promote social responsibility for health – Increase investment for health development – Expand partnership for health promotion – Increase community capacity and empower the individual – Secure an infrastructure for health promotion 15/07/24  National initiatives Ethiopia adopted the declaration “health for all by the year 2000” PHC Ethiopia’s HSDPs I-IV Where are we now?  Historical Development The concept of educating people about health – since the dawn of humans Health education emerged as a profession since only a little over one hundred years Beginning of 20th century – official formulation of health education policies in Europe and USA 1957 – First course of health education for specialists in London 1978 – At the time of the Alma Ata Declaration, health education was put as one of the components of PHC and recognized as a fundamental tool to the attainment of health for all  In Ethiopia Very difficult to know when and where exactly it was started Related to the introduction of modern medicine in to the country To increase awareness of people to modern medicine and to encourage them utilize the services Following Alma Ata, it was recognized as one of the essential means of prevention of diseases and promotion of health The Health policy and the HSDP – identified health education as a major component of program services. Since 2003, training of health education and promotion officers and specialists launched by Jimma University  Definition HE is “ A combination of learning experiences designed to facilitate voluntary actions that are conducive to health” (Lawrence Green) Combination – emphasizes the importance of matching the multiple learning experiences or educational interventions with the multiple determinants of behavior Designed- distinguishes health education as a systematically planned activity from incidental learning experiences  Facilitate- signifies the importance of creating favorable conditions for action Voluntary – refers that behavioral measures are taken by individuals, groups or the community with full understanding and acceptance of purposes and with out the use of force  Terminologies IEC (Information, Education and Communication) Information- a collection of useful briefs or detailed ideas, processes..etc Education- a complex and planned learning activities that aim to bring about changes in cognitive, psychosocial and other skills. Communication- the process of sharing ideas, information, knowledge and experiences among people using different channels. Behavior Change Communication (BCC) – an interactive process aimed at changing individual and social behavior using targeted and specific measures and different communication approaches.  Terminologies------ Health Promotion- any planned intervention of educational, political, environmental, regulatory or organizational mechanisms that support actions and conditions of living conducive to the health of individuals, groups and communities. Nutrition Education- education aimed at the promotion of nutrition and covers the choice, preparation and storage of food. Family life education- education of young people in a range topics that include family planning, child rearing, child care and responsible parenthood.  Terminologies---- Patient Education- education in health care settings related to follow up of treatment procedures, medications, home care and rehabilitation procedures. Community Health Education – A process that promotes health and prevents disease within populations. Advocacy- refers to communication strategies focusing on policy makers, community and opinion leaders to gain a higher level commitment, participation and in fulfilling a program goal. Social mobilization- a campaign approach of working with community groups, organizations and the mass media.  Objectives of Health Education Motivating people to adopt health-promoting behaviors by providing the appropriate knowledge to people and by helping them to develop positive attitudes Helping people to make decisions about their health and acquire the necessary confidence, attitudes and skills to put their decisions into practice.  Principles of Health Education 1. All health education programs should be need based. - The particular need or the purpose to conduct the program should be ascertained. - Need to be specific and relevant to the existing problems 2. Multidisciplinary Approach - Understanding and changing behavior requires a combination of different disciplines such as health sciences, social sciences, teaching methodologies ….etc.  Principles----- 3. Two way communication - Free flow of communication between the sender and the receiver - To get proper feed back and to get doubts cleared 4. Adjust talks and actions to suit the audience 5. Provide the audience the opportunity to go through the stages of identifying problems, planning, implementation and evaluation of the health education programs.  Principles---- 6. Health Education need to be based on scientific findings and current knowledge. 7. Health educator should be accaptable by the audience. - Need to win the confidence of the audience 8. Health educator need to practice what he professes. - Otherwise will not enjoy credibility in the face of the audience 9. Remember that people are absolutely with out any information or idea about what we tell them.  Principles---- - Do not merely pass the information - Analyze what they already know - Enable them to compare the new ideas with the old ideas they have - Help them compare their past experiences with the new ones - Help them make decisions that are found favorable and beneficial  Principles 10. Do not pump a bulk of information in one exposure - The communication should be done step by step 11. Use simple terms that can be understood immediately. - Avoid highly scientific jargons 12. Health education should start from the existing culture and gradually try a change of habits and practices - Aim at small changes in a graded fashion - Do not be too ambitious - Behavior change requires s personal trial and give opportunities and time for people to try out the new practices.  Approaches to Health Education 1. The persuasion Approach – a deliberate attempt to influence people to do what we want them to do. 2. The Informed Decision Making Approach- giving people information, problem solving and decision making skills but leaving them to make the actual choices. 15/07/24  Targets for Health Education 1. Individuals - Clients, Healthy Individuals, Patients 2. Groups - Groups students in a class, members of a youth club 3. Community - People living in a village 15/07/24  Settings for Health Education Communities Health Care Settings Worksites Schools Prisons Refugee camps…etc