Intro Exam 2 Blueprint PDF (University of Texas at El Paso)

lOMoARcPSD|49817694 Intro exam 2 blueprint Intro to Nursing (The University of Texas at El Paso) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Ashley ([email protected]) ...

lOMoARcPSD|49817694 Intro exam 2 blueprint Intro to Nursing (The University of Texas at El Paso) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Ashley ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49817694 Chapter 1 Nature: Growth and development forces that are GENETICALLY inherited. Nurture: Growth and development forces that evolve with ENVIROMENTAL EXPOSURE. Growth: is the increase in SIZE or NUMBER. Cephalocaudal: growth proceeding from head to tail. Progressive differentiation: a description of human progression that is characterized by an increased uniqueness related to the extent of our interaction with one another-we need to understand others to understand ourselves, and vice versa. Proximodistal: growth proceeding near to far meaning that it proceeds from the midline to the lateral extremities. Simple to complex: the manner of progression in complexity of movement, we stand before we walk, we walk before we run. In language, we proceed from 1 to 2 words, simple phrases to simple sentences, and simple sentences to compound sentences. Theorist- (Kohlberg, Piaget, Erikson) Kohlberg: The Moral Theory focuses on the thinking process that occurs when one decides whether a behavior is right or wrong. Piaget: The Cognitive Theory attempts to explain how we take information, assimilate the new data with what we have previously learned and experienced, and accommodate the new information for application to new situations. Erikson: The Psychosocial Theory based on Sigmund Freuds psychosexual theory (ID, Ego, Superego) Development- an increase in complexity and or maturation. Schemas, Piaget processes Reflexive (birth to 1 month) Sensorimotor (1-2months) Pre-operational (2-4years) Concrete operations (5-12years) Formal operations (13...) Chapter 2 (infant) Average growth for infants: Growth is rapid during their first year of life, they gain 5-7 oz a week for the first 6 weeks. They double their birth weight by the age of 6 months and triple their birth weight by one year. They will also increase birth length by 1 and ½ by one year. Nutrition: Infants need lots of calories (110-120cal) this means infants eat 3-4oz every 3-4 hours because of their limited capacity of their digestive system. You can start soft pureed food at 6 months starting with cereals, vegetables, then fruit. Meats are introduced until 9 months and soft pureed table foods can be introduced at 9-12 months. Sleep: Infants require ALOT of sleep, newborns sleep 18-22hours per day and wake up only to eat and be changed. At 4 months, they sleep about 16 hours a day. At one year, they require 12 hours of sleep with 1-2 naps of 1-2 hours. There is a danger of SIDS, babies should only sleep on their BACKS! Developmental milestones Bonding: An infant's obvious demonstration of comfort and relaxation upon hearing the mother/father's voice or feeling his/her touch or natural molding of infant's body to mother and father shape so that they just seem to fit. Developmental Stage (Erickson, Kohlberg, Piaget) Erikson: TRUST VS. MISTRUST TRUST develops when caregivers respond in a timely manner to basic needs like changing diapers, comfort, security, temperature comfort, stimulation-cognitive, and responds in a caring consistent manner. MISTRUST develops when there is inconsistency and/or a non-caring attitude. Consistent neglect and in some case abuse. Piaget: COGNITIVE THEORY Object permanence- it is that ability to remember a person or thing exists even when it is not in sight (occurs between 9-14months of age) Kohlberg: MORALITY THEORY Downloaded by Ashley ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49817694 Morality: infants do not have the cognitive ability to know what is right and wrong and are classified as AMORAL- their actions are based on “if it feels good-do it” Chapter 3 (toddler 1-3yrs) Types of Play (parallel vs interactive) Parallel play: When several children are playing in the same location, side to side, without communication or interaction. SHARING IS NOT UNDERSTOOD; “MINE” IS UNDERSTOOD. Interactive play: Children play together and interact with one another. Speech: Toddlers do not have an extensive vocabulary; they are beginning to put words together; they form full sentences by the age of four. Syncretic- one or two words mean more. Ex: “milk” means “I want milk” Safety: Toddlers must be always supervised, play environment should be childproof with soft edges (playing on grass/sand). Toddlers are also great imitators- they may attempt to do the same things as others. Toilet training: Requires toddlers to have sufficient cognition to understand what is expected or desired. Bowel training occurs when there is myelination of the nerves in the spinal tract. This usually occurs around age 2. Once myelination has occurred, toddlers become aware of the sensation of fullness and the need to defecate. When this occurs, toddlers tend to get red in the face or retreat to a corner and squat. This is a telltale sign that parents should recognize and then escort the child to a potty chair. Physical development: Toddlers have 16 teeth, waddle when they walk, thickening of the skin, gain 5 to 6 pounds per year, height increase 4-5 inches, slower growth rate. Nutrition: Decreased appetite, go through food jags (preferring only one type of food repeatedly over time), they like finger foods. Sleep: Toddlers sleep 10hrs at night plus take a 2hour day nap. They rely on routines- they should have consistency with bedtimes and other activities to help them feel secure. They also tend to cling to familiar objects- stuffed animals, pacifiers, blankets. Developmental Stage (Erickson, Kohlberg, Piaget) Erikson: Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt- the psychosocial task for toddlers to achieve is autonomy, toddlers are gaining control over their bodies and need to learn how to function independently. If parents scold them as they develop independent decision making, they may feel a sense of shame and doubt themselves. Autonomy is achieved through learning self-help skills of everyday living such as; selecting what they want to eat, dressing choice, toileting, etc. Kohlberg: Morality- Punishment & obedience- Toddlers will do what they can get away with, are egotistic (are not capable of understanding perspective of others), only stop unwanted behavior if they are stopped/punished. Piaget: Cognition- Toddlers are transitioning from the sensorimotor stages to pre-operations in which language and memory are developing, and they are beginning to problem-solve. They still engage in trial-and-error experimentation. Chapter 4(preschool) Oedipal Complex: a phenomenon alleged by Sigmund Freud that occurs when a child aligns with the same-sex parent and competes for the attention and affection of the opposite sex parent. Physical development: 3–5-year-olds bodies, limbs, and trunks are more proportional (look like small adults). Their height is increased by 2.5-3inches per year and gain only about 5 pounds per year, have a full set of 28 primary teeth. Nutrition: Need less calories than before due to slower growth rate (1200-1600 calories a day) a well-balanced nutrition is a must. Sleep: 9-11 hours per night and may still take an occasional nap. Safety: “great imitators”- like to do things they see their parents doing. In a forward-facing car seat, they need supervised swimming, knee pads/helmet while riding a bike, and keep dangerous items out of reach (alcohol, meds, cleaning supplies). Teach about stranger danger. Play: Play is very organized, creative, and spontaneous, play with each other and take on roles during play like cops and robbers, imitate adults (wearing parents' clothes), mix reality with fantasy (vivid imagination), imaginary friends, and love art, music, singing, dancing and creating things. Downloaded by Ashley ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49817694 Language development Developmental Stage (Erickson, Kohlberg, Piaget) Erikson: Initiative vs. Guilt (independence) Kohlberg: Instrumental purpose and exchange morality (behaviors based on what they’ll get in return) Piaget: Pre-operational cognition (more intuitive) Chapter 5 (school age) 6–12-year-olds Physical development: Slimmer and taller than when they were in preschool, gaining about 6 pounds per year and growing about 2 inches per year. Boys and girls are of similar height until girls start their pre-pubescent growth spurt at around 10-12 years of age. → Large tonsils, losing primary teeth, mature GI system → Increased myelination of the natural pathways allows for faster transmission of signals to the brain from the body → Increased strength and endurance and generally are more active with different activities including sports → Have increased density in their long bones and muscle mass-but their bones still need to be protected. Nutrition: Growing and have increased caloric needs (up to 2400 calories per day) related to their energy level. Need to practice healthy eating habits and minimize or eliminate “junk food”. Risk for obesity and diabetes. Sleep: 10-12 hours of sleep per night necessary for rest and cell growth Safety and disease: Some supervision especially if swimming or engaging in other sports 9they think they can do more than they can). They are vulnerable to respiratory infections, MMR, chicken pox, middle ear infections, pink eye, and lice. Depression, headaches, and stomach aches. Cognitive characteristics (ordering, conservation, etc.) Developmental Stage (Erickson, Kohlberg, Piaget) Erikson: Industry vs. Inferiority (strong need to achieve and want to be good at something) Kohlberg: Conventional morality (doing unto others as they do unto you/based on rules) Piaget: Concrete operations (see things in black and white/ love hands on learning) VACCINATIONS CDC Current-Be familiar with schedule and the diseases vaccines are meant to prevent. → Influenza (annual dose) → DTaP; 5th dose (4-6yrs), again (11-12yrs) → Inactivated poliovirus; 4th dose (4-6yrs) → MMR; 2nd dose (4-6yrs) → Varicella; 2nd dose (4-6yrs) → Meningococcal; 1st dose (11-12yrs) Chapter 6 (teenager) 12–18-year-olds Physical development: Prepubescent growth spurt, girls increase 4-5 inches in height. Increased risk for scoliosis due to growth spurt. Puberty the stage of development associated with the physiologic changes that occur during adolescence, physiological changes of puberty are driven by hormones in both males (testosterone) and females (estrogen). Secondary sex characteristics. Nutrition: Body demands optimal nutrition, rarely eat balanced meals (nutrition is deficient) Most choose to eat food high in fat and low in nutritional value. Sleep: Body demands optimal sleep, require up to 10 hours per night but most get less than 7 hours. Body image: Negative perceptions of body image may lead to body dysmorphia. Eating disorders (more common in females): bulimia, anorexia nervosa, binge-eating. Exercise based body dysmorphia (more common in males); excessive exercise, steroids or other substances to boost performance. Primary, secondary sex characteristics: Physical changes that occur that prepare the body for reproduction. Females' development of breast buds, growth of pubic and underarm hair, and widening of the pelvis. Males have deepening of the voice, growth of facial, pubic and underarm hair, and elongation of the penis and testes. Peer pressure: The extent of influence by persons of the same age, gender, and experience that's evident in personal choices and behavior. Can be positive. Adolescence vs. Puberty: Adolescence is not as automatic as the physiological hormonal changes and cannot be as predictable in sequence as puberty. Downloaded by Ashley ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49817694 Safety and risk taking, fable of immunity Developmental Stage (Erickson, Kohlberg, Piaget) Erikson: Identify vs role confusion (figuring out who they are) Kohlberg: Post-conventional morality (the social system and development of conscious stage) Piaget: Formal operations (possess more fluid intelligence but lack crystallized intelligence) Teen pregnancy Chapter 7 (young adult) Physical development: Growth is done and is in peak physical condition. Tend to have high energy, stamina, speed, flexibility, strength, endurance, and coordination. Nutrition: To sustain the high metabolic rate and energy levels of the young adult, optimal nutrition is required. But because young adults are always on the go, they tend to eat on the run and eat convenient fast foods. Leading to nutritional deficits and eating disorders. Sleep: 6-8 hours Safety and disease: High risk activities may result in serious injuries that lead to lifelong disablement or death. Young adults have higher rates of domestic abuse, homicide, and suicide, young adults may engage in risky sexual behaviors that lead to unintended pregnancy and STI infections, should be screened for cervical cancer, testicular cancer, and skin cancer. Formal Operations-Fluid and crystal intelligence: bounce back from failures, have trial and error, great problem solves. Developmental Stage (Erickson, Kohlberg, Piaget) Erikson: Intimacy vs isolation: intimacy- reveals one inner self to another; isolation does not make fulfilling interpersonal connections, or find passion in cause, feel stuck in a rut, leads to depression. Kohlberg: Post conventional morality social contract and utility- actions based on principles, care to help others, doing what right for unselfish reasons, participate in causes and donate to charity Piaget: Formal operations, mostly fluid intelligence. Performance Enhancers, BMI definition: Used to enhance athleticism; BMI- normal 18.5-24. Overweight 25- 29.9, 30 or greater is obese. Self-Care Principles: When stressed, to activate the parasympathetic nervous system and slow things down, exercises such as deep breathing, meditation, mindfulness, and visualization, are all helpful in promoting relaxation. Chapter 8 (middle age) Physical development: Thinning and graying hair, decrease in SUBQ tissue leading to wrinkles, some loss of peripheral vision, taste, and hearing. Decrease fluid in the body. Nutrition: Need to adjust their diet and exercise, decreased metabolism causes increase in weight without adjustment of diet and exercise and the weight tends to settle in the abdomen known as middle aged spread. Need to practice a healthy diet and portion control and engage in regular exercise. (walking is great and many benefits) Sleep: Safety and disease: How they lived their lives when they were young will catch up to them, causing them to develop chronic illness and conditions. Developmental Stage (Erickson, Kohlberg, Piaget) Erikson: Generativity vs Stagnation- middle aged adults need to feel needed and they want to share their experience and expertise with the younger generations. If they have not been successful at meeting life goals, they become depressed, and this leads them to stagnation. Kohlberg: Morality postconventional universal ethical principles- Middled age adults make decisions based on principle rather than rewards-doing what is right because it is the right thing to do; it is more about the benefit of other and society than about themselves. (donating to charities, doing right when no one is looking) Piaget: Cognition- Middle-aged adults are in formal operations, but have more crystallized intelligence than fluid intelligence Chapter 9 (older adult) Downloaded by Ashley ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49817694 Physical development:Human body continues to decline in a downhill spiral, Immune system is compromised: increased risk of infection, especially respiratory infections (influenza and pneumonia) and an increase risk for cancer. Decline in vision, hearing, mobility, and balance = increased for falls and injuries. Body parts wearing out. Nutrition: Slower metabolism, caloric intake less than in earlier years. Great need for balanced nutrition (with some increased emphasis on fiber) and optimal hydration. Sleep: Need less sleep 5-6 hours a night but low metabolism and relative inactivity makes them tend to sleep more (10-12hours). Many nap frequently during the day making them restless through the night. ADLs- challenges, mobility Abuse: Isolation, confined in their room until its convenient for the caregiver to respond to their wants/needs. May be put in diapers so that the caregiver is not bothered with assisting them to the restroom. Verbal abuse and physical abuse. Safety: Decreased balance and decreased vision = risk for falls. Furniture should be arranged for ease of access and mobility. More open spacing, removal of rugs, installation of safety bars in tubs and showers. Use cane and walker. Driving is a major concern, slower response time and reduce visual acuity. Developmental Stage (Erickson, Kohlberg, Piaget) Erikson: Integrity vs Despair- The older adult is expected to achieve the task of integrity. Meaning the ability to accept and embrace the past, present, and future (ego transcendence) If integrity is not accomplished, despair becomes evident. Kohlberg: Morality- Universal ethical principles: This is the universal ethical principles stage, just like middle- aged adults, older adults can do the right thing for the right reason, because it is the right (ethical) thing to do. But they may not always or consistently act in this manner. Piaget: Cognition- Crystallized/wisdom- Elders that do not suffer from Alzheimer's or dementia are historians and great communicators, they recount events with delightful detail and wisdom which plays into crystallized intelligence. Their fluid intelligence is sustained through keeping up with current events. Alzheimer’s and dementia-definition, signs and symptoms, age group at most risk → Memory loss that disrupts daily life → Challenges in planning or solving problems → Difficulty completing familiar tasks → Confusion with time or place → Trouble understanding visual images and spatial relationships → New problems with words in speaking or writing → Misplacing things and losing the ability to retrace steps → Decreased poor judgement → Withdrawal from work or social activities → Challenges in mood or personality Alzheimer’s: ○ It’s a disease that causes problems with memory thinking and behavior. It’s not normal part of aging. It will get worse over time. There is no known cause and no cure. ○ It causes a person to become confused, get lost in familiar places, misplace things, or have trouble with language Dementia: a chronic or persistent disorder of mental processes caused by brain disease or injury and marked by memory disorders, personality changes, and impaired reasoning. It can occur at any age from brain injury or stroke, but in older adults it is mostly related to Alzheimer’s disease which accounts for up to 60% to 80% of diagnosed dementia THERE IS NO CURE BUT THERE IS MEDICATIONS TO HELP SYMPTOMS. Chapter 10 Maslow Downloaded by Ashley ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49817694 Types of families: There are different types of families including → Traditional-biological mother, father, and children. → Non-traditional: Re-constituted-previous marriages or relationships with or without children, blended or merged families. LGBTQ couples, families united by marriage or cohabitation, adopted children, foster homes. Communes (many people not related living together and managing a household), extended families (transgenerational) Duvall and Miller: Identified stages of family cycle-critical family developmental tasks. Ex: beginning families (couple, childbearing), families with preschoolers, families with school age children, families with adolescents, etc. Genogram: A three generation analysis of family structure and changes resulting from births, adoption, marriages, and death. It is quickly used to identify biological risks and family predispositions to disease or dysfunction. Roles- formal and informal: There are different types of family roles. Formal: breadwinner (bill payer), house cleaner, cook, childbearing (discipline), decision maker. Informal: Nurturer, peace maker, black sheep. Downloaded by Ashley ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|49817694 Downloaded by Ashley ([email protected])