Introduction To General Anatomy (PDF)

# Anatomy Course ## Course Modules This anatomical course includes three modules: - General Anatomy - Avian Anatomy - Fish Anatomy ### General Anatomy General anatomy includes structure of the skeleton, joints, muscles, and integument (skin) of domestic animals. ### Avian Anatomy Avian anatom...

# Anatomy Course ## Course Modules This anatomical course includes three modules: - General Anatomy - Avian Anatomy - Fish Anatomy ### General Anatomy General anatomy includes structure of the skeleton, joints, muscles, and integument (skin) of domestic animals. ### Avian Anatomy Avian anatomy includes general and systemic structure of birds. ### Fish Anatomy Fish anatomy includes general and systemic structure of fish. ## Definition of Anatomy The macroscopic (gross) and microscopic study of the form and structure of dead and live organisms. Literally, the word means to cut apart. ## The Scope of Anatomy | I) Macroscopic (Gross) Anatomy | II) Microscopic Anatomy | III) Developmental Anatomy | |---|---|---| | Simple dissection using scalpels, forceps and scissors either by the naked eye. | Study of cells structure (Cytology) and the tissues (Histology) by microscopes. | Study developmental (embryo and fetus) and postnatal stage (newly born, childhood). | ## Anatomy Course in the First Term of the First Year ### 1 - General Anatomy #### A) Locomotor System Includes skeletal structures concerning with animal movement which are divided into: * **a) Passive structures:** bones & cartilages (Osteology) and joints (Syndesmology or Arthrology). * **b) Active structures:** muscles (Myology). #### B) Integument System Includes skin and associated glands (such as mammary gland) and horny structures such as hoof and horn. ### 2 - Special Anatomy Description of the structure of a single type or species e.g. avian (bird) anatomy and fish anatomy. ## Anatomy Course in the Second Term of the First Year 1. Embryology: General embryology (from gametogenesis to placentation) 2. Urogenital system: includes anatomy and development of urinary, male and female genital system in domestic animals. ## Anatomy Course in the First Term of the Second Year 1. Digestive system: includes anatomy and development of the digestive system in domestic animals. 2. Respiratory system: includes anatomy and development of the respiratory system in domestic animals. 3. Lymphatic system: includes anatomy and development of lymphatic systems in domestic animals. ## Anatomy Course in the Second Term of the Second Year 1. Neuroanatomy: includes anatomy and development of the nervous system and sense organs (eye and ear). 2. Cardiovascular system: includes anatomy and development of the cardiovascular system. 3. Applied (or clinical) anatomy: Application of all anatomical facts on living subject to be able to examine different organs. ## How are Living Things Organized? * **Atoms:** The smallest chemical units. * **Molecules:** A group of atoms working together. * **Macromolecules:** A group of molecules working together. * **Organelles:** A group of macromolecules working together. * **Cells:** A group of organelles working together. * **Tissues:** A group of similar cells working together. * **Organs:** A group of different tissues working together. * **Organ systems:** A group of organs working together. * **Organism:** An individual. ## Test Yourself 1. What are we talking about (scientific term)? * a) A group of similar cells working together. * b) A branch of anatomy that studies the developmental stages (embryo and fetus). * c) Study anatomy of living subject to be able to examine different organs. * d) The body system which describe heart structure. 2. Which sentence is correct or false? * a) Anatomy studies the structures can be seen only by eyes (grossly). * b) Studying structure of eye belongs to respiratory system. * c) Studying bird and fish is a type of comparative anatomy. 3. Complete the following: * a) ............ are a group of macromolecules working together. * b) ............ describes the structure of brain and eye. * c) Literally, the anatomy means to ............ * d) ............system describes the structure of stomach and intestine. * e) ............system describes the structure of kidney and ovary. ## Anatomical Descriptive Terms ### 1) In the Trunk - **Dorsal:** Toward the back (dorsum). - **Ventral:** Toward the belly or abdomen (venter). - **Cranial:** Toward the head (cranium = skull). - **Caudal:** Toward the tail (cauda). These terms are often combined, as in craniodorsal, cranioventral, caudodorsal and caudoventral. ### 2) In the Head - **Rostral:** Toward the rostrum (nose). Replace cranial in trunk. - **Oral:** Toward the mouth. - **Aboral:** Away from the mouth. ### 3) In the Limbs - **Proximal:** Toward the trunk (the part of the limb nears the body). - **Distal:** Away from the trunk (near the ground). - **Medial:** Toward the median plane (to the inside). - **Lateral:** Away from the median plane (to the outside). - **Cranial and caudal:** Used proximal to the carpus and tarsus. - **Dorsal:** Used instead of cranial in the manus (i.e. carpus, metacarpus and phalanges) of the forelimb and the pes (i.e. tarsus, metatarsus and phalanges) of the hindlimb. - **Palmer:** Used instead of caudal in the manus region. - **Plantar:** Used instead of caudal in the pes region. ### 4) Other Terms | Term | Description | |---|---| | Superior (supra) | Above | | Inferior (infra) | Below | | Superficial | Close to surface | | Deep (profundus) | Beneath surface | | Peripheral (Peri) | The part nearest to the surface | | Parietal | The body wall or the wall of the cavity | | Visceral | The viscera or organ in the cavity | | Somatic | The part of the body other than viscera | | Axial | Towards the central line of body or any body part | | Abaxial | Away from the central line of body or any body part | | Dexter | Means right | | Sinister | Means left | | Intra | Inside | | Inter | Between | | Sub | Under | ## Anatomical Planes ### A. Planes of the Trunk 1. **Median plane:** Divides the trunk into equal right and left halves. 2. **Paramedian (sagittal) plane:** Is parallel to the median plane. 3. **Transverse plane:** Is at right angles to the long axis of the trunk and divides the trunk into cranial and caudal segments. 4. **Dorsal (horizontal) plane:** Is at right angles to the median and transverse plane of the trunk. (The term frontal plane is not recommended) and divides the trunk into dorsal and ventral segments. NB: The same planes of trunk can be applied to head. ### B. Planes of the Limbs 1. **Median and Paramedian planes:** As in trunk. 2. **Transverse plane:** Is vertical on limb long axis and divides the limb into proximal and distal segment. 3. **Dorsal plane:** Vertical on paramedian and transverse planes and divides the limb into cranial (dorsal) and caudal (palmer/plantar) segment. ## Animal Species Names | Animal | Male | Female | Young | Family | |---|---|---|---|---| | Dog | dog | bitch | puppy | Carnivores/Canine | Cat | tom | queen | kitten | Carnivores/Canine | Pig | boar | sow | pig | Omnivores/Swine | Horse | stallion | mare | foal | Herbivores/Equine | Cattle | ox (bull) | cow | calf | Herbivores/Large ruminant | | Sheep | ram | ewe | lamb | Herbivores/Small ruminant | | Goat | buck | doe | kid | Herbivores/Small ruminant | ## Test Yourself 1. Choose the correct answer: * A) The term means away from the central line of body or any body part is......... * a) axial * b) paraxial * c) abaxial * d) none of previous * B) The ruminants include all the following animals except............. * a) dog * b) sheep * c) goat * d) cow * C) Which plane divides the limbs into proximal and distal segment? * a) median * b) paramedian * c) transverse * d) dorsal * D) Which plane divides the trunk into equal right and left halves? * a) median * b) paramedian * c) transverse * d) dorsal * E) Which plane divides the trunk into dorsal and ventral segments? * a) median * b) paramedian * c) transverse * d) dorsal * F) Which term means toward body wall or the wall of the cavity? * a) parietal * b) visceral * c) splanchnic * d) somatic 2. Complete the following sentences: * a) In the head, the eyes lie ............ to the ears, while mouth lies rostroventrally to .... ... * b) The plane divides the trunk into right and left halves but does not pass to the middle is called................. * c) The term "Infra" means... 3. Correct or false. * a) Plantar used instead of caudal in the manus region. * b) The transverse plane divides the trunk into cranial and caudal parts. * c) Cranial used proximal to the carpus and tarsus to mean in front. * d) The term "Intracellular" means inside the cells. * e) The sow is the female of dog. * f) The “rostral” replaces cranial in head region.