Language Disorders and Communication

Language Disorders

• Sudden Death: Rapid and often unexpected extinction
• Gradual Shift: Slow and incremental change
• Language Shift: Abandoning native language
• Code Switching: Speakers switch between languages in conversation
• Bilingualism: Fluent use of two languages
• Respect Varieties: Using politeness and formality
• Secret Varieties: Specialized forms of communication
• Mode: Medium/channel for communication
• Tenor: Relationship among participants in a conversation
• Interlocutors: Participants in a conversation
• Dichotic Listening Test: Psychological and neuropsychological assessment (e.g. assessing brain functions)
• Split Brain: Result from surgical procedure
• Global Aphasia: Severe form of aphasia
• Anomic Aphasia: Difficulties in word retrieval
• Conduction Aphasia: Impaired speech repetition
• Wernicke's Aphasia: Impaired comprehension
• Broca's Aphasia: Speech disorder
• Aphasia: Language impairment due to brain damage
• Wernicke's Area: Larger area than Broca's area in the brain
• Broca's Area: Smaller patch in the brain's interior
• Cerebral Cortex: Outermost layer of the brain
• Corpus Callosum: Connected bundle of nerves in the brain
• Lexical Look-up: Retrieving meaning from memory
• Bottom-up Processing: Processing of sound waves in language perception
• Perception: Hearing or seeing language
• Empathy: Ability to understand and share feelings
• Aptitude: Individual's natural ability
• Transfer: Applying knowledge or skills from one language to another
• Lexical Interference: Incorrect word choices
• Grammatical Interference: Errors in sentence structure
• Phonological Interference: Difficulties with pronunciation
• Transfer Errors: Two languages leading to mistakes
• Facilitation: First and second language aiding learning

Language Acquisition and Development

• Interference: Impact of a first language on second language acquisition
• Second Language Acquisition Theory: Developed by Stephen Krashen
• Second Language Acquisition: Learning a language other than one's native language
• Operant Conditioning: Popularized by B.F. Skinner
• Conditioned Response Learning: Learning associated with meaningful stimulus
• Telegraphic Stage: First meaningful utterances in language development
• Two-Word Stage: 18-20 months, when children have a larger active vocabulary
• Robin Dunbar 1966: Proposed the grooming hypothesis
• Grooming Hypothesis: Explanation for evolution of more efficient communication
• Yo heave yo theory: Sounds uttered by people
• Ding Dong/Pooh Pooh/Bow Wow Theory: Theories on origins of language (based on imitating sounds of the environment)
• Lala Theory: Language mimicking bird sounds
• Max Muller: Proposed the classification of language theories
• Psammeticus: Experiment to discover first language using newborns.
• God Nabu: Babylonian attributed language god
• Tower of Babel: Story accounts for subsequent languages
• Judea-Christian Tradition: Adam receiving speech power from God
• Sue Savage Rumbaugh: Trained bonobos
• Beatrix and Allen Gardner: Attempted teaching language to chimpanzees
• Teaching American Sign Language: Focus on language learning
• Non-Absolute Universals: Present in most languages
• Grammatical Borrowing: Syntactic/morphological transfer
• Absolute Universals: Language features/properties found across all languages
• Lexical Borrowing: Vocabulary exchange
• Syntactic Features: Characteristic word ordering
• Phoneme: Smallest unit of sound
• Language Universals: Shared characteristics across different languages
• Phonetic Universals: Ways to produce and perceive sounds
• Grammatical Universals: Language patterns for questions
• Language Typology: Grouping language qualities
• Linguistic Area: Geographical regions
• Areal Linguistics: Studying influence between languages
• Typological Features: Specific linguistic characteristics
• Sprachbund: Language groups
• Language Change: Language evolution over time
• Old English: Language of England during historical times
• Hyperbole: Exaggeration
• Amelioration: Positive shift in meaning
• Pejoration: Negative shift in meaning
• Semantic Change: Changes in meaning over time
• Morphological Change: Changes in word structure
• Syntactic Change: Shift in word order
• Neologisms: Newly created words
• Lexical Change: Words gain or lose use
• Cognates: Words with similar origins
• Lexical Diffusion: Spread of new words, and adoption of words by other languages.
• Chain Shift: Systemic shifts in languages
• Language Contact: Main cause of language diffusion

Language Regions Distribution

• Global Languages: Languages spoken across cultures and borders
• Mutual Intelligibility: Ability to understand other languages (or variations)
• Dialect Continuum: Dialects across a geographic area
• Pidgin: Language forms with shared elements
• Dialect: Regional or social language variations
• Language Distribution: Where languages are spoken geographically
• Language Island: Region with one dominant language
• Isolate Language: Language with no known related language
• Proto-language: Hypothesized ancestral language
• Language Family: Group of languages from a common ancestor
• Language typology: Study of linguistic classification
• Syncope: Deletion from the middle of a word
• Dialect: Regional or social variation of a language
• Distribution of Language: Mapping the spread of languages
• Monolingual Area: Predominantly one language region.

This quiz focuses on various language disorders and communication concepts. Explore key terms such as aphasia types, bilingualism, and psychological assessments like the dichotic listening test. Enhance your understanding of how language shifts and communication modes affect interaction.