Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology PDF Notes

Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology N1239 Applied Biosciences for Nursing Practice 1 Natasha Price September 2024 1  Session aims Define anatomy and physiology....

Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology N1239 Applied Biosciences for Nursing Practice 1 Natasha Price September 2024 1  Session aims Define anatomy and physiology. Use anatomical terminology to describe body planes, directions and regions. Identify the levels of organisation within the body Identify the body systems and describe their functions. Define anatomy and describe the subdivisions of anatomy. Use the meaning of word roots to aid in understanding anatomical terminology. Define the anatomical position. Use anatomical terminology to describe body directions, regions and planes. Identify the levels of structural organization in the human body. Describe the systems of the body and briefly state their functions. 2 Defining the terms Anatomy is the study of the physical structure and parts of organisms. The study of anatomy is concerned with the identification and description of the body structures of living things. Physiology is the branch of biology that deals with the normal functions of living organisms and their parts. Anatomy is structure, and physiology is function. 3  Anatomy in Edinburgh…. Image: Surgeons’ Hall Museum, Edinburgh Edinburgh is famous for anatomy…some might say infamous! Edinburgh has an international reputation and rich history of anatomical study. We are very lucky to have Surgeons’ Hall Museum, located on Nicholson St in central Edinburgh, which is open to the public. Within the old Medical School of Edinburgh University, located in Teviot Place, there is also the Anatomical Museum. It is open to the public once per month. 4  Burke and Hare are infamous characters who committed a series of murders in Edinburgh in 1828. At first, they came across the money-making opportunity of selling bodies to the medical school by “accident”, when a person who owed them money died at their lodging house; they sold the body to recoup their losses. They realised how lucrative this was and began murdering people to sell their fresh bodies to the anatomists for dissection. Burke was convicted of 16 murders and was hanged then publicly dissected (Hare turned King’s evidence and was freed). Burke’s skeleton is still in the Anatomical Museum to this day. Their crimes gave rise to the Anatomy Act of 1832. The life masks of Burke and Hare are kept in Surgeon’s Hall Museum, along with Burke’s death mask and books thought to be made from his skin. Full history here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burke_and_Hare_murders 5  The Anatomical Position The anatomical position is a standing position, with the head facing forward and the arms to the side. The palms are facing forward with the fingers extended, and the thumbs are pointing away from the body. The feet are spaced slightly apart with the toes pointing forward. It is used when describing the relation of body parts to one another. Image credit: https://www.registerednursern.com/anatomical-position-directional- terms/ 6  Directional terms Image credit: https://www.registerednursern.com/anatomical-position- directional-terms/ Image credit: https://www.registerednursern.com/anatomical-position-directional- terms/ 7  Directional terms Distal means “away from” or “farthest from” the attachment point of the structure (hip for legs or shoulders for arms). Proximal is the opposite of distal. It means “closest to” or “nearest” the point of origin of a structure, such as your limb in relation to your trunk. Image credit: https://www.registerednursern.com/anatomical-position- directional-terms/ 8 Directional terms Image credit: https://www.registerednursern.com/anatomical-position- directional-terms/ 9  Planes of the body Saggital Coronal Transverse The sagittal plane is a vertical plane that travels down the middle of the body and divides it into right and left halves. The coronal plane runs vertically through the side, dividing it into the front (anterior) and the back (posterior). The transverse (or axial) plane runs horizontally, separating the top half from the bottom half. Image credit and reference: osmosis.org 10  Fill in the correct terms 1. The fingers are _________to the wrist. 2. The knee is __________ to the ankle. 3. The front of the body is ________. 4. The head is __________ to the chest. 5. The heart is __________ and ________ to the shoulder. 6. The heels are _________ to the toes. 7. The nose is ________, _________ and ________ to the eyes. 8. The navel is __________ to the knee. 9. The arm is ________ to the lungs. 10. The spine is ________ to the sternum. 1. Distal 2. Proximal 3. Anterior (ventral) 4. Superior 5. Inferior, medial 6. Posterior (dorsal) 7. Anterior, inferior, medial 8. Superior 9. Lateral 10. Posterior (dorsal) 11  Body regions The five regions of the body include the head, neck, torso, upper extremities, and lower extremities. The head region includes the skull and face. The torso, also called the trunk, consists of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis. The upper extremities include the arms, armpits, and shoulders. The lower extremities consist of the legs, buttocks, thighs, knees, ankles, and feet. Image: https://3dmusclelab.com/anatomical-position/ 12  Body cavities Image: Tortora and Derrickson 13  Abdominopelvic regions and quadrants Image: Tortora and Derrickson 14  Fill in the correct terms 1. The heart is in the _________cavity. 2. The liver is mainly in the __________ quadrant. 3. The stomach is in the ________ cavity. 4. The cranial cavity contains the__________. 5. The appendix is in the __________ abdominopelvic region. 6. The thoracic and abdominal cavity are separated by the _________. 7. The small intestine is mainly in the__________ abdominopelvic region. 8. The bladder is in the ___________ cavity. 1. Thoracic 2. RUQ 3. Abdominal 4. Brain 5. Lower inguinal 6. Diaphragm 7. Umbilical 8. Pelvic 15  Levels of Organisation 1. Chemical level 2. Cellular level 3. Tissue level 4. Organ level 5. System level 6. Organism level Image credit: Tortora and Derrickson Book analogy: Chemical level is letters Cellular level is words Tissue level is sentences Organ level is paragraphs System level is chapters Organism level is the book 16  Body systems 1. Integumentary 2. Skeletal 3. Muscular 4. Endocrine 5. Nervous 6. Cardiovascular 7. Lymphatic 8. Respiratory 9. Digestive 10. Urinary 11. Reproductive Image: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/why-it-matters-overview-of-body-systems/ 1. Components: Skin and associated structures, such as hair, fingernails and toenails, sweat glands, and oil glands. Functions: Protects body; helps regulate body temperature; eliminates some wastes; helps make vitamin D; detects sensations such as touch, pain, warmth, and cold; stores fat and provides insulation. 2. Components: Bones and joints of the body and their associated cartilages. Functions: Supports and protects body; provides surface area for muscle attachments; aids body movements; houses cells that produce blood cells; stores minerals and lipids (fats). 3. Components: Specifically, skeletal muscle tissue—muscle usually attached to bones (other muscle tissues include smooth and cardiac). Functions: Participates in body movements, such as walking; maintains posture; produces heat. 4. Components: Hormone-producing glands (pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes) and hormone-producing cells in several other organs. Functions: Regulates body activities by releasing hormones (chemical messengers transported in blood from endocrine gland or tissue to target organ). 5. Components: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs, such as eyes and ears. Functions: Generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities; detects changes in body’s internal and external environments, 17  interprets changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions. 6. Components: Blood, heart, and blood vessels. Functions: Heart pumps blood through blood vessels; blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells and helps regulate acid–base balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids; blood components help defend against disease and repair damaged blood vessels. 7. Components: Lymphatic fluid and vessels; spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils; cells that carry out immune responses (B cells, T cells, and others). Functions: Returns proteins and fluid to blood; carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood; contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against disease-causing microbes. 8. Components: Lungs and air passageways such as the pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), and bronchial tubes leading into and out of lungs. Functions: Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air; helps regulate acid–base balance of body fluids; air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sounds. 9. Components: Organs of gastrointestinal tract, a long tube that includes the mouth, pharynx (throat), oesophagus (food tube), stomach, small and large intestines, and anus; also includes accessory organs that assist in digestive processes, such as salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Functions: Achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates solid wastes. 10. Components: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. Functions: Produces, stores, and eliminates urine; eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood; helps maintain the acid–base balance of body fluids; maintains body’s mineral balance; helps regulate production of red blood cells. 11. Components: Gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females) and associated organs (uterine tubes or fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands in females and epididymis, ductus or (vas) deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis in males). Functions: Gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that unite to form a new organism; gonads also release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes; associated organs transport and store gametes; mammary glands produce milk. 17 Questions or comments? 18