Intro To Physiology And Toxicology PDF

General Physiology and Toxicology Physiology Branch of biology that is concerned with the functions of living organisms or their parts The study of how pests (insects) live and reproduce Toxicology The science dealing with the effects, antidotes, detection, etc. of poisons (Matsumura...

General Physiology and Toxicology Physiology Branch of biology that is concerned with the functions of living organisms or their parts The study of how pests (insects) live and reproduce Toxicology The science dealing with the effects, antidotes, detection, etc. of poisons (Matsumura, 1985) Concept of Insect Physiology Insects and other pests (weeds, pathogens, nematodes, rodents, etc) like any other forms of life, can be regarded as self- replicating metabolic systems Definition of Terms Abdomen: the third or posterior division of the insect body Abdominal: part of the abdomen Antennae: paired sensory organs originating on the insect head Antennal article: an individual segment of an antenna Antennal insertion: the point where an antenna attaches to the head Anterior: in front; the front of Anterior angle: the angle of the thorax near the head Apex: the portion of a body part farthest from the base or point of attachment. The apex of the elytra is the portion at the rear end of the elytra. Binomial: consisting of two parts Definition of Terms Canthus: ridge dividing the eye of some insects into an upper and a lower half Carina: an elevated ridge Club: portion of the antenna that is enlarged from the other segments Coleoptera: the order comprised of the beetles; sheath-winged Concave: hollowed out; a depression Confluent: running together Convex: curved outward; opposite of concave; Crenulate: with small scallops, evenly rounded Definition of Terms Declivity: sloping downward Diapause: a condition of suspended animation; no activity or development occurs Dorsal: upper surface or back when viewed from above Dorsum: in general, the upper surface Definition of Terms Elytra: first pair of wings that are modified to form a hard shell Facet: one portion or segment of the compound eye Femur: the thigh; usually the stoutest segment of the leg Filiform: thread like Frons: the upper, anterior portion of the head Fungal feeder: insect that feeds exclusively on fungus associated with stored grain Definition of Terms Genera: the name of a genus, the first portion of a binomial scientific name Grub: an insect larva in the Order Coleoptera Head the first or anterior division of the insect body where the eyes and antennae are found Horns: pointed process of the head Hypopus: resting larval stage of certain mite species Definition of Terms Larva/Larvae: pertaining to immature stage of juvenile insects Lateral: pertaining to the side Lateral bead: edge of pronotum slightly to moderately thickened forming a bead Lateral ridges: a raised line along the side of a portion of the insect Definition of Terms Mandibles: first pair of jaws in insects Mandibles: in or at the middle Mesothorax: second or middle segment of the thorax bearing the second or middle pair of legs and the anterior or first pair of wings Metathorax: the third or last segment of the thorax bearing the third or hind pair of legs and the second pair of wings Morphological: relating to form and structure Moult: process of larval growth involving the shedding of outgrown skin Definition of Terms Ocellus: simple eye in adult insects consisting of a single bead-like lens Pits: same as punctures; small impression on the hard outer part of the insect body Posterior: hindmost; at the back Primary insect: as defined by the Canadian Grain Commission, an insect that can attack whole, sound grain and requires action Pronotum: the upper or dorsal surface of the prothorax; on the beetles, this appears to be the middle segment when viewed from above Prothorax: the first segment of the thorax bearing the first pair of legs Pubescence: short, fine, soft hair Punctures: small impression on the hard outer part of the insect body Puparia: thickened, hardened barrel-like larval skin within which the pupa is formed Definition of Terms Scavenger: a feeder on decaying or waste matter Secondary insect: an insect that requires grain that is going out of condition or damaged to be able to feed on it Serrate(d): saw-like or toothed Seta: single hair Setae: hairs Snout: lengthening of the head to give the appearance of a nose or snout Striated” marked with fine, parallel, impressed lines Sub-basal: below the base or point of attachment Subequal: similar, but not equal in size Sublateral: nearly to the side Subparallel: nearly parallel Definition of Terms Temple: the region between the eye and the back of the head Terga: belonging to the upper surface of the body (more than one segment) Tergum: the upper or dorsal surface of any one body segment Thoracic Shield: the upper surface of the thorax that appears as a single segment and is shield-shaped Tubercle: small bumps or projections from a surface Definition of Terms Urogomphi: fixed or mobile structures found on the last or terminal segment of certain larvae Ventral: the under surface of the abdomen; from below Pesticides are substances that are used to control pests. Including herbicides, insecticides, nematicides, fungicides, and many others (see table). The most common of these are herbicides, which account for approximately 50% of all pesticide use globally. Most pesticides are used as plant protection products (also known as crop protection products), which in general protect plants from weeds, fungi, or insects. In general, a pesticide is a chemical or biological agent (such as a virus, bacterium, or fungus) that deters, incapacitates, kills, or otherwise discourages pests. Thank you