Introduction to Botany.pptx

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY Tom Diggs BIOL 3321K Fall 2020 Evolutionary terms to remember • Adaptive radiation (homology) • Convergent evolution (analogy) • Phylogenetic/cladistic terms Clade, sister group • Basal vs. derived • • “-ales” denotes a plant ORDER – Rosales, Fabales, Poales, etc. •...

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY Tom Diggs BIOL 3321K Fall 2020 Evolutionary terms to remember • Adaptive radiation (homology) • Convergent evolution (analogy) • Phylogenetic/cladistic terms Clade, sister group • Basal vs. derived • • “-ales” denotes a plant ORDER – Rosales, Fabales, Poales, etc. • “-aceae” denotes a plant FAMILY – Rosaceae, Fabaceae, Orchidaceae, Liliaceae, etc. FIGURE 13.4A Humerus Radius Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Human Cat Whale Bat Story of green plants begins with algae • Brown algae • Golden • Red algae algae • Green algae • Blue-green • All algae used to be lumped in under Kingdom Protista Kingdom Protista • Was • always a non-unified “catch-all” kingdom Mostly single-celled, but not bacteria. • Some protists were animal-like. No photosynthesis • Predatory • Kingdom Protista • Was • always a non-unified “catch-all” kingdom Mostly single-celled, but not bacteria. • Some protists were animal-like. No photosynthesis • Predatory • Kingdom Protista • Was • always a non-unified “catch-all” kingdom Mostly single-celled, but not bacteria. • Some protists were fungus-like Slime molds, water molds • No photosynthesis • Decomposers or parasitic • Kingdom Protista • Was • always a non-unified “catch-all” kingdom Mostly single-celled, but not bacteria. • Some protists were fungus-like Slime molds, water molds • No photosynthesis • Decomposers or parasitic • Kingdom Protista • Was • always a non-unified “catch-all” kingdom Mostly single-celled, but not bacteria. • Some protists were fungus-like Slime molds, water molds • No photosynthesis • Decomposers or parasitic • Kingdom Protista • Was • always a non-unified “catch-all” kingdom Mostly single-celled, but not bacteria. • Some protists were plant-like. Photosynthesis • Single or multi-celled • “Algae” • • Catch-all category for anything “plant-like” which did photosynthesis. Golden algae Diatoms Dinoflagellates Brown algae Red algae Green algae Green algae Charophytes • Very complex green algae Kingdom Plantae • “Land plants”, Viridiplantae, descended from green algae. • Colonized the terrestrial environment. Kingdom Plantae • Bryophytes Liverworts, hornworts, mosses • Reproduce by spore (and are dependent on water for reproduction) • No vascular tissue • Kingdom Plantae • Seedless vascular plants Lycopods, horsetails, ferns, etc. • Reproduce with spores • Have vascular tissue • Kingdom Plantae • Gymnosperms – “naked seed” Reproduce with seeds • Vascular tissue • Cycads, ginkgos, gnetophytes, conifers • Gymnosperms Weltwitschia mirabilis – a gnetophyte Gymnosperms Kingdom Plantae • Angiosperms – “flowering plants” Improved vascular system • Flowers, double fertilization, fruits • Divided into • Basal angiosperms • Magnoliids • Monocots • Eudicots (formerly just “dicots”) • •Simplified angiosperm phylogeny. ANA Grade on top, Magnoliids (plus Chloranthales) in the middle, followed by the monocots, and the eudicots (plus Ceratophyllales) as the most recent lineages. Basal Angiosperms • The earliest of all flowering plants • Also known as ANA Grade angiosperms Amborellales • Nymphaeales • Austrobaileyales • • Neither • monocot nor eudicot Arose before either group Amborella trichopoda, the earliest known flowering plant Magnoliids • More derived than the ANA grade angiosperms • But still arose before the split between monocots and eudicots • Laurels, magnolias, many others Magnolia ashei, a North American native magnoliid Angiosperms – monocots and dicots Angiosperms – monocots and dicots Muhlenbergia capillaris – a monocot Angiosperms – monocots and dicots Hydrangea quercifolia – a dicot