Introduction to Counseling and Therapy

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following groups is explicitly mentioned as having a strong connection between spiritual practices and psychological well-being?

  • Native American tribes
  • Western European descent individuals
  • Asian cultures
  • All of the above (correct)

What do therapists need to consider when providing treatment?

  • Both A and B (correct)
  • The client's biological condition
  • The client's spiritual beliefs and concerns
  • The client's socioeconomic status

Which figure from the text is mentioned as a forebear to contemporary cognitive theory and therapy?

  • Avicenna
  • Epictetus
  • Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha) (correct)
  • D. Wetsit

What is the main focus of the psychosocial perspective as described in the text?

<p>Human interactions and relationships (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is suggested about the effectiveness of traditional healing practices mentioned in the text?

<p>They have similarities to contemporary therapies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main argument presented in the text?

<p>Spiritual and psychological well-being are inextricably linked (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a group that values spiritual practices in relation to mental health?

<p>South American cultures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one takeaway from the text regarding the field of psychology and therapy?

<p>Therapists should be aware of and consider cultural and spiritual beliefs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a significant milestone in the history of counseling and psychotherapy, as described in the text?

<p>1980s - Collaborative Language systems were developed by Harlene Anderson Harry Goolishian. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these therapy approaches was developed in the late 1970s?

<p>Solution-Focused Therapy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind the Bystander Apathy Experiment?

<p>People are less likely to help someone when they are in a group. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who developed Logotherapy, an existential approach to counseling, and what was the defining event that influenced his work?

<p>Viktor Frankl, after his experiences as a prisoner in Nazi concentration camps during World War II. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main argument made by Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) regarding depression?

<p>Depression is primarily caused by faulty thoughts and beliefs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key principle of Solution-Focused Therapy?

<p>Focusing on the client's strengths and resources to help them achieve their goals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach to counseling emphasizes the role of language in creating and maintaining problems, and seeks to collaboratively rewrite the client's story?

<p>Narrative Therapy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant development in counseling and psychotherapy was influenced by Freud's work?

<p>The focus on the importance of childhood experiences in shaping adult personality. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of a helping profession as described in the text?

<p>Software engineering (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of Avicenna's approach to medicine?

<p>Integration of physical, psychological, and other factors in patient care. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a direct intervention commonly used by family therapists?

<p>Reframing family roles to address underlying issues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term "diathesis" in the diathesis-stress model?

<p>An underlying vulnerability or predisposition to a mental disorder. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of a social worker in a helping profession?

<p>Facilitating communication and support between individuals and social structures. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Avicenna's view on melancholia?

<p>A psychological disorder characterized by suspicion and phobic tendencies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the role of a psychiatrist in mental healthcare?

<p>Managing patient care through medication, hospitalization, and therapy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common characteristic shared by all helping professions?

<p>Focus on promoting the well-being of individuals and communities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following therapeutic interventions is typically utilized by a psychologist?

<p>Diagnosis and treatment of severe mental disturbances. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following therapeutic approaches is primarily focused on helping individuals identify and change their irrational thoughts and beliefs?

<p>Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy?

<p>To focus on the client's strengths and resources to achieve desired outcomes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following therapeutic approaches emphasizes the importance of the therapeutic relationship and the client's capacity for self-healing?

<p>Person-Centered Therapy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following therapeutic interventions is considered a more recent development, emerging in the 1980s?

<p>Narrative Therapy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following therapeutic approaches is closely associated with the concept of 'empty chair' technique?

<p>Gestalt Therapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with developing Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)?

<p>Albert Ellis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of therapeutic intervention mentioned in the document?

<p>Art Therapy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea of the Biomedical Perspective?

<p>It focuses on the idea that mental health issues are caused by biological factors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mental health conditions was lobotomy used to treat?

<p>Schizophrenia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)?

<p>To induce a brief seizure, which can improve mental health symptoms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between Lobotomy and Trephination?

<p>Lobotomy involves destroying brain tissue, while Trephination involves removing bone from the skull. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following treatments is considered a biomedical approach?

<p>Drug therapy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term "somatogenic" refer to in the context of the Biomedical Perspective?

<p>The origin of mental health problems in the body. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between ECT and drug therapy?

<p>ECT uses electrical stimulation, while drug therapy uses chemicals to affect brain activity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can be considered a disadvantage of the Biomedical Perspective?

<p>It ignores the role of environmental factors in mental health. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Bystander effect

The phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help a victim when others are present.

Freud's psychoanalysis

A method of treating mental disorders by exploring unconscious thoughts and feelings.

Client-centered approach

A counseling approach that emphasizes understanding and accepting the client's perspective.

Gestalt therapy

A therapeutic approach focused on self-awareness and personal responsibility in the here-and-now.

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Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow's theory that prioritizes human needs from basic survival to self-actualization.

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REBT (Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy)

A type of cognitive therapy that emphasizes changing irrational beliefs to alter emotional states.

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Logotherapy

A therapeutic approach focusing on finding meaning in life experiences, especially suffering.

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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

A therapy that links thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, particularly for treating depression.

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Lobotomy

A psychosurgery involving the destruction of parts of the frontal lobe to treat mental illnesses.

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Psychosurgery

Surgical operations that treat mental disorders by altering brain structure.

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Trephination

An ancient surgical procedure that involves drilling a circular hole in the skull.

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Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

A treatment that sends electric currents through the brain to induce seizures for therapeutic effect.

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General Anesthesia

A medically induced unconsciousness for surgical procedures, including ECT.

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Somatogenic Treatments

Therapies that focus on the physical aspects of mental disorders, such as surgery and medication.

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Manic Depression

Now referred to as bipolar disorder; involves mood swings between mania and depression.

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Mental Illness

A wide range of conditions affecting mood, thinking, and behavior.

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Counselors

Professionals who provide therapeutic interventions for normal functioning clients facing adjustment or developmental issues.

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Psychologists

Experts who diagnose and treat severe mental disturbances and psychopathological symptoms.

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Adjustment reactions

Emotional responses to life changes that affect a person's functioning.

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Developmental issues

Challenges faced during the various stages of an individual's growth and development.

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Career issues

Problems related to one's professional life, including job satisfaction and career choices.

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Esteem issues

Concerns relating to self-worth and confidence affecting a person’s mental well-being.

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Therapeutic interventions

Strategies used by counselors to help clients improve their mental health and coping skills.

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Clinical management

Overseeing and coordinating the treatment of individuals with mental health disorders.

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Spiritual Authority

Influence held by religious leaders in counseling and healing.

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Indigenous Healing Practices

Traditional methods of healing based on spiritual beliefs.

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Psychosocial Perspective

The view that relationships and communication affect mental health.

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Cognitive Theory

A therapy approach focused on changing thought patterns.

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Therapist's Consideration

Factors therapists consider include biological and spiritual dimensions.

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Historical Healers

Past wise figures who used psychological techniques for healing.

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Healing Potential

The recognized ability of spiritual practices to provide psychological support.

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Epictetus

A Roman philosopher known for influencing cognitive therapy concepts.

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Avicenna's Contribution

Avicenna advanced pharmacology and created a holistic system of medicine.

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Holistic Medicine

A treatment approach considering physical, psychological factors, drugs, and diet.

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Melancholia

A psychological disorder characterized by suspicion and phobias.

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Diathesis-Stress Model

Suggests mental disorders arise from predisposition and stressful events.

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Helping Profession

A profession focused on nurturing well-being in various domains.

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Social Workers

Professionals providing therapy and mediation with social structures.

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Family Therapists

Use systemic approaches to diagnose and treat family issues.

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Pastoral Care

Helping approach that combines theology with community service.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Counseling

  • John Darley and Bibb Latané devised the "Bystander Apathy Experiment"
  • Bystander effect: In emergency situations, the presence of multiple onlookers makes individuals less likely to offer assistance.
  • Tribal times: People would share experiences and dreams to solve problems collectively.
  • 1885/6: Sigmund Freud established a private practice specializing in nervous and brain disorders, developing psychoanalysis.
  • 1942: Carl Rogers published Counseling and Psychotherapy, introducing the term and outlining client-centered principles.
  • 1951: Fritz Perls, Paul Goodman, and Ralph Hefferline outlined Gestalt therapy in Excitement and Growth in the Human Personality.
  • 1954: Abraham Maslow founded humanistic psychology and developed the Hierarchy of Needs.
  • 1955: REBT (Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy), a cognitive-behavioral therapy, was pioneered by Albert Ellis.

The Biomedical Perspective

  • Lobotomy: An early psychosurgical procedure involving severing connections in the frontal lobe of the brain.
  • Trepanation: Ancient surgical procedure involving drilling a hole in the skull.
  • Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT): A procedure using brief electrical currents to induce seizures in an effort to alter brain chemistry.
  • Drug Therapy: The use of medications to manage mental health conditions.

The Religious/Spiritual Perspective

  • Clergy, shamans, and spiritual leaders have long provided counsel and healing.
  • Many cultures link spiritual beliefs and practices with psychological health.
  • Therapists should consider clients' spiritual perspectives during treatment.

The Psychosocial Perspective

  • Human verbal interactions and relationships affect thinking, mood, and behavior.
  • Past healers utilized psychological and relational techniques similar to modern strategies.
  • Key figures like Buddha, Epictetus, and Avicenna, developed concepts foundational to today's therapies.

Diathesis-Stress Model

  • This model describes the development of mental disorders as a combination of genetic vulnerability (diathesis) and environmental stressors.
  • Individuals with a higher vulnerability require less stress to develop a disorder.
  • Conversely, individuals with lower vulnerability require greater exposure to stressors.

Allied Mental Health Professionals

  • Social workers: Use casework and therapy to facilitate relationships with social structures.
  • Family therapists: Focus on diagnosing and treating problems within the family context.
  • Pastoral care: Spiritual or ministerial work combining theological principles with community service.
  • Psychiatrists: Medically manage patients with significant psychological problems, using medication and therapy.
  • Counselors: Treat relatively normal functioning clients facing adjustment reactions, developmental problems, and daily life issues.
  • Psychologists: Diagnose, treat, and manage individuals with psychopathology or severe mental disturbance.

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