SCIENCE 10 Q1 Earth Science Reviewer.pdf

SCIENCE 10 Q1 Earth Science Reviewer -Faster than surface wave. Earth and Space -AKA shear wave or transverse. Earth Science -Up and down roll side. -Deals with the earth or with...

SCIENCE 10 Q1 Earth Science Reviewer -Faster than surface wave. Earth and Space -AKA shear wave or transverse. Earth Science -Up and down roll side. -Deals with the earth or with one or more of its parts. -Can travel through solid and reach mantle. 4 major branches Magnitude Geology -Measures the energy. -Study of earth’s rocks and its composition. -Written in Hindu Arabic. Meteorology Richter Scale -Study of weather and climate. -Measures energy waves. Oceanography -Charles Richter (April 26, 1990 – Sept 30, 1985). -Study of ocean and water bodies. Intensity Astronomy -Measures the strength of shaking. -Study of space and its phenomenal bodies. -Written in Roman Numeral Lithosphere Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale -Contains crust and upper mantle. -Measures earthquakes size by damage done. -Rocky layer. -Size diminishes as we move away from epicenter. -Rigid and brittle. -Damage and what you feel is dependent on; Substrate Lithospheric Plate Material and Building Material. -Move around on top of the mantle. Focus Plate Boundaries -Origin of an earthquake underneath the earth’s surface. -Are margins that divides earth’s lithosphere into several -Hypocenter. segments. Epicenter -Make us identify the plates on a tectonic map. - Origin of an earthquake above the earth’s surface. Major Plates -Receives the highest Seismic Energy. -7 Plates (Pacific, North American, Eurasian, African, Seismograph Antarctic, Australian, South American). -Instrument or tool used to detect earthquakes. -Area must be greater than 20 mil squared kilometer. Seismogram Minor Plates -Printed out copies of seismograph. -7 Plates (Nazca, Arabian, Caribbean, Cocos, Juan de Fuca, Triangulation Method Scotla, Philippine Sea). -Locates the Epicenter of an earthquake. -Area must be less than 20 mil squared kilometer but greater -Uses three seismic recording stations that can tell how far than 1 mil squared kilometer. away from them the earthquake that occurred. Micro Plates Distance Information -Area must be less than 1 mil squared kilometer. -Determined using the time difference in the arrival time. Philippine Mobile Plate Point of Intersection -Complex portion between Eurasian and the Philippine Sea -Origin or the epicenter. plate. Fault Earthquake -Zone of fractures between two blocks of rock -Vibration of the earth’s crust. Fracture -Produced by rapid released of seismic energy. -Faults without history of earthquake -Geologic event. Department of Science and Technology (DOST) Seismic Waves/Energy Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology -Energy released by an earthquake. (PHIVOLCS) Types of Seismic Waves -Monitors volcanoes, earthquakes, and tsunami activities. Surface Waves *Most of the recorded earthquake epicenter are sited along -Slowest movement. the plate boundaries* -Earth surface/Crust. *Most of the active volcanoes in the world are located Love Wave along the plate boundaries* -Named after Agustus Edward Hough Love (A.E.H.). Pacific Ring of Fire -Slightly faster. -Place on earth that experiences a lot of earthquakes and -Most damaging/cause. volcanic eruptions 90% seismic activities 70% volcanoes. -Horizontal motion and side-to-side like a snake. Plate Tectonic Theory Rayleigh Wave -The theory that suggests that all plates are moving at a -Named After John William Strutt Lord Rayleigh. constant direction but in a slow manner. -Slowest wave. Plates -Up and down or side to side in circular motion. -Broken segments. Body Waves -Rigid sections of earth’s lithosphere. -Earth’s interior. Tectonic Primary Waves -Movements of plates. -Fastest wave. -Latin – Tectonicus, Greek – Tektonikos. -AKA compressional waves. -Dynamic. -In parallel direction forward and backward. Plate Tectonics -Can travel through solid, liquid, and gas. -Folding and faulting of the earth’s crust. -Reach earth’s mantle and outer core. Type of Plate Secondary Wave Oceanic Crust - -Denser. -Earthquake. -Tsunamis. -Made of Basalt. Geologic Features -Only 10 km crust thick. -Trench. -Volcanoes. -Thinnest. Oceanic Crust >< Oceanic Crust -Uppermost layer of the oceanic portion. -Strong earthquake happens on the ocean floor. -Found under the ocean floor. Tsunamis Continental Crust -Sudden movement of the plates on the ocean floor. -Less dense. Trench -Made of Granite. -Deep region formed as the collision continues. -Only 20 km – 60 km crust thick. -Two boundaries meet. -Light color and coarse. *Older and Denser will subduct and will go to -Outermost layer of earth’s lithosphere. Asthenosphere* -Makes up the planet’s continent and continental shelves. Volcanic Arc Underwater -Landmass. -Formed as the magma rises and reaches the ocean floor. Types of Plate Boundaries Lava Convergent Boundary -Magma that reaches the earth surface. -Collision of plates. Young Underwater Volcanoes -Destructive kind. Island Arc -Earth’s crust is destroyed. -Group of older volcanoes surrounded by water. Divergent boundary Parts of the Philippines are formed in Oceanic – Oceanic -Separating of plates. Results -Constructive kind. Geologic Events - Formation of new crust. -Earthquakes -Tsunamis -Earthquakes are common. Geologic Features -Wider ocean floor. -Trenches. -Young Volcanoes underwater. -Older volcanoes. Transform fault Boundary -Older Volcanoes are surrounded by water. -Island Arc or -Sliding of plates. chain of volcanoes. -Conservative kind. Continental Crust >< Continental Crust -Earth’s crust is not created nor destroyed. *Never exhibit the process of subduction. Continental -Most transform fault are found in the ocean basin. Crust is less dense and only floats on asthenosphere* -Rocks are displaced along the shearing zone. *No Tsunamis, Trench, and Volcanic Chains only occurs Fracture Zone when oceanic crust is present* -Forms a transform plate boundary aka transform fault. Earthquakes Shear Zone Mountain Ranges -Shallow earthquakes happen frequently. -Group or chain of mountains that are close together. -Massive rocks are torn apart and displaced tens to hundred High Plateau miles away along this area. -Area of highland. -High Plain or Table Land. Convergent Boundary (The Colliding Plates) Results Continental Crust >< Oceanic Crust Geologic Events -Strong earthquake. -Earthquakes. -Tsunamis (possibilities). Geologic Features Tsunami -Mountain Ranges. -High Plateau. -Tidal waves. -Earthquakes under the ocean floor (Seaquake). Divergent Boundaries (The Dividing Plates) Tsu Continental Crust Continental Crust -Harbor. -Happens when land breaks apart. Nami *Crust is heated and expanded; broad area is uplifted* -Wave. *Normal Faults are Observed, Rift Valleys is formed* *During Collision, Oceanic Crust moves down* *New Oceanic Crust and New Ocean are formed; erosion Trenches reduces height of flanking continent* -Lowest point of the ocean floor. *Crust, thinned by erosion, cools contracts, and sinks Subduction/Subduction Zone beneath the sea* -Thinner yet denser oceanic crust is pushed under and go to Rift Valley the mantle. -A lowland region that forms where Earth’s tectonic plates -Found on the upper part of the mantle, the asthenosphere. move apart, or rift. -High temperature, oceanic crust melts and turn into magma. -Found both on land and at the bottom of the ocean, where Asthenosphere they are created by the process of seafloor spreading. -Part of the mantle that flows and moves the plates of the Rift Volcanoes earth. -Form when magma rises into the gap between diverging Volcanic Arc plates. -Volcanic arcs are formed in the land. Results Results Geologic Features Geologic Events -Rift Valley. -Rift Volcanoes. -Normal Faults. Oceanic Crust Oceanic Crust Results -Leads to seafloor spreading. Geological Feature *When divergent boundary occurs beneath oceanic -San Andreas Fault System, California. -Narrow, linear fault lithosphere, the rising convection current below lifts the at Earth’s Surface. -Linear Valley -Rock Displacement. - lithosphere* Unlike movies, movements of this plate don’t generate a gap *Extensional Forces stretch the lithosphere and produce a or chasm at earth’s surface. deep fissure* Geological Events *Create a crack (rift valley) and Mid-Ocean ridge* -Shallow Earthquake/Earthquakes. *Magma (hot molten rocks) rises* *Lava solidifies creating new crust, seafloor becomes Hotspots wider* -A small area or region with relatively hot temperature. Convection Current -Located over a mantle plume. -Driving mechanism of plate tectonics. -Surface expression of the mantle plume. -Hotter and lesser dense particle rise and cooler and denser Anomalous volcanism particles sink. -Formation of hot spot volcanoes. -Hot less dense rising material spreads out as it reaches the -If volcanoes are formed neither convergence nor mantle causing upward and sideward forces in divergent divergence. boundaries. -Formed in the middle of the Plate. -Downward movement of the convection current occurs long Hot spot Volcanoes a convergent boundary where the sinking force push the -Appear on a lithospheric plate passing a great tectonic plate downward. concentration of heat connected to a mantle plume. Mid-Ocean Ridge/Mid-Oceanic Ridge -High temperature melts crust and releases hot molten -An underwater mountain ranged. materials. Underwater Rift Valleys Volcanic Chain -Point where hot molten rock rises and turn into mid-ocean -Result of continuous slow movement of the plate. ridge. Mantle Plume Formation of New Crust -Are tube like areas where heat and molten rocks in the -Underwater eruption, the molten lava comes indirect mantle are rising towards the surface. contact with cold seawater. As it solidifies, mountain ranges *The farthest volcano has been formed first and has underwater or mid-ocean ridges are formed. become inactive as it moves away from the hot spot* Ridges of the World *The youngest and most active volcano is the newest -Mid Atlantic Ridge volcano, and it is located just above the magma source* -Mount Hekla, Iceland Active Volcanoes -The Land of Ice and Fire -Volcanoes that have recent eruption or volcanoes erupting *Splitting plates assure continuous supply of new crust* at the moment. *Newest and Youngest Crust; found nearest the crack* Dormant Volcanoes Results -Volcanoes are not erupting but scientists suppose that these Geologic Features volcanoes will erupt again -Mid-Ocean Ridge. -Underwater Rift Valleys. Extinct Volcanoes Geologic Events -Volcanoes found fat from the hot spot and have not erupted -Formation of new crust. for 10,000 years. Seamounts Transform Fault Boundaries (The Sliding Plates) -Underwater extinct volcanoes. -Most of the transform fault boundaries occur at the ocean Atoll basin. -A ring-shaped reef, island, or chain of islands formed of -The Caribbean Plate is sliding east-northeast about 0.8 in coral. (2 cm) per year relative to the North American Plate. Both -Ring of coral formed around an extinct underwater volcano. plates are capped by oceanic crust. Hawaiian Islands -Virgin Islands National Park is a sheared-up landscape -Are products of hotspot activities in the middle of the forming as the Caribbean Plate slides eastward past the Pacific Plate. oceanic part of the North American Plate. Kilauea and Mauna Loa -Kilauea is the most active volcano. Oceanic Crust - Oceanic Crust -Mauna Loa erupted in 1984. -Only few gliding continental-continental boundaries. -Kilauea’s last eruption was from 1983 – 2018. -Frequent earthquakes. -Formation of fault along a linear or narrow valley. Four Layers of the Earth San Andreas Fault Crust -Gliding plates of Pacific Plate and North American Plate. -Solid, outermost layer of the earth. -Not only destructive earthquakes but for the spectacular -Rockes, mainly silicates. scenery of the San Francisco Bay Area and other coastal -Thickness range 8 km under the bottom of the ocean, 35 km region of California. under a continent. Airpline Fault -Gets deeper for 100m, temperature increased by 2oC to 3oC -Transform boundary between the Pacific Plate and the -Inner = warmer than its surface. Indo-Australian Plate. -Continental Crust and Oceanic Crust. Mantle -References used: Book, Lecture, PPT of Ma’am, Videos by -Beneath the crust. Ma’am- -2900 km thick and composed of molten rocks. -Good luck and God bless- -Upper mantle composed of molten rocks (Asthenosphere). Core -For reviewing purposes only- -Innermost part of the earth. -BCHS STE 10 – Rizal Student- Outer Core -Composed of liquid Fe and Ni. -Melted because of the temperature of inner core. Inner Core -Solid Central part of the earth. -Composed of solid Ni and Fe. -550oC. -Solidified due to high pressure. Plate Movement and Its Causes (Book) Mantle Convection -Process by which the heat from the inner and outer core is transferred to the mantle. Ridge Push -Pushing force that plates experience as they slide down the asthenosphere. Slab Pull -Force which makes the sinking edges of the plates pull the other plate to sink in the asthenosphere. Continental Drift Theory -Suggested that continents had been displaced over a period of time. Pangea -Continents were once a single landmass. Gondwanaland -Has become South America, Africa, Australia, and Antarctica. -The Southern Supercontinent. Laurasia -Has become North America, Europe, and Asia. -The Northen Supercontinent. Evidences of Plate Movement Fossils of Plant and Animals -Cases when sought fossils were unearthed in most parts of the world, as is they were intentionally scattered. Paleontologists -People who study fossils of dead organisms. Deep-seas sediments -Left sediments behind in the ocean floor as fossils on the edges of the continent. Igneous rocks -Secondary source of fossils. -Formed due to the rising and cooling of magma. River Sediments -As water from the rivers flow across the continents, sediments are deposited as fossils and they build up at the edges of the continents. Fossils in Terranes -Fossils found in some terranes serve as evidence of plate movement. Terranes -A large block of Lithospheric Plate attached at the edge of a continent that has been moved. -Located on all continents. _________________________________________________ Notes from the writer: -May or may not include unintentional mistakes/errors-