Intro Exam 2 Blueprint-2 PDF (Intro to Nursing)

lOMoARcPSD|4446559 Intro Exam 2 Blueprint-2 Intro to Nursing (The University of Texas at El Paso) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Angel D Escobedo ([email protected]) ...

lOMoARcPSD|4446559 Intro Exam 2 Blueprint-2 Intro to Nursing (The University of Texas at El Paso) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Angel D Escobedo ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|4446559 R 2022 Blueprint Exam 2- Introduction to Nursing Practice The exam will cover the entire textbook. Below is a general blueprint of the exam. The exam will consist of 100 multiple-choice questions and matching. ALL CHAPTERS- review the questions, answers, and definitions at the end of each chapter. Chapter 1 (nature, nurture) Growth (i.e. cephalocaudal, progressive differentiation, Growth is increase in SIZE or NUMBER, is Cephalocaudal: (head to tail) from head down, like in fetal growth. Head to tail, or head down, example is growth in utero, head is first discernable body part and remains large compared to rest of body; First comes the head, then trunk, then arms, then legs Progressive differentiation: a description of human progression that is characterized by an increased uniqueness related to the extent of interaction with one another-we need to understand others in order to understand ourselves, and vice versa. Proximodistal:(near to far) midline to extremities, apparent in utero, symmetrical (balanced), sequential (can’t be undone), asynchronous (not all parts of body grow at same rate and time) like preteen foot size Simple Complex: We stand before we walk, walk before we run, in language proceed from 1 to 2 words, simple phrases to simple sentences, math +,-,x, division Difference in nature vs. nurture Nature:(Susceptibility)Genetics Growth is largely influenced by genetics. If parents are tall, we most likely will be tall. Development also has strong genetic component. Nurture: (Exposure)Upbringing Nutrition and restful sleep patterns. Organ development and innate immunity or vulnerability to disease have familial links-however, many psychosocial and cognitive traits are highly influenced by external forces. Environmental influences(behavioral patterns, value systems) Theorist- (Kohlberg, Piaget, Erikson) Kohlberg: Moral BASED on research involving males only but very similar to GilliganS research involving females (with exception of empathetic caring) Very definitely linked with Piaget’s theory on Cognition Moral choices dependent on ability to process thoughts especially related to cause and effect and/or consequences. Jean Piaget: Cognitive upon brain and neural development strongly linked psychosocial development Downloaded by Angel D Escobedo ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|4446559 R 2022 Erikson: Psychosocial theory based on Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual theory (ID, Ego, Superego) Development Development is increase in complexity and/or maturation, example of brain neuronal connections, muscle strength, flexibility, & endurance, organs like kidneys, stomach, endocrine system. Schemas, Piaget processes ~Reflexive (birth to 1 month) ~Sensorimotor (1 month to 2 years) primary and secondary circular reaction, coordination of secondary SCHEMATA object permanence 9-14 month) Tertiary circular, trial, error, solution mental combination. ~Pre-operational (2-4 years) Language explosion, intuitive thought but with limitations (case and effect) (De- centering) Ask “WHY?” a lot in intuitive and preoperational (4-7 years) ~Concrete operations (5-12 years) Hands on, classifying, time, ranking, conservation of matter, memory. ~Formal operations (13….) Abstract thinking with ability to hypothesize futuristic and alternative possibilities. Inexperience (young adulthood)Increase with fluid intelligence that peaks during MIDDLE AGE Enhance by wisdom ELDER AGE. Chapter 2 (infant) Downloaded by Angel D Escobedo ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|4446559 R 2022 PKU test as well! Hearing assessment etc.  When they are born, there are gaps in their skull to allow for passage through the birth canal during delivery and to allow for brain growth  They have 2 openings or soft spots-one at the top of their skull covered by skin called the anterior FONTANEL (quadrilateral shape) and one at the back of their skull called the posterior fontanel (triangular shape).  The posterior (back of head) closes at 2-4 months  The anterior (top of head) closes at 18 months of age. The anterior fontanel is helpful when assessing hydration status on an infant-it is sunken when they are dehydrated, and when it is full, it can indicate increased fluid in the brain Average growth for infant Growth is rapid during their first year of life Gain 5 to 7 ounces a week for the first 6 weeks double their birth weight by the age of 6 months and triple their birth weight by one year Downloaded by Angel D Escobedo ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|4446559 R 2022 will also increase birth length by 1 and 1/2 by one year Nutrition Infants need lots of calories (110 - 120 calories/kg or 200 ml/kg) this means infants eat 3 to 4 ounces every 3 to 4 hours because of their limited capacity of their digestive system soft pureed food at 6 months starting with cereals, vegetables, then fruit meats are introduced until 9 months soft pureed table food can be introduced at 9 to 12 months Sleep Infants require LOTS of sleep newborns sleep 18-22 hours per day and wake up only to eat and be changed 4 months sleep about 16 hours a day one year require 12 hours of sleep with 1-2 naps of 1-2 hours There is a danger of SIDS Sudden Infant Death Syndrome babies should only sleep on their BACKS Developmental milestones ON EXAM 2 Age Gross Motor Milestone Expectations Fine motor Milestone Expectations 2 months lifts head when prone fading grasp reflex 3-4 months turns from side to side holds rattle paced in hand 4-6 months rolls from back to front, front to back Plays with feet; holds bottle 7-8 months sits; crawls transfers objects from one hand to other 9-10 months pulls self to standing Shows hand preference 11-12 months walks; can sit from standing position feeds self with fingers; beginning to use large utensils Bonding bonding between newborn and their mother or father or caregiver evaluated by the spontaneity of comfort from the infant when hearing mother/father voice or feeling their Downloaded by Angel D Escobedo ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|4446559 R 2022 touch also assessed by the natural molding of infants body to mothers or fathers shape ( they fit in) an absence of the bonding has been associated with failure to thrive Developmental Stage (Erickson, Kohlberg, Piaget) Erikson's Psychosocial theory TRUST VS. MISTRUST ○ TRUST develops when caregivers respond in a timely manner to basic needs like changing diapers, comfort, security, temperature comfort, stimulation- cognitive, and responds in a caring consistent manner Babies who trust will reach out for their caregiver, rest comfortably in their caregivers arms , and smile at them ○ MISTRUST develops when there is inconsistency and/or a non caring attitude. consistent neglect and in some cases abuse Babies who mistrust will be indifferent to the nearness of their caregivers and not to be content in general Piaget’s Cognitive Theory ○ OBJECT PERMANENCE- it is that ability to remember a person or thing exists even when it is not in sight ( occurs between 9-14 months of age) Kohlberg’s Theory of Morality ○ MORALITY- infants do not have the cognitive ability to know what is right and wrong and are classified as AMORAL- their actions are based on “if it feels good- do it” Chapter 3 (toddler) AGES 1-3 Types of Play (parallel vs interactive) Parallel play: When several children are playing in the same location, side to side, without communication or interaction Sharing is NOT understood; “MINE” is understood Interactive play: Children play together and interact with one another Downloaded by Angel D Escobedo ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|4446559 R 2022 Speech Toddlers do not have an extensive vocabulary Toddlers are beginning to put words together Full sentences by the age of 4 years CHEST IS LARGER THAN THE HEAD WADDLE as legs are growing faster than the trunk 16 teeth Syncretic: One or two words mean more Ex: “Milk” means “I want a cup of milk” or “ go outside” means “I want to go outside and play” Toddlers model the language of their caregivers Facilitate language development by encouraging them to call people and objects by name rather than pointing and grunting - NO “BABY TALK” Reading is helpful for language development Safety Toddlers must be supervised at all times Play environment should be childproofed: all objects that may cause injury should be removed Play environment with soft edges ONLY (sand or grass) Toddler are great imitators - they may attempt to do the same things as others Downloaded by Angel D Escobedo ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|4446559 R 2022 Toilet training Requires that toddlers have sufficient cognition to understand what is expected or desired Involves helping toddlers to gain bowel and bladder control Bowel training is easier than bladder control because bowel movements occur less frequently Their ability to sense when they need to stool or feel a full bladder is made possible through myelination of the nerve pathways to the brain Bowel training cannot occur until or unless there is myelination of the nerves in the spinal tract - Does not occur until age 2 Successful accomplishment of potty-training along with positive parental encouragement and praise leads to AUTONOMY Physical development Toddlers’ body proportions have shifted from infancy Chest is larger than the head Limbs (arms and legs) are growing faster than the trunk so they WADDLE when they walk because they need to sustain a wide stance to balance their protruding bellies on their relatively short legs There is a thickening of the skin epithelium which makes them less vulnerable to rashes and surface injuries They now have 16 primary teeth - they can chew, bite, and the increased potential for dental caries With a larger stomach, they tend to eat less frequently Biting is a habit that needs to be monitored by parents Foods with high sugar content should be avoided to prevent dental caries Bowel movements are more solid and less frequent - 1-2 times a day Heart and lung capacity is larger so now able to sustain a high energy level Heart rate is 100-110 bpm Respiratory rate is now 20-30 bpm Kidneys are more developed so now can concentrate urine which means less frequency with urination = less diaper changes Gross motor achievements include: climbing, jumping, skipping, running, walking sideways and backwards, Downloaded by Angel D Escobedo ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|4446559 R 2022 stand on tip-toes, balance on 1 foot Fine motor milestones include ability to build towers of blocks up to 6 blocks, use “fat” pencils, can copy figures and draw stick people, can feed themselves with small forks and spoons and drink from a cup Brain approximating full anatomical size but still developing - Neurons developing faster Myelination: there is an increased speed of neural transmission and speed of sensory perception Nutrition They don’t need as many calories since they are growing more slowly They are beginning to use forks and spoons Gaining 5-6 pounds per year Growing 4-5 inches a year Sleep 10 hours at night plus take a 2-hour day nap Toddlers rely on routines - they should have consistency with bedtimes and other activities to help them feel secure Tend to cling to familiar objects - stuffed animal, pacifier, blanket Developmental Stage (Erickson, Kohlberg, Piaget) Erickson (1968) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt The psychosocial task for toddlers to achieve is autonomy Toddlers are gaming control over their bodies Toddlers need to learn how to function independently If parents scold them, ridicule them, embarrass them as they develop independent decision making, they may feel a sense of shame and doubt themselves Downloaded by Angel D Escobedo ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|4446559 R 2022 Autonomy is achieved through learning self-help skills of everyday living - select what they want to eat - dressing choice - toileting - hygiene - mobility - playing: selection and timing Kohlberg (1969) Morality - Punishment and obedience Toddlers will do what they can get away with Toddlers are egoistic (are not capable of understanding perspective of others) Only stop unwanted behavior if they are actually stopped or punished - Distraction - works to stop undesirable activity - Time out - Only works if the child understands that what they are doing is wrong(1 minute for each year of age) - Stern voice with “NO” These strategies may deter misbehaviors, but parents must consistently reinforce expectations and supervise = I am not doing this because it is right or good; I am only doing this because I will be in trouble if i don't = I will only do this while you are watching; don’t expect me to do this all the time Piaget (1950) Cognition Cognition and Problem Solving is transitioning from sensorimotor to preoperational and preconceptual thinking Toddlers are transitioning from the sensorimotor stages to pre-operations in which language and memory are developing, and they are beginning to problem-solve Still engage in some trial-and-error experimentation There is some beginning of internal representation (thinking about it first) involved in problem solving With the added assets of memory and language, toddlers can begin to figure things out without necessarily Downloaded by Angel D Escobedo ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|4446559 R 2022 physically manipulating them Parataxic: It is what it is - hot is hot and cold is cold Egocentric: Unable to understand the perspective of others Chapter 4 (preschool) 3-5 years od Oedipal Complex- A phenomenon alleged by Sigmund Freud that occurs when a child aligns with the same-sex parent and competes for the attention and affection of the opposite sex parent (Greek legend who killed his father and married his mother) Physical development , nutrition, sleep - > Limbs and trunks are more proportional-so look like small adults > Increase 5lb and 2.5-3 in per year > More coordinated Self-care (dress and feed themselves and use toilet) Motor: (ride bike, skip throw ball, balance one foot) gross; (print name, draw pictures, color within lines) fine Safety > Forward facing car seats >closely supervised while swimming (easily drown) >keep meds, cleaning fluids, weapons, matches, alcohol, small objects away > be mindful when cooking (pull pots and burn themselves) >stranger danger, appropriate touch (91% child sexual abuse by someone they know) Play > organized, creative, spontaneous > play with each other and imitate adults ( cops and robbers, mommy and baby) may put on parents jewelry and or clothes Downloaded by Angel D Escobedo ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|4446559 R 2022 > mix reality and fantasy, vivid imaginations >love art, music, dancing, singing, creating > imaginary friends are normal >play games with eachothers (chutes and ladders, hungry hippo) they don't care about winning or loosing >Parents, educators, and nurses must give space to express themselves Language development Developmental Stage (Erickson, Kohlberg, Piaget) INITIATIVE Praise and encouragement feeling confident enough to perform actions independently, spontaneously, creatively greater dependability, cooperation, assertiveness and organization Ridicule and restrictions hesitancy to perform actions because it might not be right or feeling guilty for doing something wrong in the past. assuming responsibility for actions that were not intended, This leads to even more hesitancy ! Preschoolers thrive on adult approval –encouragement Very different from bribery with money or candy or outings Like to act like adults / help adults Downloaded by Angel D Escobedo ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|4446559 R 2022 Like to show off talents Like to tell stories COGNITION (Piaget) INTUITIVE (memory + beginning logical problem solving) – breaking cookie before attempting to ‘dunk’ CENTERED – a boy is a boy; cannot be an uncle ABSOLUTES – girls have long hair; boys have short hair TRANSDUCTIVE – general to general a flower is a flower; cannot be a rose or tulip or carnation / a dog is a dog; not a chihuahua Chapter 5 (school age) Physical development > Slimmer and Taller gaining 6lb and growing 2in per year > Boys and Girls similar height until growth spurt (10-12 yr) > Large tonsils (tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy decrease number of infections) > Loosing primary teeth, growing permanent > Mature GI system, easily digest food and eliminate (diet and mental status (stress) may affect) Nutrition > Increase caloric need (2400 cal per day) related to energy level > Need to practice healthy eating (decrease junkfood) > Childhood obesity is a big problem (fast food food, lack exercise, sedentary lifestyle, video games, ipad/cellphones) (lower socioeconomic = greater risk) Lead to risk Type 2 diabetes mellitus, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers Sleep >10-12 hrs per night Downloaded by Angel D Escobedo ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|4446559 R 2022 Safety and disease > protective equipment; realistic expectations Cognitive characteristics (ordering, conservation, etc.)  they are in CONCRETE OPERATIONS  They see things in black and white and they love hands on learning  They love hobbies  They love collecting things  The following are basic skills they have mastered: o Ordering-the ability to organize and sequence o Memory-they can learn many facts, like the capitals of states o Classification-they can categorize things o Sorting-they like to have collections of things, like stamps o Ranking-they can sort things out by quantity and quality o Reversibility-they know that 1 +1 = 2 and that 2-1 =1 o Conservation of Matter-they know that just because you put the same amount of fluid in a big container as you do in a small container, doesn’t mean there’s less fluid in the small container just because it is small-refer to the video about Piaget under the module-this is a very important concept that separates them from intuitive thinking Developmental Stage (Erickson, Kohlberg, Piaget) VACCINATIONS CDC Current-Be familiar with Schedule and the diseases vaccines are meant to prevent Common School Age Medical Concerns Pediculosis / Mites Respiratory contagious conditions: colds, flu, otitis media – vaccines essential Pinkeye Downloaded by Angel D Escobedo ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|4446559 R 2022 Alterations in hearing and vision – screening essential Psychosomatic symptoms of headache and stomach ache usually related to Problems at home Problems in the classroom Chapter 6 ADOLESCENCE (teenager) 12-18 years old Physical development , nutrition, sleep  During the prepubescent growth spurt (between ages 10-12 years), there is an increased risk, especially among females, for curvature of the spine called scoliosis. According to the Mayo Clinic, about 3% of adolescents have scoliosis. Body image Primary, secondary sex characteristics Peer pressure Adolescence vs. Puberty Safety and risk taking , fable of immunity Developmental Stage (Erickson, Kohlberg, Piaget)  Teenagers are in post-conventional morality (Kohlberg) in the social system and development of conscious stage. They think through the rationales behind rules and will test them if they think it is right to do so. They are also beginning to care about others for the sake of caring and tend to volunteer their time in social causes, such as participating in canned food drives, doing health organization walks, and helping vulnerable populations.  Adolescents are in FORMAL operations (Piaget) and possess more fluid intelligence (they can think quick on their feet). They lack crystallized intelligence (intelligence gained through life experience). Teenagers are beginning to think abstractly and about the future. Teen pregnancy Chapter 7 (young adult) 18-35 years old Downloaded by Angel D Escobedo ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|4446559 R 2022 Physical development , nutrition, sleep: -Physical: peak physicaaly, tend to have high energy strength and flexibility -Nutrition: Optional nutrition tend to eat on the go foods. Nutritional deficits are apparent. -Sleep:6-8 hours, usually deficient Safety and disease: -risky sex activites leading to STI and unintended pregnancy, more daring, higher rates of domestic abuse/homicide and suicide, female need cervical exams and males need testicular exams Formal Operations-Fluid and crystal intelligence: -bounce back from failures, have trial and error, great problem solvers Developmental Stage (Erickson, Kohlberg, Piaget)- -Erikson: intimacy v isolation: intimacy- reveal one inner self to another; isolation do not make fulfilling interpersonal connections, or find passion in a cause, feel stuck in a rut, leds to depression -Piaget: formal operations mostly fluid intelligence -Kohlberg: post conventional morality social contract and utility- actions based on principles, care to help others, doing what right for unselfish reasons, participate in causes and donate to charity Performance Enhancers, BMI- -used to enhance athleticism; BMI- normal 18.5- 24.9, 25-29.9 overweight,30 or greater obese Self Care Principles-  Nurses are committed to taking care of their patients and making them their #1 priority-this is their ethical duty; however, nurses must remember that to take the best care of their patients, they must first take the best care of themselves! On their time off it is imperative that they engage in self-care so that they are recharged and refreshed when they are providing patient care-THIS IS HARD TO DO! MANY NURSES STILL TAKE CARE OF THEMSELVES LAST AFTER THEIR PATIENTS AND FAMILIES. Chapter 8 (middle age) 36-64 years old Physical development Thinning and graying hair, decreased in subcutaneous tissue, wrinkling, age spots some individuals lose their peripheral vision, development of nearsightedness, development of cataracts and glaucoma loss of hearing, decreased taste and smell, decreased fluid affecting joints and flexibility Women experience premnopause and menopause in their 40s and 50s decrease in estrogen production, without estrogen there is no protection in the calcium in bones causing women to be at greater risk of bones being fragile leading to osteoporosis women have weakened pelvic floor muscles from multiple pregnancies or deliveries and they tend to develop some degree of incontinence or abdominal discomfort MIDLIFE CRISIS- both men and women experience this ○ become stressed and depressed Men have decreased hormonal secretion ○ BPH prostate swells and interrupts urinary flow Golden Years Downloaded by Angel D Escobedo ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|4446559 R 2022 ○ individuals have accomplished much in their career and obtaining a higher level of financial stability experience empty nest syndrome ○ sadness when children leave and begin their own lives Nutrition They need to adjust their diet and exercise decreased metabolism causes increase in weight without adjustment of diet and exercise and the weight tends settle in the abdomen known as middle age spread (metabolism slows down) healthy diet and practice portion control and engage in regular exercise walking is a great exercise giving them many benefits ○ increases heart and lung capacity and stimulates circulation and improves balance and muscle tone and strengthens the long bones ○ they should walk 6- 8 miles a week Sleep Safety and disease How they lived their lives when they were young will catch up to them causing them to develop chronic illnesses and conditions ○ cardiovascular disease from years of stress and poor diet and exercise ○ obesity and poor diet and exercise can lead to type 2 diabetes ○ smoking and drinking and develop chronic illnesses Developmental Stage (Erickson, Kohlberg, Piaget) Erikson's Generativity vs, Stagnation ○ need to feel needed and they want to share their experiences and expertises with the younger generations ○ Past accomplishments make them feel good and moves them toward generativity ○ if they were not successful at meeting life goals they may become introspective, sad, and depressed about what they perceive as their life failures this moves them toward stagnation where they do not want to do anything and don't want to interact with anyone, they become self- focused and generally unhappy Piaget's Cognition ○ middle aged adults are in formal operations but have more crystallized intelligence (wisdom) than fluid intelligence (fast recall) Kohlberg Morality postconventional universal ethical principles ○ make decisions based on principle rather than rewards doing what is right because it is the right thing to do ○ more about the benefit of others and society than about themselves- contribute to charities and do the right things even when no one is looking Chapter 9 (older adult) Physical development: Fastest growing segment of population Human body continues to decline in a downhill spiral Immune system is compromised: increased risk of infection, especially respiratory infections (influenza and pneumonia) and an increase risk for cancer Decline in vision, hearing, mobility and balance = increased risk for falls and injuries Body parts wearing out Nutrition: Slower metabolism Caloric intake less than in earlier years Downloaded by Angel D Escobedo ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|4446559 R 2022 Great need for balanced nutrition (with some increased emphasis on fiber) and optimal hydration (64oz per day) Sleep: Need less sleep: 5-6 hours per night Low metabolism and relative inactivity makes them tend to sleep more (10-12 hours) Many nap frequently during the day making them restless through the nigh Recommended that they be encouraged to stay awake and alert during the day so they can sleep through the night ADLs- challenges, mobility: Elder limitations ○ Eating Eye-hand coordination Teeth ○ Dressing Buttons/snaps ○ Bathing Getting in and out of tub/shower Bending to wash and/or dry ○ Toileting Timing Cleansing ○ Ambulation Stability Mobility Abuse: Isolation: ○ Confined in their room until it is convenient for the caregiver to respond to their wants/ needs ○ May be put in diapers so that the caregiver is not bothered with assisting them to the restroom Verbal Abuse ○ Talked to like a child ○ Talked to as an animal: do as they’re told without any regard of what they want Physical Abuse: subjected to hitting, pinching, pulling hair, and even sexual abuse, just beacuse they asked for assistance Safety: Decreased balance and decreased vision = risk for falls ○ Furniture should be arranged for ease of access and mobility ○ More open spacing, removal of throw rugs, and installation of safety bars in tubs and showers ○ Use of cane/ walker Driving is a major concern ○ Slower response time and reduced visual acuity (especially peripheral vision) Developmental Stage (Erickson, Kohlberg, Piaget): Integrity vs. Despair (Erikson) ○ Integrity: characterized by the ability to accept and embrace the past, the present, and the future Need to look back on their lives and accept the good and bad without regret or resentment Downloaded by Angel D Escobedo ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|4446559 R 2022 Come to terms with the fact that no matter what they did or didn't do, that they did the best they could under the circumstances Accept their status (health/ crippled broken body with extensive limitations) Come to terms that they will not live forever Referred as ego transcendence: they are able to minimize focus on themselves and can appreciate the life they have and the other individuals that make that life meaningful ○ Despair: the abject rejection of anything that life has to offer (integrity is not accomplished) Depression Sadness, refusal to eat, increased sleep. poor posture Tend to isolate themselves from social interaction Suicide is always a risk Morality: Universal ethical principles (Kohlberg) ○ Is capable of doing the right thing for the right reason, because its the right (ethical) thing to do ○ Does not mean that they always or consistently act in this manner Cognition: Crystallized Intelligence/ Wisdom (Piaget) ○ Who do not suffer from Alzheimer’s or dementia are wonderful historians and great communicators ○ Can recount events with delightful detail and can share Alzheimer’s and dementia-signs of, Community Forum information 10 Warning Signs: 1.Memory loss that disrupts daily life 2.Challenges in planning or solving problems 3.Difficulty completing familiar tasks 4.Confusion with time or place 5.Trouble understanding visual images and spatial relationships 6.New problems with words in speaking or writing 7. Misplacing things and losing the ability to retrace steps 8. Decreased or poor judgment 9. Withdrawal from work or social activities 10. Challenges in mood or personality Alzheimer’s: ○ It’s a disease that causes problems with memory thinking and behavior. It’s not a normal part of aging. It will get worse over time. There is no known cause and no cure. ○ It causes a person to become confused, get lost in familiar places, misplace things, or have trouble with language Dementia: a chronic or persistent disorder of mental processes caused by brain disease or injury and marked by memory disorders, personality changes, and impaired reasoning. It can occur at any age from brain injury or stroke, but in older adults it is mostly related to Alzheimer’s disease which accounts for up to 60% to 80% of diagnosed dementias Treatment: Downloaded by Angel D Escobedo ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|4446559 R 2022 ○ There is NO CURE ○ There are medications that treat symptoms Chapter 10 (family) Maslow Types of families  There are different types of families including: o Traditional-biological mother, father, and children o Non-traditional  Re-constituted-previous marriages or relationships with or without children, blended or merged families  LGBTQ couples, families united by marriage or cohabitation  Adopted children  Foster homes  Communes (many people not related living together and managing a household)  Extended families (transgenerational) Duvall and Miller Genogram  This provides an easy way to view family connections and to ID how prevalent a disease is among generations Downloaded by Angel D Escobedo ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|4446559 R 2022  The genogram is an effective tool to aid the health care provider in recognizing familial traits that put family members at increased risk for certain diseases-this can guide families to alter their health patterns to promote greater health  Diseases, addictions, etc. can be identified this way-squares are males, circles are females   Roles- formal and informal  There are different family roles: o Formal: Breadwinner (bill payer), house cleaner, cook, childrearing (discipline), decision-maker o Informal: Nurturer, peace maker, black sheep Downloaded by Angel D Escobedo ([email protected])