Fundamentals of Information System Notes (Chapter 1-3) PDF

Fundamentals of Information System DCIT 50 BSCS 2-2 | 1ST SEMESTER ✿ Reliable - can be trusted by its users ✿ Secure - cannot be accessed by unauthorized I. A...

Fundamentals of Information System DCIT 50 BSCS 2-2 | 1ST SEMESTER ✿ Reliable - can be trusted by its users ✿ Secure - cannot be accessed by unauthorized I. An Introduction to Information Systems in users Organizations Overview: ✿ Simple - not complex and sophisticated I. An Introduction to Information Systems ✿ Timely - delivered when it is needed A. Data, Information, and Knowledge ✿ Verifiable - correct and can pass authenticity B. The Value of Information check C. Characteristics of Quality Information II. What is an Information System? What is an Information System? III. Fundamental Types of IS IV. Information Systems in Organizations ✿ An information system (IS) is a set of V. Value Chains interrelated elements that: VI. Changes in the Organization ❀ Collect (input) A. Types of innovation ❀ Process B. BPR vs. Kaizen ❀ Store VII. Soft Side of Implementing Change ❀ Disseminate data and information A. Lewin’s Change Model ❀ Provides a feedback mechanism to monitor B. Lewin’s Force Field Analysis C. Leavitt’s Diamond and control its operation to make sure it D. Technology acceptance model (TAM) continues to meet its goals and objectives E. Diffusion of Innovation Theory ✿ A computer-based information system (CBIS) VIII. Successful IS workers must… is a single set of hardware, software, databases, A. Important technical skills for IS workers networks, people, and procedures IX. Primary functions of the IS organization ❀ Configured to collect, manipulate, store, and A. Typical IS Titles and Functions process data into information B. Operations group functions C. Development group functions ❀ Supported by the organization’s technology D. Support group functions infrastructure Fundamental Types of IS An Introduction to Information Systems ✿ Personal IS – IS that improve the productivity of ✿ Information − an organization’s most valuable individual users resources; Often confused with the term data ✿ Group IS – IS that improve communications and ✿ Data - raw facts support collaboration among members of a ✿ Information - collection of data organized in workgroup such a way that they have value beyond the ✿ Enterprise IS – IS that organizations use to define facts themselves structured interactions among their own ✿ Knowledge - awareness and understanding of a employees and/or external customers, suppliers, set of information and the ways it can be made government agencies, etc. useful to support a task ✿ For each type of IS, certain key organizational ❀ process of defining relationships among complements must be in place: data to create useful information requires ❀ Well-trained workers knowledge ❀ System support ✿ Valuable information helps people perform ❀ Better teamwork tasks more efficiently and effectively ❀ Redesigned processes ❀ Inaccurate data can result in loss of ❀ New decision rights potential new customers and reduced customer satisfaction Characteristics of Quality Information ✿ Accessible - can be obtained in the right format and at the right time ✿ Accurate - free from errors ✿ Complete - contains all the important facts ✿ Economical - the cost of producing this information must be equivalent to its value ✿ Flexible - can be used in a variety of purposes ✿ Relevant - important to the decision maker Fundamentals of Information System DCIT 50 BSCS 2-2 | 1ST SEMESTER Information Systems in Organizations ✿ Organization - a group of people that is Types of innovation structured and managed to meet its mission or ✿ Sustaining innovation - results in enhancements set of group goals to existing products, services, and ways of ❀ There are relationships between members operating of the organization and their various ❀ Enable an organization to continually activities increase profits, lower costs, and gain ❀ Processes are defined that assign roles, market share responsibilities, and authority to complete ✿ Disruptive innovation - one that initially provides the various activities a lower level of performance than the ✿ Organizations are open systems marketplace has grown to accept ❀ They affect and are affected by their ❀ Over time, improved to provide new surrounding environments performance characteristics Value Chains Changes in the Organization ✿ Value chain - a series (chain) of activities that ✿ Reengineering an organization performs to transform inputs into ❀ process redesign and business process outputs reengineering (BPR) ❀ The value of the input is increased ❀ Involves the radical redesign of business ✿ Supply chain - key value chain in a processes, organizational structures, manufacturing organization information systems, and values of the ✿ Supply chain management (SCM) - organization to achieve a breakthrough in encompasses all the activities required to get the business results right product into the right consumer’s hands in ✿ Continuous improvement (Kaizen) - Constantly the right quantity at the right time and at the seeking ways to improve business processes and right cost add value to products and services ✿ Supply chain organizations are “linked” together through both physical flows and information Soft Side of Implementing Change flows ✿ This involves work designed to help employees ✿ The information system can play an integral role embrace a new information system and way of in the supply chain process: working ❀ Providing input ✿ Change management model ❀ Aiding product transformation ❀ Describes the phases an individual or ❀ Producing output organization goes through in making a change Changes in the Organization ❀ Provides principles for successful ✿ Innovation - the application of new ideas to the implementation of change products, processes, and activities of a firm, leading to increased value Lewin’s Change Model ❀ A catalyst for the growth and success of an ✿ Consists of a three-stage approach for change: organization 1. Unfreezing - preparing for change ✿ Can lead to cutting-edge products 2. Moving/Changing - making the change ❀ New revenue streams 3. Refreezing - institutionalizing ❀ Increased profits Fundamentals of Information System DCIT 50 BSCS 2-2 | 1ST SEMESTER Lewin’s Force Field Analysis ✿ Identifies both the driving (positive) and restraining (negative) forces that influence whether change can occur ❀ Driving forces - beliefs, expectations, and cultural norms that tend to encourage a change and give it momentum ❀ Restraining forces - those that make it difficult to accept a change or to work to Successful IS workers must... implement a change ✿ Enjoy working in a fast-paced, dynamic environment ✿ Meet deadlines and solving unexpected challenges ✿ Possess good communication skills (verbal and written) ✿ Have solid analytical and decision-making skills ✿ Develop effective team and leadership skills ✿ Be adept at implementing organization change ✿ Be prepared to engage in life-long learning in a rapidly changing field Leavitt’s Diamond Important technical skills for IS workers ✿ A theory that proposes that every organizational ✿ Capability to analyze large amounts of system is made up of 4 main components— structured and unstructured data people, tasks, structure, and technology — with ✿ Skills in designing and building applications an interaction among the 4 components ✿ Technical support expertise ✿ Project management skills ✿ Knowledge of networking and cloud computing ✿ Ability to audit systems and implement necessary security measures ✿ Knowledge of data center operations Primary functions of the IS organization Technology acceptance model (TAM) ✿ Specifies the factors that can lead to better attitudes about the information system Diffusion of Innovation Theory Typical IS Titles and Functions ✿ Developed by E.M. Rogers; explains how a new ✿ Chief information officer (CIO) - employs the IS idea or product gains acceptance and diffuses department’s equipment and personnel to help (or spreads) through a specific population or the organization attain its goals subset of an organization ✿ Senior IS Managers - central role is to communicate with other areas of the organization to determine changing business needs ❀ Vice president of information systems Fundamentals of Information System DCIT 50 BSCS 2-2 | 1ST SEMESTER ❀ Manager of information systems ❀ Chief technology officer (CTO) “Those parts of the system that you hit with a hammer (not advised) are called “hardware”; those Operations group functions that you can only curse ar called “software” ✿ Data center managers are responsible for the - Anonymous maintenance and operation of the organization’s computing facilities Hardware ✿ System operators run and maintain IS ✿ Digital devices that you can touch: equipment ❀ Desktop computers, Laptop computers, ✿ IS security analysts are responsible for Mobile phones, Tablets, E-readers, Storage maintaining the security and integrity of their devices such as USB drives organizations’ systems and data ❀ Input devices such as keyboard, mouse, ✿ Local area network (LAN) administrators set up scanners, or stylus and manage the network hardware, software, ❀ Output devices such as printers and and security speakers Development group functions Digital Devices ✿ Software developers write the software that ✿ Digital technologies are being integrated into customers and employees use many everyday objects (e.g. ref with monitor or ✿ Systems analysts consult with management screen) and users, and convey system requirements to ✿ Processes electronic signals into discrete values, software developers and network architects typically known as binary ✿ Programmers convert a program design ❀ These values are represented as either a 1 developed by a systems analyst or software (“on”) or a 0 (“off”). developer into one of many computer languages ❀ Each one or zero is referred to as a bit (a ✿ Web developers design and maintain Web sites, blending of the two words “binary” and including site layout and function, to meet the “digit”). client’s requirements ❀ A group of eight bits is known as a byte. Support group functions Anatomy of a computer ✿ Database administrators (DBAs) design and set up databases to meet an organization’s needs ✿ System support specialists respond to telephone calls, email, and other inquiries from computer users regarding hardware, software, networking, or other IS-related problems or needs. II. Hardware and Software Central Processing Unit (CPU) Overview: ✿ Part of the computer that sequences and I. Hardware executes instructions A. Digital Devices ✿ Arithmetic/logic unit, the control unit, and the B. Anatomy of a Computer register areas a. CPU ✿ Each processor produces a series of electronic b. Multiprocessing pulses at a predetermined rate, called the clock c. Moore’s Law d. Main Memory speed, which governs the speed at which these e. Secondary Data Storage Devices steps are completed f. Enterprise Storage Options ❀ Often measured in gigahertz (GHz): billions g. Input and Output Devices of cycles per second h. Hardware Trends II. Software Multiprocessing A. Software Sphere of Influence ✿ Involves the simultaneous execution of two or B. Systems Software C. Application Software more instructions at the same time D. Software Trends Fundamentals of Information System DCIT 50 BSCS 2-2 | 1ST SEMESTER ❀ Coprocessors – speeds processing by ❀ Allow the user to provide data and executing specific types of instructions while instructions to the computer and to receive the CPU works on another processing activity results from it ❀ Multicore processor – has two or more ❀ Are part of a computer’s user interface independent processing units, called cores ✿ Desired characteristics ❀ Input devices: allow accurate and rapid Moore’s Law entry ✿ The number of transistors on a chip will double ❀ Output devices: produce timely results every 2 years, or the amount of computing power and storage capacity will double every 2 years, Input Devices while the components become smaller ✿ Keyboard, Mouse, Speech-Recognition Technology, Scanning Devices, Optical Data Main Memory Readers, Point-of-sale (POS) Devices, Radio ✿ Provides the processor with a working storage Frequency Identification (RFID) Devices, Pen Input area to hold program instructions and data Devices, Touch Screen ✿ Its chief function is to rapidly provide data and instructions to the CPU. Output Devices ❀ Organizations must invest in a sufficient ✿ Display Screens - Used to show output from the amount of main memory; also need large computer amounts of secondary storage to hold the ✿ Printers and Plotters huge quantities of data that cannot fit within ❀ Two main types of printers: laser, inkjet the limits of main memory ❀ Plotters are used for general design work – blueprints, schematics, and drawings of Secondary Data Storage Devices buildings ✿ Devices that store large amounts of data, ❀ 3D Printers – creates a three-dimensional instructions, and information more permanently model of an object using strands of a plastic than allowed with memory filament or synthetic powder ✿ Secondary storage is not directly accessible by the CPU Hardware Trends ❀ Computers usually use input/output ✿ The Mobile Platform channels to access secondary storage and ❀ Has taken on many functions of PCs then transfer the desired data to transmitting data, surfing the web, intermediate areas in primary storage transmitting email and instant messages, ✿ Most common forms displaying digital content, and exchanging ❀ Magnetic data ❀ Optical ❀ Smartphones, netbooks, tablet computers, ❀ Solid state digital e-book readers, wearable smart devices Enterprise Storage Options ✿ Consumerization of IT and BYOD ✿ Large secondary storage ❀ Bring Your Own Device ✿ Forms of enterprise storage: ❀ New information technology that first ❀ Storage area networks (SANs) emerges in the consumer market spreads ❁ A high-speed, special-purpose network into business organizations, including use of that integrates different types of data mobile platforms and software services in storage devices into a single storage business system and connects that to computing ✿ High-performance computing and processors resources across an entire organization ❀ Quantum computing ❀ Storage as a Service ❀ Nanotechnology ❁ A data storage model where a data ❀ High-performance power-saving processors storage service provider rents space to ✿ Virtualization individuals and organizations; accessed ❀ The process of presenting a set of via the Internet computing resources so that they can all be accessed in ways that are not restricted by Input and Output Devices physical configuration or geographic ✿ Input and output devices: location. Fundamentals of Information System DCIT 50 BSCS 2-2 | 1ST SEMESTER Application Software Hardware Platform Trends ✿ Its primary function is to apply the power of the ✿ Cloud Computing computer to enable people, workgroups, and the ❀ A model of computing in which computer entire enterprise to solve problems and perform processing, storage, software, and other specific tasks services are provided as a shared pool of ❀ Word Processing virtualized resources over a network, ❀ Spreadsheet Analysis primarily the Internet. ❀ Database Applications ✿ Edge computing ❀ Presentation Graphics Program ❀ Allows data from internet of things (IoT) ❀ Software Suites and Integrated Software devices to be analyzed at the edge of the Packages network before being sent to a data center ❀ Software for creating Web pages and sites, or cloud composing music, and editing photos and videos Hardware Trends ❀ Educational and reference ✿ Green Computing ❀ Entertainment, games, and leisure ❀ Also called green IT; a program concerned ❀ Computer-assisted design (CAD) with the efficient and environmentally ❀ Statistical software: SPSS and SAS responsible design, manufacture, operation, and disposal of IS-related products Software Trends ❁ Reduce the use of hazardous material ✿ Open Source Software ❁ Allow companies to lower their power- ❀ Free and can be modified by users, not related costs restricted to any specific OS or hardware ❁ Enable safe disposal or recycling of technology; derived from the original code equipment must also be free ✿ Cloud-based Software Services and Tools Software ❀ Apps – software programs developed for ✿ Consists of computer programs that control the the mobile platform workings of computer hardware ❀ Mashups – software application that ✿ Software can be divided into two types: integrates functionality and data from ❀ System software – includes operating multiple applications to create a new, system (OS), utilities, and middleware that customized application coordinate the activities and functions of the hardware and other programs ❀ Application software – programs that help III. Database and Big Data users solve particular computing problems. Overview: I. Why learn about databases and big data? Software Sphere of Influence II. Data Fundamentals ✿ Sphere of influence - the scope of problems and III. Hierarchy of Data IV. Important Database Concepts opportunities addressed by a particular V. The Database Approach organization. VI. Database Management Systems A. Capabilities of DBMS B. Non Relational DBMS C. Blockchain D. Big Data a. Sources of Big Data b. Big Data Uses Systems Software c. Technologies Used to Process Big ✿ Controls the operations of computer hardware Data ✿ Supports the application programs’ d. Hadoop problem-solving capabilities VII. Data Management ✿ Types of systems software A. Data Governance ❀ Operating systems ❀ Utility programs ❀ Middleware Fundamentals of Information System DCIT 50 BSCS 2-2 | 1ST SEMESTER Why learn about databases and big data? ✿ Organizations and individuals capture enormous The Database Approach amounts of data from different sources every ✿ Database approach to data management day ❀ Information systems share a pool of related ✿ It is important to know where all this data come data from, where it goes, how it is safeguarded, and ❀ Offers the ability to share data and how you can use it to your advantage information resources ✿ Regardless of your field of study/specialization, ❀ A database management system (DBMS) is using database systems and big data will likely required be a critical part of your job Data Fundamentals ✿ Without data and the ability to process it: ❀ An organization could not successfully complete most business activities ✿ Data consists of raw facts ✿ Data must be organized in a meaningful way to transform it into useful information Hierarchy of Data Database Management Systems ✿ A bit (binary digit) represents a circuit that is ✿ Interface between applications and physical either on or off data files ✿ A byte is made up of eight bits ✿ Solves problems of traditional file environment ❀ Each byte represents a character ❀ Controls redundancy ✿ Field - a name, number, or combination of ❀ Eliminates inconsistency characters that describes an aspect of a ❀ Uncouples programs and data business object or activity ❀ Enables organizations to centrally manage ✿ Record - a collection of related data fields data and security ✿ File - a collection of related records ✿ Database - a collection of integrated and related files Capabilities of DBMS ✿ Data definition - specifies structure of database content, used to create tables and define characteristics of fields ✿ Data dictionary - automated or manual file Important Database Concepts storing definitions of data elements and their ✿ Entity - a person, place, or thing for which data is characteristics collected, stored, and maintained ✿ Data manipulation language - used to add, ✿ Attribute - a characteristic of an entity change, delete, retrieve data from database ✿ Data item - the specific value of an attribute ❀ Structured Query Language ✿ Primary key - a field or set of fields that uniquely ✿ Many DBMS have report generation capabilities identifies the record for creating polished reports Non Relational DBMS ✿ Also known as NoSQL or Not Only SQL Fundamentals of Information System DCIT 50 BSCS 2-2 | 1ST SEMESTER ✿ Use a more flexible data model and are designed ✿ Financial service organizations use data to for managing large data sets across many identify customers who are likely to be attracted distributed machines and for easily scaling up or to increasingly targeted and sophisticated offers down. ✿ They are useful for accelerating simple queries Technologies Used to Process Big Data against large volumes of structured and ✿ Data warehouse - stores current and historical unstructured data that are difficult to analyze data of potential interest to decision makers with traditional SQL-based tools throughout the company. ✿ Data mart - a subset of a data warehouse in Blockchain which a summarized or highly focused portion of ✿ A distributed database technology that enables the organization’s data is placed in a separate firms and organizations to create and verify database for a specific population of users. transactions on a network nearly instantaneously ❀ A specific area in the data mart might without a central authority. contain greater detailed data than the data ❀ Database that is stored in multiple physical warehouse locations. ✿ Data lake - takes a “store everything” approach ✿ The system stores transactions as a distributed to big data, saving all the data in its raw and ledger among a network of computers. unaltered form ✿ The information held in the database is ❀ Also called an enterprise data hub continually reconciled by the computers in the ❀ Raw data is available when users decide just network. how they want to use the data ❀ Only when the data is accessed for a Big Data specific analysis is it extracted from the data ✿ Describe data sets with volumes so huge that lake they are beyond the ability of typical DBMS to capture, store, and analyze Hadoop ✿ Three characteristics of big data: ✿ An open-source software framework that ❀ Extreme volume of data includes several software modules that provide a ❀ Wide variety of data types and sources means for storing and processing extremely ❀ Velocity at which the data must be large data sets processed ✿ Has three primary components: ❀ A data processing component – MapReduce Sources of Big Data ❀ A distributed file system – Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) ❀ A resource management unit – Yet Another Resource Negotiator (YARN) Database Management ✿ An integrated set of functions that defines the processes by which data is obtained, certified fit for use, stored, secured, and processed in such a way as to ensure that the accessibility, reliability, and timeliness of the data meet the needs of the data users within an organization. Big Data Uses Data Governance ✿ Retail organizations monitor social networks to ✿ Core component of data management engage brand advocates, identify brand ✿ Defines the roles, responsibilities, and processes adversaries for ensuring that data can be trusted and used ✿ Advertising and marketing agencies track by the entire organization, with people identified comments on social media and in place who are responsible for fixing and ✿ Hospitals analyze medical data and patient preventing issues with data records ✿ Effective data governance requires business ✿ Consumer product companies monitor social ✿ leadership and active participation networks to gain insight into consumer behavior ✿ Use of a cross-functional team is recommended Fundamentals of Information System DCIT 50 BSCS 2-2 | 1ST SEMESTER ❀ Team should consist of executives, project managers, line-of-business managers, and data stewards ✿ A data steward is an individual responsible for management of critical data elements