Neuroanatomy 202522 - NVA PDF

➡ Basic Language AGENDA & Terminology ➡ Cerebral cortex...

➡ Basic Language AGENDA & Terminology ➡ Cerebral cortex ➡ Subcortical structures ➡ Brainstem Nietzell Vázquez Acevedo Ph.D., RDMS, RVT, RDCS Ana G. Méndez University | Gurabo Naturopathic Medicine Doctoral Program ➡ Cerebellum NMDP 706 | Neuroanatomy © Nietzell Vázquez Acevedo 2025 © Nietzell Vázquez Acevedo 2025 Anatomical Planes Neuroanatomical Terms Coronal Medial – Lateral Anterior – Posterior Horizontal Sagittal Rostral – Caudal Fig. 1-4 Dorsal – Ventral Lundy-Ekman (3rd Ed) Superior – Inferior Ipsilateral - Contralateral Fig. 1-1 Siegel & Sapru (3rd Ed) © Nietzell Vázquez Acevedo 2025 © Nietzell Vázquez Acevedo 2025 L-side of Brain ➔ R-side of Body Neuron: Functional Unit of NS Sensation from Cell body, dendrites, axon, L-side of the body is terminal button consciously appreciated on the Afferent Neuron R-side of the brain – INFO to CNS Motor control over Efferent Neurons the R-arm and leg is – INFO from CNS controlled by neurons located on Interneurons the L-side of brain – Connection between neurons © Nietzell Vázquez Acevedo 2025 © Nietzell Vázquez Acevedo 2025 Glia: Non-Neuronal Cells White Matter vs Gray Matter ✓ Provide nourish, support & ▪ Axons + myelin ▪ Principally composed of protection to neurons Neuron neuron cell bodies ▪ White due to high fat ✓ Oligodendrocytes (CNS) content of myelin ▪ Ganglia | groups of cell Schwann cells (PNS) bodies in the PNS – Specialized glial cells that ▪ Tract, lemniscus, forms myelin sheaths fasciculus, column, ▪ Nuclei | groups of cell Covering that surround and peduncle, or capsule bodies in the CNS insulate the axons Aid in the transmission of Schwann ▪ Bundle of myelinated ▪ Cortex | gray matter on cell electrical signals axons that travel the surface of the brain Astrocyte together in the CNS © Nietzell Vázquez Acevedo 2025 © Nietzell Vázquez Acevedo 2025  The nervous system (NS) is structurally divided into: CNS Brain Spinal Cord PNS Cranial nerves Spinal nerves Autonomic nerves White matter convey INFO among parts of the NS. INFO is integrated in gray matter. © Nietzell Vázquez Acevedo 2025 © Nietzell Vázquez Acevedo 2025 Systems within the NS Systems within the NS Somatosensory System Special Sensory System – INFO from skin & musculo- – Connects visual, auditory, skeletal system to the brain vestibular, olfactory, and gustatory (taste) structures Somatic Motor System with the brain – INFO from brain to skeletal muscles Autonomic System – INFO between brain and smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and gland cells © Nietzell Vázquez Acevedo 2025 © Nietzell Vázquez Acevedo 2025 CNS: Spinal Cord CNS: Brainstem & Brain {Cerebral Hemispheres Diencephalon Forebrain Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus Brain proper C Brainstem { Midbrain Hindbrain Midbrain Metencephalon {Medulla Pons, Cerebellum T Forebrain L S Modified - Fig. 12.3d Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Brainstem Inc. Regions and Organization of the CNS Adult brain © Nietzell Vázquez Acevedo 2025 © Nietzell Vázquez Acevedo 2025 Cerebral Topography Insula ✓ Between the temporal and Lobes frontal lobes Sulcus / Sulci Gyrus / Gyri ✓ Reception and integration of taste sensation, reception of viscerosensations, processing of pain sensations, and vestibular functions © Nietzell Vázquez Acevedo 2025 © Nietzell Vázquez Acevedo 2025  Precentral Gyrus: 1ry Motor Cortex Fig. 1-2 [Lat View] Somatotopic Siegel & Sapru (3rd Ed) Organization Different Longitudinal Fissure parts of Pre-central gyrus are associated with distinct parts of the Homunculus body (ANATO + PHYSIO) Frontal Lobe https://fineartamerica.com/featured/homunculus-map-spencer-sutton.html © Nietzell Vázquez Acevedo 2025 © Nietzell Vázquez Acevedo 2025 Fig. 1-2 [Lat View] Siegel & Sapru (3rd Ed) Frontal Lobe © Nietzell Vázquez Acevedo 2025 © Nietzell Vázquez Acevedo 2025  Temporal Lobe Parietal Lobe Fig. 1-2 [Lat View] Fig. 1-2 [Lat View] Siegel & Sapru (3rd Ed) Siegel & Sapru (2rd Ed) Transverse Gyri of Heschl © Nietzell Vázquez Acevedo 2025 © Nietzell Vázquez Acevedo 2025 Medial Surface of Brain Occipital Lobe Fornix Fig. 1-3 [Midsaggital View] Siegel & Sapru (3rd Ed) Fig. 1-3 [Midsaggital View] Siegel & Sapru (3rd Ed) © Nietzell Vázquez Acevedo 2025 © Nietzell Vázquez Acevedo 2025  Diencephalon Inferior Surface of the Brain Thalamus & Hypothalamus Frontal Lobe Fornix [Amygdala] Temporal Lobe Fig. 1-3 [Midsaggital View] Fig. 1-4 Siegel & Sapru (3rd Ed) Siegel & Sapru (3rd Ed) © Nietzell Vázquez Acevedo 2025 © Nietzell Vázquez Acevedo 2025 Limbic System Limbic System Fig. 1-6 [Horizontal View] Siegel & Sapru (3rd Ed) ✓ Modulation of hypothalamic functions; regulation of emotional Fornix behavior; short-term memory ✓ Includes: hypothalamus, thalamus, and cingulate gyrus, prefrontal cortex, septal area, several deep nuclei (the most prominent being Hippocampal Formation the amygdala), and the hippocampus (region of temporal lobe) © Nietzell Vázquez Acevedo 2025 © Nietzell Vázquez Acevedo 2025  Basal Ganglia Basal Ganglia Fig. 1-6 [Horizontal View] | Siegel & Sapru (3rd Ed) ✓ Motor integration process ✓ Caudate Nucleus ✓ Procedural ✓ Putamen Nucleus learning relating to routine ✓ Globus Pallidus behaviors, eye movements, and ✓ Subthalamus cognitive, emotional ✓ Substantia Nigra functions ✓ Role in PD & OCD Dyskinesia © Nietzell Vázquez Acevedo 2025 © Nietzell Vázquez Acevedo 2025 Cerebellum Cerebellum ✓ Posterior to Brainstem ✓ Cerebellar Peduncles (CP) Large fiber bundles that connect ✓ 2 cerebellar hemispheres & vermis the cerebellum to the brainstem ✓ Function: Coordinate movements https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/75/f3/27/75f3277454fb2a8357cdd1f2efac933c.jpg Superior ▪ Superior CP ➔ connects Cerebellar cerebellum to midbrain Peduncle ▪ Middle CP ➔ connects Middle Cerebellar cerebellum to pons Fig. 1-9 Peduncle Siegel & Sapru (3rd Ed) Inferior ▪ Inferior CP ➔ connects Cerebellar cerebellum to medulla Peduncle oblongata Cortex Plate 116 Netter Atlas White Matter Arbor Vitae Human Anatomy (6th Ed.) Cerebellar Cortex + White Matter + Deep Nuclei Deep Nuclei © Nietzell Vázquez Acevedo 2025 © Nietzell Vázquez Acevedo 2025  Posterior (Dorsal) View of Brainstem Midbrain Pineal Gland Cerebral Peduncle (Crus Cerebri) Pons Trochlear Nerve (CN IV) Inferior Olivary Nucleus Medulla Medullary Pyramids Anterior (Ventral) Cuneatus Tubercle Lateral Corticospinal Tract View of Brainstem © Nietzell Vázquez Acevedo 2025 © Nietzell Vázquez Acevedo 2025 Cranial Nerves Clinical Cases I – Olfactory II – Optic III – Oculomotor IV – Trochlear V – Trigeminal VI – Abducens VII – Facial VIII – Vestibulocochlear IX – Glossopharyngeal X – Vagus XI – Accessory Purely Sensory Fig. 1-10 XII – Hypoglossus Principally Motor Lundy-Ekman Mixed (3rd Ed) © Nietzell Vázquez Acevedo 2025 © Nietzell Vázquez Acevedo 2025 Clinical Cases Clinical Cases © Nietzell Vázquez Acevedo 2025 © Nietzell Vázquez Acevedo 2025 Clinical Cases Clinical Cases © Nietzell Vázquez Acevedo 2025 © Nietzell Vázquez Acevedo 2025 © Nietzell Vázquez Acevedo 2025