International Organisations 2024-2 PDF

[email protected] INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS 2/5 Five two-hour lectures, every other week Year 1, Semester 1 Licence LEA (Applied Foreign Languages) 2024-2025 1 SCHEDULE DETAILS 2 3 JOINT FINAL EXAM...

[email protected] INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS 2/5 Five two-hour lectures, every other week Year 1, Semester 1 Licence LEA (Applied Foreign Languages) 2024-2025 1 SCHEDULE DETAILS 2 3 JOINT FINAL EXAM 6→18 January 2025 1h30 (90 mn) M. Green: Listening comprehension C. Merle: - lesson questions - Reading comprehension 4  LESSON PLAN LECTURE 2: OTHER ORGANISATIONS HOMEWORK: ‘WORLD BANK’ VIDEO NATO BRICS OPEC / OPEC+ 5 HOMEWORK VIDEO: ‘WHAT DOES THE WORLD BANK ACTUALLY DO?’ (4’46) 6  What Does The World Bank Actually Do? 1. When was the World Bank created ? → in 1944 2. Which countries created the World Bank? → Allied nations (including the US and the UK) 3. What is the World Bank’s original full name? → International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) 4. What was the World Bank’s original target? → to rebuild Europe 5. Which heavily-bombed country received the first loan from the World Bank? → France 7 What Does The World Bank Actually Do? 6. What did the World Bank originally fund to rebuild Europe? → construction projects, like building dams and generating electricity 7. What is one of the World Bank’s main targets today? → to end or reduce global poverty 8. What type of programs does the World Bank oversee today? → food production, health, nutrition and development 9. Apart from finance and infrastructure experts, like economists and engineers, what type of professionals were part of the World Bank by the early 80s? → society-focused experts, like anthropologists and social scientists 8  What Does The World Bank Actually Do? 10. How many miles of road has the World Bank funded in India? → nearly 10,000 miles of roads (16,000 km) 11. Apart from reducing poverty, what is the World Bank’s other goal? → to raise incomes of the poorest 40 % of the population 12. What organisations does the World Bank partner with? → the World Trade Organization, or the UN 13. According to a 2015 Investigative report, what negative consequence did World Bank-funded projects have over the last decade? → nearly 3.5 million people have been displaced to make room for World Bank funded projects 9 What Does The World Bank Actually Do? 14. In 2007, what did Kenya’s national forest service do with the World Bank’s $70 million loan for a conservation project? → Kenyan authorities reportedly used the money to forcefully evict thousands of indigenous people who had been living in the project area, with their homes ransacked or burned to the ground. 15. Name 2 other criticisms of the World Bank: → some corrupt leaders of developing countries misappropriate loans. → considerable power is given to a small number of Western countries. 10  RECAP: EACH COUNTRY HAS A VOTE, BUT… 11 54 in Africa 48 in Asia 44 in Europe 33 in Latin America & the Caribbean 14 in Oceania 2 in Northern America 12  Who funds the UN? 13 Who funds the UN? DAC: Development Assistance Committee → OECD: → Organisation for Economic Co- operation and Development 14 15 16 17 NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION 18 19 20  VIDEO (silent, 2'20) 21 VIDEO (3'20) 22  NATO FACTS 1949: creation originally 12 members, now 32 members 2 official languages: English, French HQ (headquarters): Brussels, Belgium collective security system: its independent member states agree to defend each other against attacks by third parties. original goal: military alliance, including North America, promoting international solidarity against possible attacks by the Soviet Union (USSR = Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) current goal: to secure world peace by using Deterrence (= threatening to use force to avoid conflict) 23 What may be considered a problem with intergovernmental organisations such as the UN, OECD or NATO? Western countries (especially the US) are overrepresented, while other countries (‘the global South’) feel underrepresented imbalance of powers What can be done about that? → create alternative intergovernmental organisations → use other currencies than the US $ (e.g. the Chinese Yuan) →… 24 25 VIDEO (2’24) 26  The BRICS bloc explained (2’24) 1. What is the BRICS bloc’s main objective? → to create an alternative to the global order dominated by the West since WW2 2. Which countries originally composed BRICS? → Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa 3. What proportion of the world’s population do BRICS countries represent? → more than 45% of the world's population 4. What are some of the BRICS bloc’s goals? → to create a more inclusive multilateral order for the global South, → to use more local currencies rather than the US dollar for global trade, → to develop a BRICS bank to replace the IMF and the World Bank 5. Is there a perfect harmony among the BRICS countries? → no: some members are close to the US and others opposed to the West. 27 28  2009: Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa 2024: Iran, Egypt, Ethiopia, and the United Arab Emirates 29 members / prospective members 30  BRICS FACTS 2009: creation originally 5 members (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) now 10 members (BRICS+: Iran, Egypt, Ethiopia, and the United Arab Emirates) geopolitical rival to the democratic nations of the G7 bloc (Group of Seven: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States) BRICS countries represent about 30% of the world's land surface, 45% of the global population and 33% of global gross domestic product (GDP) 31 Organization of the Petroleum- Exporting Countries 32  1 oil barrel (unit symbol: bbl) = 42 US gallons, approximately 159 liters 33 34  OPEC / OPEC+ 1. How many countries are there in OPEC? → 13 2. How many countries are there in OPEC+? → 23 (13+10) 3. What are OPEC countries? → the world’s major oil exporters 4. What are the world’s 2 largest producers? How much do they produce? → Saudi Arabia & Russia: more than 10 million barrels a day. 5. How do they regulate prices? → keep prices high by lowering oil supplies (rare = expensive) → keep prices low by putting more oil onto the market (common = cheap) = ‘Supply and demand’ system 35 36 37 38 39 OPEC / OPEC+ 1. What happened to oil prices during the COVID pandemic? → the price of crude oil crashed / plummeted 2. Why? → because of a lack of buyers (lockdown) → because oil producers didn’t have enough space to store all the oil they produced 3. What was the consequence of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine on oil prices? → significant rises in the price of petrol 4. Why? → fear among oil buyers of an embargo on oil imports from Russia 40 41 HOMEWORK: read the last part of the text and answer the following questions: 42  HOMEWORK: read the last part of the text and answer the following questions: OPEC / OPEC+ 1. Why didn’t OPEC+ countries increase oil production to reduce prices? → → 3. What is Russia’s wish? → 4. Do OPEC+ countries follow Russia’s desire? → 43 44