International A-Level Chemistry Student Book PDF

Uncorrected proof, all content subject to change at publisher discretion. Not for resale, circulation or distribution in whole or in part. ©Pearson 2018...

Uncorrected proof, all content subject to change at publisher discretion. Not for resale, circulation or distribution in whole or in part. ©Pearson 2018 with David Scott Cliff Curtis F01_IASL_CHEM_44860_PRE_i-xiii.indd 1 Jason Murgatroyd CHEMISTRY PEARSON EDEXCEL INTERNATIONAL AS/A LEVEL 01/06/2018 12:44  Published by Pearson Education Limited, 80 Strand, London, WC2R 0RL. We are grateful to the following for permission to reproduce copyright material: www.pearsonglobalschools.com Figures Uncorrected proof, all content subject to change at publisher discretion. Not for resale, circulation or distribution in whole or in part. ©Pearson 2018 Figure on page 43 from ‘Mass Number and Isotope’, http://www.shimadzu.com, Copies of official specifications for all Edexcel qualifications may be found on the copyright © 2014 Shimadzu Corporation. All rights reserved; Figures on page website: https://qualifications.pearson.com 273 from Education Scotland © Crown copyright 2012; Figures on page 144 from Text © Pearson Education Limited 2018 ‘Catalysts for a green industry’ Education in Chemistry (Tony Hargreaves),July Designed by Tech-Set Ltd, Gateshead, UK 2009, http://www.rsc.org/education/eic/issues/2009July /catalyst-green-chemistry- Typeset by Tech-Set Ltd, Gateshead, UK research-industry.asp, copyright © Royal Society of Chemistry; Figures on page Edited by Sarah Ryan and Katharine Godfrey Smith 286 from ‘Five rings good, four rings bad’, Education in Chemistry (Dr Simon Original illustrations © Pearson Education Limited 2018 Cotton), March 2010, http://www.rsc.org/education/eic/issues/2010Mar/Five Rings Illustrated by © Tech-Set Ltd, Gateshead, UK Good Four Rings Bad.asp, copyright © Royal Society of Chemistry. Cover design © Pearson Education Limited 2018 Text Cover images: Front: Getty Images: David Malin/Science Faction Extracts on page 36 from ‘Ancient coins’,http://www.rsc.org/Education/EiC/ Inside front cover: Shutterstock.com/Dmitry Lobanov issues/2006Nov /AncientCoins.asp, copyright © Royal Society of Chemistry; Extract on page 60 from From Stars to Stalagmites: How Everything Connects The rights of Cliff Curtis, Jason Murgatroyd and David Scott to be identified as by Paul Braterman, World Scientific Publishing Co.,2012, p.76, copyright © authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, 2012 World Scientific Publishing Co.Pte Ltd; Extract on page 94 From ‘Cooling Designs and Patents Act 1988. chemical fuels snowy spat’ by Victoria Gill copyright © 2007 Royal Society of Chemistry; Extract on page 124 From ‘Alkanes: Natural Products’ by Prof. Dr. First published 2018 Rainer Herges and Dr. Torsten Winkler translator Dr. Guenter Grethe © Wiley-VCH 21 20 19 18 Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; Extracts on pages 144 and 286 from ‘Catalysts for 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 a green industry’http://www.rsc.org/ education/eic/issues /2009July/catalyst- greenchemistry-research-industry.asp, and ‘Five rings good, four ringsbad’, http:// British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data www.rsc.org /education/eic/issues/2010Mar/FiveRingsGoodFour RingsBad. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library asp, copyright ©Royal Society of Chemistry; Extract on page 164 From ‘Organic ISBN 978 1 2922 4486 0 Chemists Contribute to Renewable Energy’http://www.rsc. org/Membership / Networking/ InterestGroups/OrganicDivision/organic-chemistry-case-studies/ Copyright notice organic-chemistry-biofuels.asp, copyright © Royal Society of Chemistry; Extract All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by on page 180 from ‘How fish keep one step ahead of ice’, New Scientist Magazine, any means (including photocopying or storing it in any medium by electronic means 02/10/2004, Issue 2467 (Katharine Davis) Copyright © 2004 New Scientist Ltd. All and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) rights reserved. Distributed by Tribune Content Agency; Extracts on pages 230 without the written permission of the copyright owner, except in accordance with from ‘Some of our selenium is missing’, New Scientist Magazine, 18/11/1995, the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms Issue 2004 (Michelle Knott), copyright © 2002 Reed Business Information. All of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Barnard’s Inn, 86 Fetter rights reserved. Distributed by Tribune Content Agency; Extracts on pages 254 Lane, London EC4A 1EN (www.cla.co.uk). Applications for the copyright owner’s from ‘Something in the water…’, New Scientist Magazine, 13/04/2002, Issue written permission should be addressed to the publisher. 2338 (Emma Young), copyright © 2007 Reed Business Information - UK. All rights reserved. Distributed by Tribune Content Agency; Extract on page 287 from Printed in Slovakia by Neografia ‘How athletics is still scarred by the reign of the chemical sisters’, The Daily Mail, Acknowledgements 06/08/2012 (Matt Lawton), copyright © Solo Syndication, 2012. The authors and publisher would like to thank the following individuals and Endorsement statement organisations for permission to reproduce copyright material: In order to ensure that this resource offers high-quality support for the associated Pearson qualification, it has been through a review process by the awarding Photographs body. 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Lagerek 21, Janprachal 227, Martin Nemec 124, Minerva Studio 116t, PhotoSGH 22, Pitsanu Kraichana 12, Sergio Ponomarev 229, wk1003mike 198l, Yellowj 123; The Bridgeman Art Library Ltd: De Agostini Picture Library/Chomon viii, 17; Veer/ Corbis: Fabrizio 231 All other images © Pearson Education Limited 2018 F01_IASL_CHEM_44860_PRE_i-xiii.indd 2 01/06/2018 12:44  CONTENTS iii COURSE STRUCTURE iv Uncorrected proof, all content subject to change at publisher discretion. Not for resale, circulation or distribution in whole or in part. ©Pearson 2018 ABOUT THIS BOOK viii PRACTICAL SKILLS x ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW xii TOPIC 1 2 TOPIC 2 40 TOPIC 3 64 TOPIC 4 98 TOPIC 5 128 TOPIC 6 148 TOPIC 7 168 TOPIC 8 184 TOPIC 9 234 TOPIC 10 260 MATHS SKILLS 290 PREPARING FOR YOUR EXAMS 296 COMMAND WORDS 302 GLOSSARY 304 PERIODIC TABLE 308 INDEX 309 F01_IASL_CHEM_44860_PRE_i-xiii.indd 3 01/06/2018 12:44  iv COURSE STRUCTURE UNIT 1:  1D EMPIRICAL  2B THE PERIODIC Uncorrected proof, all content subject to change at publisher discretion. Not for resale, circulation or distribution in whole or in part. ©Pearson 2018 AND MOLECULAR TABLE STRUCTURE, BONDING AND  FORMULAE 1 EMPIRICAL 1 THE PERIODIC TABLE 2 PERIODIC PROPERTIES 56 57 INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC FORMULAE26 2 MOLECULAR FORMULAE 28 THINKING BIGGER60 EXAM PRACTICE62 CHEMISTRY TOPIC 1  1E CALCULATIONS WITH SOLUTIONS TOPIC 3 BONDING AND FORMULAE, EQUATIONS AND  AND GASES 1 MOLAR VOLUME STRUCTURE64 AMOUNT OF SUBSTANCE 2 CALCULATIONS30 2 CONCENTRATIONS  3A IONIC BONDING 1A ATOMS, ELEMENTS OF SOLUTIONS32 3 CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM 34 1 THE NATURE OF IONIC BONDING66 2 IONIC RADII AND AND MOLECULES 4 1B EQUATIONS AND THINKING BIGGER36 EXAM PRACTICE 38 POLARISATION OF IONS  3 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUNDS 69 71  REACTION TYPES 1 WRITING CHEMICAL TOPIC 2 3B COVALENT EQUATIONS6 2 TYPICAL REACTIONS ATOMIC STRUCTURE BONDING OF ACIDS9 3 DISPLACEMENT AND THE PERIODIC TABLE40  1 COVALENT BONDING 2 ELECTRONEGATIVITY 72 REACTIONS11 4 PRECIPITATION  AND BOND POLARITY 3 BONDING IN DISCRETE 75 REACTIONS13 2A ATOMIC  STRUCTURE 1 STRUCTURE OF THE (SIMPLE) MOLECULES 4 DATIVE COVALENT BONDS80 78  1C ENERGY 1 COMPARING MASSES ATOM AND ISOTOPES 2 MASS SPECTROMETRY 42 3C SHAPES OF OF SUBSTANCES16 2 CALCULATIONS AND RELATIVE MASSES OF ATOMS, ISOTOPES  MOLECULES  1 SHAPES OF MOLECULES INVOLVING MOLES18 AND MOLECULES44 3 CALCULATIONS USING 3 ATOMIC ORBITALS AND IONS 2 NON-POLAR AND 82 REACTING MASSES 20 AND ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS48 POLAR MOLECULES84 4 THE YIELD OF A REACTION  22 4 IONISATION ENERGIES 52 5 ATOM ECONOMY 24 F01_IASL_CHEM_44860_PRE_i-xiii.indd 4 01/06/2018 12:44  COURSE STRUCTURE v   3D METALLIC 4B ALKANES Uncorrected proof, all content subject to change at publisher discretion. Not for resale, circulation or distribution in whole or in part. ©Pearson 2018 BONDING 86 1 ALKANES FROM CRUDE OIL 116  3E SOLID LATTICES 2 ALKANES AS FUELS 118  1 INTRODUCTION TO 3 ALTERNATIVE FUELS 120 SOLID LATTICES88 2 STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES92 4 SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS OF ALKANES 122 THINKING BIGGER94 THINKING BIGGER124 EXAM PRACTICE96 EXAM PRACTICE126 TOPIC 4 TOPIC 5 INTRODUCTORY ALKENES 128 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY AND ALKANES 98   5A ALKENES 1 ALKENES AND  4A INTRODUCTION THEIR BONDING 130 TO ORGANIC 2 GEOMETRIC  CHEMISTRY 1 WHAT IS ORGANIC ISOMERISM132 3 ADDITION CHEMISTRY?100 REACTIONS  2 DIFFERENT TYPES OF ALKENES135 OF FORMULAE102 3 FUNCTIONAL GROUPS AND 4 THE MECHANISMS OF ADDITION REACTIONS137 HOMOLOGOUS SERIES104  5B ADDITION  4 NOMENCLATURE 5 STRUCTURAL 106  POLYMERS 1 POLYMERISATION  ISOMERISM109 6 TYPES OF REACTION 7 HAZARDS, RISKS AND 112 REACTIONS140 2 DEALING WITH POLYMER WASTE 142 RISK ASSESSMENTS114 THINKING BIGGER144 EXAM PRACTICE146 F01_IASL_CHEM_44860_PRE_i-xiii.indd 5 01/06/2018 12:44  vi COURSE STRUCTURE UNIT 2: TOPIC 7 8B THE ELEMENTS Uncorrected proof, all content subject to change at publisher discretion. Not for resale, circulation or distribution in whole or in part. ©Pearson 2018 OF GROUPS 1 AND 2  ENERGETICS, INTERMOLECULAR 1 T RENDS IN GROUP CHEMISTRY, FORCES 168 GROUPS 1 AND 2 196 HALOGENOALKANES AND ALCOHOLS  7A INTERMOLECULAR INTERACTIONS 170 2 REACTIONS OF GROUP 1 ELEMENTS 198 3 REACTIONS OF GROUP 2 ELEMENTS 199 TOPIC 6 7B INTERMOLECULAR 4 OXIDES AND ENERGETICS 148 INTERACTIONS HYDROXIDES IN  AND PHYSICAL GROUPS 1 AND 2 201 PROPERTIES 174 5 THERMAL STABILITY 6A INTRODUCING ENTHALPY THINKING BIGGER180 OF COMPOUNDS IN AND ENTHALPY EXAM PRACTICE182 GROUPS 1 AND 2 203 CHANGE 150 6 FLAME TESTS  AND THE TEST FOR TOPIC 8 AMMONIUM IONS 206 6B ENTHALPY LEVEL DIAGRAMS 152 REDOX CHEMISTRY AND GROUPS  8C INORGANIC 1, 2 AND 7184 CHEMISTRY OF 6C STANDARD GROUP 7 ENTHALPY CHANGE OF COMBUSTION 154 8A REDOX CHEMISTRY 1 TRENDS IN GROUP 7 208  1 E LECTRON LOSS 2 REDOX REACTIONS AND GAIN 186 IN GROUP 7 210 6D STANDARD ENTHALPY CHANGE OF 2 ASSIGNING OXIDATION 3 REACTIONS OF NEUTRALISATION 156 NUMBERS188 HALIDES WITH SULFURIC ACID 213  6E STANDARD ENTHALPY CHANGE 3 RECOGNISING REACTIONS USING OXIDATION NUMBERS 190 4 OTHER REACTIONS OF HALIDES  216 OF FORMATION AND 4 OXIDATION NUMBERS HESS’S LAW 158 AND NOMENCLATURE192 8D QUANTITATIVE  5 CONSTRUCTING FULL CHEMISTRY 6F BOND ENTHALPY IONIC EQUATIONS194  AKING STANDARD 1M AND MEAN BOND SOLUTIONS218 ENTHALPY 160 2 DOING TITRATIONS 220  6G USING MEAN BOND ENTHALPIES 161 3 CALCULATIONS FROM TITRATIONS  4 MISTAKES, ERRORS, 222 THINKING BIGGER164 ACCURACY AND PRECISION224 EXAM PRACTICE 166 F01_IASL_CHEM_44860_PRE_i-xiii.indd 6 01/06/2018 12:44  COURSE STRUCTURE vii 5 MEASUREMENT ERRORS TOPIC 10 Uncorrected proof, all content subject to change at publisher discretion. Not for resale, circulation or distribution in whole or in part. ©Pearson 2018 MATHS SKILLS  290 AND MEASUREMENT ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: PREPARING FOR YOUR UNCERTAINTIES226 HALOGENOALKANES, EXAMS296 6 OVERALL MEASUREMENT ALCOHOLS AND COMMAND WORDS302 UNCERTAINTY228 SPECTRA 260 GLOSSARY304 THINKING BIGGER230 PERIODIC TABLE308 EXAM PRACTICE232 10A GENERAL PRINCIPLES INDEX309 IN ORGANIC TOPIC 9 CHEMISTRY 262 INTRODUCTION TO KINETICS AND 10B HALOGENOALKANES EQUILIBRIA234  ALOGENOALKANES AND 1H HYDROLYSIS REACTIONS 264 9A KINETICS 2 COMPARING THE RATES OF HYDROLYSIS REACTIONS 266  EACTION RATE, 1R COLLISION THEORY AND 3 HALOGENOALKANE REACTIONS ACTIVATION ENERGY 236 AND MECHANISMS 268 2 EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION, PRESSURE AND SURFACE 10C ALCOHOLS AREA ON RATE OF  LCOHOLS AND SOME 1A REACTION239 OF THEIR REACTIONS 270 3 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE 2 OXIDATION REACTIONS ON RATE OF REACTION 241 OF ALCOHOLS272 4 EFFECT OF CATALYSTS 3 PURIFYING AN ON RATE OF REACTION 243 ORGANIC LIQUID274 9B EQUILIBRIA 10D MASS SPECTRA  EVERSIBLE 1R AND IR REACTIONS AND  ASS SPECTROMETRY OF 1M DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM 246 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 278 2 EFFECT OF CHANGES IN 2 DEDUCING STRUCTURES CONDITIONS ON EQUILIBRIUM FROM MASS SPECTRA 280 COMPOSITION248 3 INFRARED 3 REVERSIBLE SPECTROSCOPY282 REACTIONS IN INDUSTRY252 4 USING INFRARED SPECTRA284 THINKING BIGGER254 THINKING BIGGER286 EXAM PRACTICE256 EXAM PRACTICE288 F01_IASL_CHEM_44860_PRE_i-xiii.indd 7 01/06/2018 12:44  viii ABOUT THIS BOOK ABOUT THIS BOOK Uncorrected proof, all content subject to change at publisher discretion. Not for resale, circulation or distribution in whole or in part. ©Pearson 2018 This book is written for students following the Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Subsidiary (IAS) Chemistry specification. This book covers the full IAS course and the first year of the International A Level (IAL) course. The book contains full coverage of IAS units (or exam papers) 1 and 2. Students can prepare for the written Practical Paper by using the IAL Chemistry Lab Book (see page x of this book). Each unit has five Topic areas that match the titles and order of those in the specification. You can refer to the Assessment Overview on page xii for further information. Each Topic is divided into chapters and sections to break the content down into manageable chunks. Each section features a mix of learning and activities. Learning objectives Specification reference Worked examples Checkpoint Each chapter starts with a list of The exact specification show you how Questions at the end of each key assessment objectives. points covered in the to work through section check understanding section are provided. questions, and set of the key learning points in out calculations. each chapter. Cross references Exam hints Subject Vocabulary Did you know? These help you reference Tips on how to answer Key terms are highlighted Interesting facts help you past and future learning. exam-style questions in blue in the text. Clear remember the key concepts. and guidance for exam definitions are provided at preparation. the end of each section for easy reference, and are also collated in a glossary at the back of the book. F01_IASL_CHEM_44860_PRE_i-xiii.indd 8 01/06/2018 12:44  ABOUT THIS BOOK ix Uncorrected proof, all content subject to change at publisher discretion. Not for resale, circulation or distribution in whole or in part. ©Pearson 2018 Your learning, Topic by Topic, is always put in context: Links to other areas of Chemistry include previous knowledge that is built on in the topic, and future learning that you will cover later in your course. A checklist details maths knowledge required. If you need to practise these skills, you can use the Maths Skills reference at the back of the book as a starting point. Thinking Bigger At the end of each topic there is an opportunity to read and work with real-life research and writing about science. The activities help you to read real-life material that’s relevant to your course, analyse how scientists write, think critically and consider how different aspects of your learning piece together. Skills These sections will help you