Interior Of The Earth: Structure & Composition PDF

Interior of the Earth Rizalino F. Duoma T3 Interior of the Earth This module will help you visualize and understand the composition and structure of the Earth’s interior. Rizalino F. Du...

Interior of the Earth Rizalino F. Duoma T3 Interior of the Earth This module will help you visualize and understand the composition and structure of the Earth’s interior. Rizalino F. Duoma T3  Key Questions 1. How do the structure and composition of the Earth cause geologic activities and physical changes? 2. What are the possible causes of the lithospheric plate movements? 3. What proves the movement of the tectonic plates?  Key Questions The Earth is made up of three layers: the crust, the mantle, and the core. The study of these layers is mostly done in the Earth’s crust since mechanical probes are impossible due to the tremendous heat and very high pressure underneath the Earth’s surface.  Key Questions Activity No. 1 Objectives: Define seismic waves scientifically. Differentiate the different types of seismic waves. Recognize the importance of seismic waves in the study of the Earth’s interior.  Key Questions Construct your own organizer that shows necessary information and summarizes the concept about seismic waves.  Key Questions 1. Differentiate surface waves from body waves. 2. Which type of waves do you think were useful to seismologists in their study of the Earth’s interior? Explain your answer.  What are seismic waves? 1. Earthquake is a vibration of the Earth produced by the rapid release of energy. 2. This energy radiates in all directions from the focus in the form of waves called seismic waves. What are seismic waves?  Types of Seismic Wave 1.Surface waves 2.Body Waves  Surface Waves Can only travel through the surface of the Earth arrive after the main P and S waves 2 Types of Surface Waves 1.Love Waves 2.Rayleigh Waves  Love Wave Named after A.E.H. Love, a British mathematician who worked out the mathematical model for this kind of wave in 1911.  Love Wave faster than Rayleigh wave it moves the ground in a side-to-side horizontal motion, like that of a snake’s causing the ground to twist  Love Wave cause the most damage to structures during an earthquake. Love Wave  Rayleigh Wave named after John William Strutt, Lord Rayleigh, who mathematically predicted the existence of this kind of wave in 1885  Rayleigh Wave wave rolls along the ground just like a wave rolls across a lake or an ocean up and down or side-to-side similar to the direction of the wave’s movement shaking felt from an earthquake Rayleigh Wave  Body waves can travel through the Earth’s inner layers they are used by scientists to study the Earth’s interior higher frequency than the surface waves  Body waves 2 types P-Waves (Primary waves) S-waves (Secondary waves)  P-waves (Primary) is a pulse energy that travels quickly through the Earth and through liquids travels faster than the S- wave it reaches a detector first  P-waves (Primary) compressional waves, travel by particles vibrating parallel to the direction the wave travel move backward and forward as they are compressed and expanded  S-waves (Secondary/Shear) pulse energy that travels slower than a P-wave through Earth and solids  S-waves (Secondary/Shear) Move as shear or transverse waves, and force the ground to sway from side to side, in rolling motion that shakes the ground back and forth perpendicular to the direction of the waves  S-waves (Secondary/Shear) cannot travel through any liquid medium led seismologists to conclude that the outer core is liquid Seismic Waves movement  Cross section of the Earth as seismic waves travel through it  Cross section of the Earth as seismic waves travel through it Longitudinal waves travel through both solids and liquids. Transverse waves travel through solids only.  Cross section of the Earth as seismic waves travel through it  Cross section of the Earth as seismic waves travel through it P-waves are detected on the other side of the Earth opposite the focus. A shadow zone from 103° to 142° exists from P-waves  Cross section of the Earth as seismic waves travel through it P-waves are detected on the other side of the Earth opposite the focus. A shadow zone from 103° to 142° exists from P-waves  Cross section of the Earth as seismic waves travel through it Since P-waves are detected until 103°, disappear from 103° to 142°, then reappear again, something inside the Earth must be bending the P-wave  Remember existence of a shadow zone, according to German seismologist Beno Gutenberg (ɡuː t ən bɛʁk), could only be explained if the Earth contained a core composed of a material different from that of the mantle causing the bending of the P- waves  Remember To honor him, mantle–core boundary is called Gutenberg discontinuity  Remember From the epicenter, S-waves are detected until 103°, from that point, S- waves are no longer detected S-waves do not travel all throughout the Earth’s body  Remember knowing the properties and characteristics of S-waves (that it cannot travel through liquids), and with the idea that P-waves are bent to some degree, this portion must be made of liquid, thus THE OUTER CORE  Remember 1936, the innermost layer of the Earth was predicted by Inge Lehmann, a Danish seismologist discovered a new region of seismic reflection within the core Earth has a core within a core  Remember the outer part of the core is liquid based from the production of an S wave shadow and the inner part must be solid with a different density than the rest of the surrounding material  OUR HOME PLANET, EARTH Our Earth is about average among the planets in the Solar System, in many respects: OUR HOME PLANET, EARTH Our Earth is about average among the planets in the Solar System, in many respects: OUR HOME PLANET, EARTH largest and most massive of the four terrestrial planets, but smaller and less massive than the four giant, or Jovian, planets OUR HOME PLANET, EARTH third in distance from the Sun among the four terrestrial planets OUR HOME PLANET, EARTH has a moderately dense atmosphere; 90 times less dense than that of Venus but 100 times denser than that of Mars OUR HOME PLANET, EARTH OUR HOME PLANET, EARTH Geology -the study of the structure, history, and activity of the solid Earth, including its interactions with the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, and biosphere The Composition of the Earth’s Interior The Composition of the Earth’s Interior The Composition of the Earth’s Interior The Composition of the Earth’s Interior The Composition of the Earth’s Interior The Composition of the Earth’s Interior The Composition of the Earth’s Interior thinnest and the outermost layer of the Earth that extends from the surface to about 32 kilometers below Continental Oceanic The Composition of the Earth’s Interior The Composition of the Earth’s Interior mainly made up of silicon, oxygen, aluminum, calcium, sodium, and potassium mostly 35-40 kilometers found under land masses made of less dense rocks such as granite The Composition of the Earth’s Interior oceanic crust is around 7-10 kilometers thick which its average thickness is 8 kilometers. found under the ocean floor made of dense rocks such as basalt heavier than the continental crust. The Composition of the Earth’s Interior oceanic crust is around 7-10 kilometers thick which its average thickness is 8 kilometers. found under the ocean floor made of dense rocks such as basalt heavier than the continental crust. The Composition of the Earth’s Interior GRANITE -crystalline igneous rock composed primarily of quartz and feldspar. forms from slowly cooling magma that is subjected to extreme pressures deep beneath the earth's. The Composition of the Earth’s Interior BASALT -volcanic rock forms from lava flows along mid-ocean ridges and also in igneous intrusions such as dikes and sills. Columnar jointing, pictured here at Devil's Tower, Wyoming, occurs when molten basalt cracks as it cools, producing separate, polygonal fractures on the surface of the rock. The Composition of the Earth’s Interior The Composition of the Earth’s Interior While studying the speed of earthquake waves, Croatian geophysicist Andrija Mohorovičić discovers a boundary between Earth's crust and mantle, which becomes known as the Mohorovičić, or Moho, Discontinuity.