Intro To MT PDF

ADDITIONAL NOTES Topic Outline I. History of Medical Technology on a Global Context II. Medical Technology in the 18th Century III. History of Medical Technology in the United States IV. History of Medical Technology in the Philippines V. History of Milestones in Medical Technology I. H...

ADDITIONAL NOTES Topic Outline I. History of Medical Technology on a Global Context II. Medical Technology in the 18th Century III. History of Medical Technology in the United States IV. History of Medical Technology in the Philippines V. History of Milestones in Medical Technology I. History of Medical Technology on a Global Context Early diagnosis treated diseases as a mystery. Disease was believed to be caused by a negative interaction between the environment and the body. 460 BC → Hippocrates, a great physician regarded as the founder of scientific medicine (‘Father of Medicine’) determined the correlation between anatomical and chemical laboratory findings and the causes of diseases. →He also advocated the testing of urine, listening to the lungs, and observing outward appearances in the diagnosis of disease. →He concluded that the appearance of bubbles, blood, and pus in urine indicated kidney disease and chronic illnesses. → Adopted the triad regimen in treating diseases and infection Drugs Surgery Bloodletting Around 300 BC to 180 AD → Hippocrates together with Galen, a great physician and philosopher, they instigated the rudimentary qualitative assessment of disorder through the measurement of body fluids (also called the four humors). Page 1 of 13  1550 BC →Vivian Herrick determined that intestinal parasitic infection was caused by Ascaris lumbricoides and the Taenia species. → Anenzoa, an Arabian Physician that proved that the etiological agent of skin diseases, such as scabies, is parasites. 900 AD →the first book detailing the characteristics of urine (color, density, and quality) was written. Medieval Period (1098-1438) →Urinalysis became a commonplace and was a practice that followed with exaggerated zeal. Determine that the urine of patients that attracted ants had a sweet taste (contains sugar). 11th Century → Physicians were not allowed to conduct physical examination of the patient’s body, so they solely relied on the patient’s description of the symptoms and their observation. 14th Century →Anna Fagelson confirmed the beginnings of medical technology when she correlated the death of Alexander Gillani, a laboratory worker in the University of Bologna, to laboratory acquired infection. 17th Century →witnessed the first functional crude microscope by Anton Van Leeuwenhoek- first scientist to observe and describe the appearance of red blood cells, and to differentiate bacteria based on their shape. II. Medical Technology in the 18th Century →Medical Practitioners in North Africa and Southern Europe received classical medical Blood Phlegm Yellow Bile Black Bile Page 2 of 13 education. According to them, the state of balance between the humors can be correlated → Galen described diabetes as ‘Diarrhea of Urine’ and established the relationship between fluid intake and urine volume. UROSCOPY/ Water Casting →Uroscopy, or “water casting,” was the practice of diagnosing disease through the examination of urine and its varying colors, consistency, smell, and sometimes taste. with the healthy condition of the human body, and the state of unbalance can be diagnosed by means of urine examination. Between 1821 and 1902 →Rudolf Virchow was recognized as the ‘Father of Microscopic Pathology’ first scientist/ physician of the time who emphasized the study of manifestation of disease and infections, which are visible at the cellular level by means of a microscope. → Dr. Calvin Ellis, a microscopist was the first to utilize the microscope in examining specimens at the Massachusetts General Hospital. →Dr. William Occam used laboratory findings as preliminary evidence in diagnosing and evaluating a patient’s disease. Apothecaries Act of 1815 →an act initiated by Baron Karl Von Humbeldt formally used laboratory findings in the treatment of diseases and infection. →intervened and paved way for an uphaul of medical treatment based on laboratory findings →The act was formulated to better regulate the practice of apothecaries throughout England and Whales. →introduced compulsory apprenticeship and formal qualifications for apothecaries (medical practitioners) under the license of the Society of Apothecaries. → The act required instruction in anatomy, botany, chemistry, material medical, and ‘physic’ in addition to six months of practical working experience in hospital. Page 3 of 13  In the 18th Century, mechanical techniques and cadaver dissection were used to provide a more objective and accurate diagnosis and to understand the inside of the body. 19th Century →Physicians began using machines for diagnosis or therapeutics. John Hutchinson: Spirometer → used for measuring the vital capacity of the lungs Jules Herisson: Sphygmomanometer →used for measuring blood pressure Scientific Breakthrough Developer/Discoverer Stethoscope Rene Laennec, 1816 Microscope Anton Van Leeuwenhoek, 1840 Ophthalmoscope Hermann von Helmholz, 1850 Laryngoscope Manuel Garcia, 1855 X-Ray Wilhem Roenten, 1859 Advances in Medical Developer/ Discoverer Technology Electrocardiograph William Einthoven, 1903 Kenny Method Elizabeth Kenny, 1910 Drinker Respirator Philip Drinker, 1927 Hert-Lung Machine Hermann von Helmholz, 1939 Cardiac catheterization and Forsmann, 1929; Moniz Reboul, Angiography Rousthoi, Page 4 of 13  between 10930-1940; Cornand, 1941 III. History of Medical Technology in the United States Advances in scientific knowledge in the field of medicine were applicable to both medical practice and medical education in Europe and America. In the United States, medical education underwent much needed reforms. Dr. William Welch →In 1885, Dr. Welch became the first professor of Pathology at John Hopkins University →The first clinical laboratory was opened in 1896 at John Hopkins Hospital by Dr. William Osler →A clinical laboratory was also opened at the University of Pennsylvania in 1896 names William Pepper Laboratory of Clinical Medicine Dr. James Todd →wrote “A manual of Clinical Diagnosis” →retitled “Clinical Diagnosis by Laboratory Methods” in the 19th edition 1900: Census →100 technicians, all males were employed in the United States 1915 (1918 according to Benitez et. al) →John Kolmer called for the development of a method that would certify medical technologist on a national scale. →He also published The Demand for and Training of Laboratory Technicians (included a description of the first formal training course in Medical Technology) →The state legislature of Pennsylvania enacted a law requiring all hospitals and institutions to have a fully equipped laboratory fit for routine testing and to employ a full-time laboratory technician. 1920 →The administrative units of clinical laboratories in large hospitals were directed by a chief physician. During this time, clinical laboratories consisted of 4-5 sections/ Page 5 of 13 divisions including clinical pathology, bacteriology, microbiology, serology, and radiology. 1921 →The Denver Society of Clinical Pathologist was recognized 1922 →3035 hospitals had clinical laboratories →The American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP) was founded with the objective of encouraging cooperation between physicians and clinical pathologist as well as maintaining the status of clinical pathologist. →ASCP also established a code of ethics for technicians and technologist stating that these allied health professionals should work under the supervision of a physician and refrain from making oral or written diagnosis and advising physicians on how patient should be treated. →Established one of the first schools that trained laboratory workers →A course bulletin was entitled “Courses in Medical Technology for Clinical and Laboratory Technicians” (1922) 1923 →University of Minnesota was the first to offer level program World War I →Was an important factor in the growth of the clinical laboratory and produced a great demand for technicians World War II →The use of blood increased and the “close system” of blood collection was widely adopted → Laboratory medicine certainly moved into an era of sophistication IV. History of Medical Technology in the Philippines Page 6 of 13  Medical Technology in the Philippines post-World War II →The first clinical laboratory in the Philippines was built and established on Quiricada Street, Sta. Cruz, Manila by the 26th Medical Laboratory of the 6th US Army →It is now known as the Manila Public Health Laboratory February 1944 →The Laboratory provided one year of training to high school graduates to work as laboratory technicians. June 1945 → the newly established Clinical Laboratory of the National Department of Health was endorsed by the staff of the 6th US Army after they left the facility. However, its laboratory facilities were not fully utilized and later, it stopped being used because the science was not popular during those days. Dr. Alfredo Pio de Roda →A well-known Filipino bacteriologist that preserved the laboratory with the help of the first City health officer of Manila, Dr. Mariano Icasiano. October 1, 1945 - the preserved laboratory was formally re- established by Dr. Pio de Roda with the help of Dr. Prudencio Sta. Ana. They offered free training to most trainees who were high school graduates and paramedical. 1954 →Dr. Pio de Roda instructed Dr. Sta. Ana to prepare a syllabus for training medical technicians. Together with Dr. Tirso Briones, they conducted a six-month training course with certification. →Manila Sanitarium Hospital and its sister company the Philippine Union College offered a course in medical technology. Establishment of the First Medical Technology School in the Philippines Dr. Willa Hilgert Hedrick →Founder of medical technology education in the Philippines, Page 7 of 13  Dr. Reuben Manalaysay →President of the Philippine Union College, Rev. Warren →President of the North Philippine Mission of the Seventh Day Adventist and director of the Bureau of Education. Dr. Hedrick, with the help of Mrs. Antoinette McKelvey →prepared the course curriculum and established the first complete laboratory in microbiology, parasitology, and histopathology at the Manila Sanitarium Hospital. →five-year course leading to a Bachelor of Science degree in medical technology was approved by the Bureau of Education offered by Manila Sanitarium Hospital and Philippine Union College Mr. Jesse Umali →first student to graduate from the Philippine Union College. →went to pursue studies in medicine and graduated at FEU 1957 →University of Santo Thomas offered an elective course in pharmacy leading to a Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology under the leadership of Dr. Antonio Gabriel and Dr. Gustavo Reyes. 1960-1961 →the Bureau of Education officially approved the first three years as a three-year academic course and the fourth year as an internship program. In 1961, through the combined efforts of Dr. Horacio Ylagan and Dr. Serafin J. Juliano with the authority granted to them by Dr. Lauro H. Panganiban and Dr. Jesus B. Nolasco, dean of the Institute of Medicine, the Far Eastern University started its School of Medical Technology. which was formally approved by the Bureau of Education. Dr. Ylagan became the technical director of the school and had its first graduates in 1963 Several colleges and universities throughout the country began offering the bachelor's degree in medical technology. The postgraduate course is now offered at the University of Santo Tomas and Philippine Women's University. Page 8 of 13 Historical Milestones in Medical Technology from a single-lens microscope to dissecting and scanning electron microscopes. Highly technical instruments such as the auto analyzer in clinical chemistry or the flow cytometer in histopathology automation coupled with the use of computer graphics, recorders, and even calculators. Laboratory Information System (LIS). Almost all clinical laboratories, especially those in the tertiary category, use the LIS to release laboratory results. Medical technology uses genetic engineering methods, especially in cases of detecting genetic disorders such as hemophilia Current research is moving toward the molecular diagnosis of diseases and infections. The ultimate goal of medical technology is its commitment to focus on more discoveries. This goal can be attained through the efforts extended by science and technology. V. History of Milestones in Medical Technology 1660 Anton Van Leeuwenhoek Father of Microbiology Known for his work on the improvement of the microscope 1796 Edward Jenner Discovered vaccination to establish Immunity to small pox impact of contribution: Immunology 1880 Marie Francois Xavier Bichat identified organs by types of tissues impact of contribution: Histology 1835 Agostini Bassi produced disease in worms by injection of organic material Page 9 of 13  impact of contribution: Beginning of Bacteriology 1857 Louis Pasteur successfully produced immunity to rabies 1866 Gregor Mendel enunciated his Law of Inherited Characteristics from studies of plants (pea plant) 1870 Joseph Lister demonstrated that surgical infections are caused by airborne organisms 1877 Robert Koch presented the first picture of bacilli (anthrax) and tubercle bacilli; Koch Postulate 1886 Ellie Metchnokoff described phagocytes in blood and their role in fighting infection 1886 Ernst Von Bergmann introduced steam sterilization in surgery 1902 Karl Landsteiner distinguished blood groups through the development of the ABO blood group system 1906 August Von Wasserman developed immunologic test in syphilis Page 10 of 13 1906 Howard Ricketts discovered microorganisms wose range lies between bacteria and virus called rickettsiae 1929 Hans Fischer worked out the structure of Hemoglobin 1954 Jonas Salk developed poliomyelitis vaccine 1973 James Westgard introduced the Westgard Rules for Quality Control in the Clinical Laboratory 1980 Baruch Samuel Blumberg introduced the Hepatitis B vaccine 1985 Kary Mullis developed the Polymerase Chain Reation (PCR) 1992 Andre Van Steirtghem introduced the intracytoplasmic sperm injection: In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) 1998 James Thompson derived the first human Stem Cell line Latest Trends →Latest technologies include robotic devices, keyhole surgery procedures and genetic engineering created from knowledge about DNA molecules Page 11 of 13 Ann Fagelson – preferred to date MT from the 14th century Vivian Herrick – traced the beginning MT back to 1500BC Ruth Williams – believed that MT began from the Medieval Period Ebers papyrus – ancient book of treatment that mentioned and described three (3) stages of hookworm infection (1500BC) Hindu doctors – ancient medicine men who diagnosed diseases by observing the color of urine (Medieval Period) Anton van Leuwenhoek – developed the compound microscope Malphigi – the greatest early microscopist and the founder of pathology Rudolph Virchow – founded the archives of pathology in Berlin, Germany Fehling – performed the first sugar test in urine in 1848 Aniline dye – the first produced dye for bacteria Dr. Douglas – established the first chemical laboratory related to medicine at the University of Michigan Dr. William Osler – Opened the first Clinical Laboratory at John Hopkins Hospital Dr. William Welch - gave the first laboratory course in pathology in an American medical school Dr. James Todd Page 12 of 13 – author of “ A Manual of Clinical Diagnosis”, which became the standard reference for laboratories University of Minnesota –established the first training laboratory for laboratory workers Denver Society of Clinical Pathologists – the first organized group of American Pathologists 26th Medical Infantry of the US Army – introduced MT in the Philippines after WW II Quiricada St., Sta. Cruz, Manila – the place where the US Army established the first Clinical Laboratory in the Philippines Dr. Pio de Roda – he organized the Manila Public Health Laboratory in 1945 Dr. Prudencio Sta. Ana – gave the first six (6) months formal training in laboratory Philippine Union College (Adventist University of the Philippines) – offered the first BS degree course in Medical Technology in 1954 Dr. Jessie Umali – the first graduate of BS Medical Technology 1961 – BS Medical Technology was recognized as a four year course at the UST Page 13 of 13