Introduction to Criminology PDF

PREPARED BY: ROCHELL P. JARMEL, RCrim CRIMSOC 1 ROCHELL P. JARMEL, RCrim  OVERVIEW ON CRIMINOLOGY This learning material presents the importance of Criminology, its evolution, nature, scope, and principal division,...

PREPARED BY: ROCHELL P. JARMEL, RCrim CRIMSOC 1 ROCHELL P. JARMEL, RCrim  OVERVIEW ON CRIMINOLOGY This learning material presents the importance of Criminology, its evolution, nature, scope, and principal division, an overview of Criminology in the Philippines, and the differences and relationships between Criminology, Criminal Justice, and Criminalistics. It also includes learning activities and assessment tasks. At the end of 1. Fully grasp the concept and importance of Criminology, its this learning purpose, goals, and scope; and material, you 2. Compare and contrast, and illustrate the relationship of the should be elements of Criminology, Criminal Justice, and able to: Criminalistics. CRIMSOC 1 ROCHELL P. JARMEL, RCrim  1. Why do you think Criminology exist? 2. Why did you took up BS Criminology? The prevalence of crimes and criminals is universal and its existence is as old as the world has existed; and from its existence up to the present times, studies on modern techniques in crime prevention, correctional methods, and advanced studies in crime etiology had been pursued by many scholars and advocates of criminology. Yet, until, today, nothing clear and concrete had been formulated for its total remedy- the reasons, much have been searched and re-searched to discover effective methods in combating criminalities, identifying factors that lead to the cause of crimes and identifying behavior of a would-be offender. The above statements encompass the study of criminology. As has been stated in several books of criminology, this study is “a branch of social science, whose field of study is interdisciplinary”. It covers the contribution to criminology of different disciplines like law, jurisdiction, jurisprudence, anthropology, sociology, history, medicine and other allied disciplines. Many professionals argue that criminology is not a discipline in its own right. The argument pertains to criminology being something of a hybrid: it was a mixture of things, an amalgation of other fields – sociology, psychology; forensic medicine, legal theory, anthropology and other areas of study. When talking about whether criminology was a discipline in its own right, as aforementioned, it was a hybrid of other disciplines and it continues to involve other disciplines. Modern criminology is highly differentiated in its theoretical, methodological and empirical concerns.” Most recently, for example, it has added victim studies or victimology. CRIMSOC 1 ROCHELL P. JARMEL, RCrim  What is Criminology? The following are the important definitions of criminology from different personalities in the field of criminology: EDWIN H. SUTHERLAND & DONALD R. CRESSEY “Criminology is the body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon.” DONALD R. TAFT “Criminology is the ELLIOT, M. A & study which MERILL, F. E CRIMINOLOGY includes all the subject matter "An interdisciplinary “Criminology may necessary to the science that gathers and be defined as the understanding and analyzes data on prevention of scientific study of various aspects of crime crimes and its crimes together and criminal behavior." treatment" with the punishment and treatment of delinquents and criminals.” R.A. 11131 “Criminology refers to the scientific study of crimes, criminals, and victims, it also deals with the prevention, and solution of crimes.” CRIMSOC 1 ROCHELL P. JARMEL, RCrim  The Evolution of Criminology Etymologically, the term criminology came from the Latin word “crimen” meaning “crime” and Greek word “Logos” which means “to study”. The term criminology was derived from the Italian term “criminologia” coined by Raffaele Garofalo, an Italian law professor, in 1885. In 1887, Paul Topinard, a French anthropologist, used the term “criminologie”. An American criminologist in the person of Edwin Sutherland introduced his own definition of the term “criminology”. According to him, criminology is the entire body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon. It includes within its scope the process of making laws, of breaking laws and of reacting towards the breaking of the laws. Purposes of Criminology The purposes of criminology are to offer well-researched and objective answer to four basic questions: 1. Why do crime rates vary? 2. Why do individuals differ as to criminality? 3. Why is there variation in reactions to crimes? 4. What are the possible means of controlling criminality? Goals of Studying Criminology The study of criminology seeks to achieve the following goals: 1. To describe criminal behavior; 2. To understand criminal behavior; 3. To predict criminal behavior; and 4. To control criminal behavior. CRIMSOC 1 ROCHELL P. JARMEL, RCrim  Nature of Criminology Generally, in criminology cannot be considered a science because it has not yet acquired universal validity and acceptance It is not stable and it varies from one time and place to another However considering that science is the systematic and objective study of social phenomenon and others body’s knowledge, criminology is a science in itself when under the following nature: 1 It is an applied science. 2 It is a social science. 3 It is dynamic. 4 It is nationalistic. Various studies and science related to Criminology 1. study of law 2. science of medicine, chemistry and psychology 3. religion 4. education 5. social work involving sociology and psychology 6. public administration Similarly, Criminology includes the activities of the following offices and agencies of the governments 1. legislative bodies and law makers 2. law enforcement agencies 3. courts and prosecution arms of the government 4. educational institutions like schools and colleges 5. correctional institution 6. public charitable and social agencies 7. public welfare agencies CRIMSOC 1 ROCHELL P. JARMEL, RCrim  Scope of the Study of Criminology 1. Study of the origin and development of criminal law 2. Study of the causes of crimes and development of criminals. 3. Study of different factors that enhance the development of criminal behavior, such as: a. Criminal demography b. Criminal epidemiology c. Criminal ecology d. Criminal physical anthropology e. Criminal psychology f. Criminal psychiatry g. Victimology CRIMSOC 1 ROCHELL P. JARMEL, RCrim  Criminology in the Philippines The Philippine College of Criminology, at Sta. Cruz, Manila, formerly known as Plaridel College is the first ever educational institution offering the criminology course in the country. This pioneering College of criminology became scientific in crime detection in the whole of Southeast Asia, in the 1950’s. Today, it offers High School, BSCriminology, M.A in Criminology and Ph.D in Criminology and Bachelor of Laws (LlB) exclusively. In the early part of 1960’s, criminology course was offered by the University of Manila, Abad Santos College, both in Metro Manila, University of Visayas-Cebu City, University of Mindanao-Davao City, University of Baguio-the second school to offer Ph.D in Criminology nationwide in June 2011. On January 15, 1983, during the National Conference of Criminology Deans and School Heads and Presidents, held at the University of Negros Occidental-Recoletos, College of Criminology, the Philippine Educators Association for Criminology Education (PEACE) was created. The primary objective of the PEACE is to professionalize criminology education in the context of national development. The first set of officers PEACE: 1. Dean Cirilo M. Tradio, Founder/President 2. Col. Felimon Mamaril, Executive VP 3. Dean Isaias Alma Jose of the PCCR, VP for Metro Manila 4. Dean Jose Maniwang of AUF, VP for Luzon 5. Dr. Eustaquio of Zamboanga Colleges VP for Mindanao 6. Mr. Artemio Panganiban of Cebu, VP for Visayas 7. Ben Florentino of NAPOLCOM, Secretary 8. Atty. Ernesto de los Santos, Univ. of Manila Treasurer 9. Brig.Gen. Maria Luisa Dimayuga, Auditor 10. Col. Jake Giron, PRO Board of Advisers 1. Arcadio S. Lozada, NAPOLCOM Commissioner 2. Dr. Enrique C. Galang, PCCR Graduate School 3. Cecero C. Campos, NAPOLCOM Commissioner 4. Dr. Nilo Rosas, DepEd-Central Office 5. Constante Tavanlar, NBI 6. Alfredo Pagulayan, NAPOLCOM Commissioner CRIMSOC 1 ROCHELL P. JARMEL, RCrim Successful projects of PEACE from Jan. 13, 1983 to May, 1987: 1. Implementation of the first Licensure Examination for Criminology; 2. The recognition of the NAPOLCOM Police Examination by the Civil Service Commission as eligibility for employment in all other Government Civil Service Positions; 3. The accreditation of participants in the Seminar/Workshop on Police Marksmanship for Instructional Purposes in all Criminology Schools: and 4. The upliftment of Criminology Education in line with the professionalization of the country’s police service. CRIMSOC 1 ROCHELL P. JARMEL, RCrim  CRIMINOLOGY Criminology is a body of knowledge regarding crimes, criminals and the efforts of society to prevent and repress them. It is the scientific study of the causes of crimes in relation to man and society who set and define rules and regulations for himself and others to govern Under R.A. 11131, also known as “The Philippine Criminology Profession Act of 2018”, Criminology refers to the scientific study of crimes, criminals, and victims, it also deals with the prevention, and solution of crimes. PRINCIPAL DIVISION OF CRIMINOLOGY A. Criminal etiology B. Sociology of law Heads up! C. Penology Prepare for a D. Criminological research quiz! CRIMSOC 1 ROCHELL P. JARMEL, RCrim  CRIMINAL JUSTICE Refers to the system used by government to maintain social control, prevents crime, enforce laws, and administer justice and the primary agencies charged with these responsibilities is The Philippine Criminal Justice System (PCJS) which is composed of: Law enforcement, Prosecution, Courts, Corrections and Community. Meanwhile, in the United States, Law enforcement, courts and corrections are the three (3) pillars of their criminal justice. Law Enforcement Community Prosecution Corrections Courts The Philippine Criminal Justice System operation includes, but not limited to the following: 1. Preventing the commission of crimes; 2. Enforcing the law; 3. Protecting life, individual rights and property; 4. Removing dangerous persons from the community; 5. Deterring people from indulging in criminal activities; 6. Investigating, apprehending, prosecuting and imposing penalty upon those who cannot be dissuaded from breaching the rules of society; and 7. Rehabilitating offenders and returning them to the community as law abiding and useful citizens of the society. CRIMSOC 1 ROCHELL P. JARMEL, RCrim Note: When processing the accused through the criminal justice system, government must keep within the framework of laws that protects individual’s right. The pursuit of criminal justice is, like all forms of “justice”, “fairness” or “process”, essentially the pursuit of an ideal. CRIMINALISTICS Criminology and criminalistics are often mixed up in the minds of the people. Comparatively speaking, criminology is the study of criminal people, and criminalistics is the study of criminal things, or the sum total of the application of all sciences in crime detection. A criminal commits crime by means of things, or that something he left in the crime scene. Those things he used or left in the crime scene are the objects of criminalistics known as evidence such as but not limited to the following: a. Blood and bloodstain b. Firearms and other deadly weapons c. Fingerprints and footprints d. Tool marks and many more  Studies the crime scene for  Examines physical evidence for motive, traits, and behavior as to legal purposes. help interpret the evidence.  Conducts specific research to  Applies scientific methods and analyze criminal behavior and techniques to examine and analyze the things that contribute to it. evidentiary items and testifies in court as to his/her findings.  One who is trained in the field of  A specialist in the collection and criminology and who also studies examination of physical crime, criminals, and criminal evidence of crime. behavior.  Law enforcer  Professor/Instructor/Teacher in  Crime lab analyst criminology  Medical examiner  Correction Officer  Forensic science  Researcher specialist/technicians CRIMSOC 1 ROCHELL P. JARMEL, RCrim Who is a Criminologist? Under R.A. 11131, a criminologist refers to a natural person who holds a valid certificate of registration and an updated professional identification as criminologist issued by the Professional Regulatory Board for Criminologists and Professional Regulation Commission (PRC). The term criminologist is one who has been engaged in the practice of criminology if he holds himself out to the public in any of the following capacities: 1. As a law enforcement, administrator, executive, adviser, consultant, agent or employee in any government or private agency. 2. As a professor, instructor or teacher in criminology in any university, college or school duly recognized by the government and teaches any of the following: a. Criminal Jurisprudence and Procedure; b. Criminalistics c. Law Enforcement Administration d. Crime Detection and Investigation; e. Correctional Administration f. Criminal Sociology and Ethics e. Other technical and specialized subjects in criminology. 3. As technician, examiner/criminalist, or specialist in any forensic science and other aspects of scientific crime detection and investigation. 4. As a correctional administrator, executive, supervisor, or officer in any rehabilitation, correctional and penal institution. 5. As a counsellor, consultant, adviser or researcher in any government or private agency or any aspect of criminological research or project involving the causes of crime, children in conflict with the law, treatment of offenders, police operations, law enforcement administration, scientific criminal investigation or public safety and national security administration; and 6. As a private investigator, administrator, consultant or agent, or detective in any private security and investigation agency organized under the laws of the Philippines. Under section 15 of R.A. 11131, the licensure examination for criminologists shall include, but shall not be limited to, the following: Subjects Relative Weights (a) Criminal Jurisprudence and Procedure: Criminal Law (Book I); Criminal Law (Book II); Related Special Penal Laws; Criminal Procedure; Evidence; Court Testimony 20% (b) Law Enforcement Administration: Police Organization and Administration, Police Planning; Police Patrol Operations, Police Communication System; Police Intelligence; Police Personnel and Records Management; Comparative Police Systems; Industrial Security Management 20% (c) Crime Detection and Investigation: Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation; Special Crime, Organized Crime Investigation; Fire Technology and Arson Investigation; 15% CRIMSOC 1 ROCHELL P. JARMEL, RCrim  Traffic Management and Accident Investigation; Drug Education and Investigation; Vice Control (d) Criminalistics: Forensic Photography; Personal Identification; Forensic Medicine; Polygraphy; Examination; Forensic Ballistics; Questioned Documents 20% (e) Correctional Administration: Institutional Corrections; Non-Institutional Corrections 10% (f) Criminal Sociology: Introduction to Criminology and Psychology of Crimes; Philippine Criminal Justice System; Ethics and Values; Juvenile Delinquency and Crime Prevention; Human Behavior and Crisis Management; Criminological Research and Statistics 15% NOTE: Click or search the link provided to know more about R.A. 11131. https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2018/ra_11131_2018.html Who is a criminalist? A criminalist is a person who is trained in sciences of the application of instruments and methods to the detection of crime. Criminalist identifies, examines, compares, analyses and interprets physical evidence as well as performing and/or managing forensic analysis of physical evidences from criminal cases. Also, a criminalist objectively examines physical evidence using investigative skills and practical experience; uses scientific application of important evidence from trivial evidence; uses scientific, methods in identifying, sorting and comparing of evidence that are useful to the trial or investigation; interprets evidence and the results of various tests in order to determine truth; supplies written report of findings and offers expert testimony in court. A criminalist is not necessarily a criminologist. That, any person could be a criminalist by reason of his/her special forensic trainings. In connection, Instrumentation is the application of instruments and methods of criminalistics to the detection of crime. It is otherwise known as criminalistics although instrumentation means more than criminalistics because it includes all technical methods by which the fugitives may be traced, identified and examined. CRIMSOC 1 ROCHELL P. JARMEL, RCrim DIVISIONS OF CRIMINALISTICS There are six (6) divisions of criminalistics. The first three are scientific and the other three are technological. The following are: 1. Scientific a. Chemistry - The original name for criminalistics is Forensic Chemistry. E.x. alcoholic analysis, toxicology, narcotic and substance abuse testing, firearms discharge residues, etc b. Physics - Duties of a physicist in a crime laboratory includes but not limited to firearms identification, tool mark comparison, scientific photography, traffic or vehicular accidents for the purpose of finding out the speed and direction of vehicles, and use of X-Rays to the detection of crime. c. Biology - Biology is the study of living things. It deals with the origin, history, physical characteristics, life, processes, habits, etc. of plants and animals. The biologists in a police laboratory study all kinds of living things- blood, semen, urine, hairs, and skin; particularly skilled in the use of a microscope; and the most important role of biologist in criminalistics is to examine bloodstains in order to find out if they are of human or animal origin. 2. Technological a) Firearms Identification – it deals with the study regarding comparison and identification of weapons (firearms) alleged to have been used in the commission of crime. b) Questioned Document Examination – it is concerned with the examination of forged, altered, or suspected papers, in order to determine if they are genuine or not. c) Dactyloscopy or Personal Identification – a process, or techniques, or approaches, or means of establishing the identity of a particular person. 3. Others d) Police Photography - it is the art of producing an accurate reproduction of a crime scene or an accident scene as well as the collected evidences using photography for the benefit of a court or to aid in an investigation. e) Polygraphy or Lie Detection – one of the methods in crime detection which uses a polygraph machine to test or question an individual (suspect) for the purpose of detecting deception or verifying truth. f) Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology – a science which deals with the application of chemistry in the solution of problems that arise in the administration of justice, and applied in the elucidation of legal problems. CRIMSOC 1 ROCHELL P. JARMEL, RCrim