Unit 6 Study Guide PDF

Unit 6 Study Guide Lab Safety and Equipment: List 3 safety rules: 1. Wear goggles at all times 2. Wear closed toed shoes 3. No food Name scientific equipment used to measure: Mass: triple beam balance Volume: graduated cylinder...

Unit 6 Study Guide Lab Safety and Equipment: List 3 safety rules: 1. Wear goggles at all times 2. Wear closed toed shoes 3. No food Name scientific equipment used to measure: Mass: triple beam balance Volume: graduated cylinder Temperature: thermometer Scientific Method: 1.​ Problem or purpose or question 2.​ Research- internet or books 3.​ Hypothesis- educated guess 4.​ Experiment- test the hypothesis 5.​ Observations- what happens in the experiment 6. Data analysis/ Results: observations of the experiment 7. Conclusion- summary of question How do Geologists learn about Earth’s interior? By studying seismic waves Earth Systems, Layers of the Earth and Heat Transfer: What are the 4 spheres of the Earth? Explain each one. 1.​ Geosphere- land 2.​ Hydrosphere- water 3.​ Atmosphere- air 4. Biosphere- living things List the Earth’s Layers and two details about each layer: 1.​ Inner core- ​ Solid ​ hottest 2.​ Outer core- ​ Iron ​ Nickel 3.​ Mantle- ​ Thickest layer ​ 3 layers: upper mantle (asthenosphere, lithosphere), central mantle, lower mantle  4.​ Crust: ( Oceanic and Continental) ​ Thinnest layer ​ Solid How do convection currents occur in the Earth’s mantle? The temperature difference between the hot core and cooler upper mantle cause dense material to sink and less dense to rise leading to movement in the mantle What are 2 results of convection currents? 1.​ Hotter temperature rises 2.​ Lower temperature sinks What are the 3 forms of heat transfer? Define. Give an example. 1.​ Convection: ** Mantle** warm rises, cool sinks’ heat circulates Ex.- hot air balloon 2.​ Conduction: heat moves through an object- liquid hot = spoon hot Ex.- frying veggies 3.​ Radiation- sun, fire; transfer of heat between objects Ex.- grilling Continental Drift, Plate Tectonics, Earthquakes and Volcanoes: Explain evidence for continental drift and plate tectonics: What are two ways geologists learn about the Earth’s interior? 1.​ Earthquakes 2.​ Volcanoes Identify types of plate boundaries: Type Force Fault related to What happens at Responsible boundary boundary Divergent Faults moving Mid Atlantic Ridge New crust is formed- apart canyons, valleys, Great Rift Valley cracks, sea floor (Africa) spreading Convergent Plates come Mountains: Mountains form together Andes Himalaya Volcanoes if one plate slides under another (subduction) Transform Plates slide San Andreas Fault Earthquakes past each other Faults OR lock in place building pressure Describe what happens when an Earthquake occurs? Energy builds up at faults because of tectonic plate movement. When a rock slips, energy is released in the form of an earthquake. Label: epicenter, focus, fault. Seismograph: Instrument- that records seismic waves Seismogram: ​ Readings or print out of earthquake activity, shows p-waves, s waves and surface waves Types of waves: Type Description How it travels P-waves Fastest Through solid rock AND (primary) 1st on seismogram liquid Back and forth S-waves Second on seismogram Through solid rock NOT (Shear) Feel them liquid Up and down; side to side Surface After body waves On Earth’s crust Waves Cause damage and destruction Richter Scale: ​ ​ Measures: Earthquakes on a 1-10 scale -​ Each decimal level is 10X higher -​ More scientific- based on seismogram reading Mercalli Scale: Measures: I- XII- Roman numerals -​ Based on observations -​ Not as scientific Label main parts of a volcano: Name 3 types of volcanoes and describe. Type Description Cone shaped sides Cinder Cone Steep Bowl shaped crater on top (Mexico) Looks like a shield Shield Lava spreads evenly in all directions Lava cools- rock forms (Hawaii) Layers form stratovolcano Sloping sides Composite Curved sides; gradual progressing to steep sides Alternating layers of ash, cinder, rock gas ( Mt. St. Helen’s Intense eruptions Vesuvius Krakatoa)