Introduction to Physiology PDF

An Introduction to Basic Physiology Presented by: Nor Aishah In this chapter, students will learn about: Basic Physiology Terms & Concepts Levels of organization of the human body Systems of the human body Homeostasis & Feedback system  Obj...

An Introduction to Basic Physiology Presented by: Nor Aishah In this chapter, students will learn about: Basic Physiology Terms & Concepts Levels of organization of the human body Systems of the human body Homeostasis & Feedback system  Objectives Define key terms (anatomy, physiology, pathology, pathophysiology, pharmacology) Describe levels of organization in the human body Identify human body systems, their components, and functions Explain homeostasis and feedback systems  Definition Anatomy Physiology Pathology Anatomy is the study of the Physiology is the study of how Pathology is the study of physical structure of organisms, the body’s systems function. diseases, including their including their systems, organs, Example: How the heart causes and effects. and tissues. pumps blood and maintains Example: Study of heart Example: The heart, its chambers, circulation. disease or infections. and blood vessels.  Definition Pathophysiology Pharmacology Pathophysiology focuses on Pharmacology is the study how disease processes affect of drugs and how they affect normal physiological functions. the body. Example: How diabetes Example: How aspirin disrupts glucose metabolism. reduces inflammation. Levels of Organization in the Human Body Organismal Cellular level Tissue level Organ level level Cell is the basic unit of life. Groups of similar cells A structure composed of at Organismal level is the entire All body functions depend performing a specific least two types of tissues human body, composed of on cells. function. that perform a specific all systems working Example: Red blood cells Example: Muscle tissue function. together. transport oxygen. allows movement. Example: The stomach Example: The coordination digests food. of the respiratory and circulatory systems to deliver oxygen. Overview of Body Systems Integumentary, Musculoskeletal, Circulatory, Respiratory, Digestive, Nervous, Endocrine, Urinary, Reproductive These systems work together to maintain homeostasis and perform life-sustaining tasks. Homeostasis & Feedback Systems Definition of Homeostasis The body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes. Example: Regulating body temperature. Components of Feedback Systems Receptor: Detects changes in the environment (e.g., skin receptors sensing temperature). Control Center: Processes information and makes decisions (e.g., the brain). Effector: Carries out the response (e.g., sweat glands reducing heat). There are two types of feedback loops: 1. Positive loops -where the response enhances the condition. Positive feedback loops are rare in the human body. A positive feedback loop tends to push a system away from equilibrium. 2. Negative loops -where the response counteracts or antagonizes the condition. This helps restore balance and maintain a stable internal state. Negative feedback loops are very common in the human body. A negative feedback loop tends to bring a system back to equilibrium. *Most feedback loops in the body are negative feedback loops. Example of Negative Feedback in Homeostasis: Body Temperature Regulation: When the body's temperature rises above normal, receptors in the skin and brain detect this increase. The brain (control center) processes the information and triggers the effector organs (e.g., sweat glands) to cool the body down by producing sweat. As the body cools, temperature returns to normal, and the cooling process stops. Conversely, if the body temperature drops, the brain signals muscles to start shivering to generate heat, raising the temperature back to normal levels. Key Components of Negative Feedback: Body Temperature Regulation: Receptor: Detects changes (e.g., skin receptors detecting temperature). Control Center: Processes the information and determines the response (e.g., the brain). Effector: Carries out the necessary response to correct the imbalance (e.g., sweat glands, muscles). In summary, negative feedback prevents extreme changes and helps maintain stability in systems such as temperature regulation, blood glucose levels, and blood pressure. Example of Positive Feedback: Childbirth(labor) During labor, the release of the hormone oxytocin causes uterine contractions. These contractions stimulate the release of more oxytocin, which increases the intensity and frequency of the contractions. This cycle continues until the baby is born, at which point the feedback loop stops. Key Components of Positive Feedback: Stimulus: Triggers a change in the system (e.g., pressure on the cervix during labor). Amplified Response: The body's response enhances the original stimulus (e.g., more oxytocin and stronger contractions). Eventual Outcome: The process continues until a specific event happens, after which the loop halts (e.g., birth of the baby).  Summary The body has many levels of organization. 11 body systems work together to maintain homeostasis. Specific anatomical terms are used to describe the body & its structures. Homeostasis is an important & complex process.  Review Questions: What are the differences between anatomy and physiology? Define the following: Cell, tissue, organ State the function of following systems: Cardiovascular, respiratory, urinary, reproductive How does the body maintain homeostasis in cold environment Differentiate between positive feedback and negative feedback Give 2 examples of each for negative feedback and positive feedback Thank's For Watching