Stakeholder Mapping Report for Circular Economy in Indonesia (PDF)

CIRCULAR ECONOMY TRAINING AND CAPACITY STRENGTHENING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A CIRCULAR ECONOMY IN INDONESIA BUILDING WORKSHOP STAKEHOLDER MAPPING REPORT AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE DIFFUSION OF CIRCULARITY INNOVATIONS IN SUPPORTING THE CIRCULAR ECONOMIC TRANSITION IN INDO...

CIRCULAR ECONOMY TRAINING AND CAPACITY STRENGTHENING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A CIRCULAR ECONOMY IN INDONESIA BUILDING WORKSHOP STAKEHOLDER MAPPING REPORT AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE DIFFUSION OF CIRCULARITY INNOVATIONS IN SUPPORTING THE CIRCULAR ECONOMIC TRANSITION IN INDONESIA FEBRUARY 2022  CIRCULAR ECONOMY TRAINING AND CAPACITY STRENGTHENING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A CIRCULAR ECONOMY IN INDONESIA BUILDING WORKSHOP STAKEHOLDER MAPPING REPORT AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE DIFFUSION OF CIRCULARITY INNOVATIONS IN SUPPORTING THE CIRCULAR ECONOMIC TRANSITION IN INDONESIA Strengthening the Implementation of a Circular Economy in Indonesia Stakeholder Mapping Report and Recommendations for The Diffusion of Circularity Innovations in Supporting The Circular Economic Transition in Indonesia 1 Table of 1 Contents Introductions 2 Background 3 Methodology 4 2 Mapping and Grouping based on the concept of Amoeba of Cultural Change 5 Innovation Diffusion Theory 6 The Concept of Amoeba of Cultural Change 9 Innovator 9 Change Agent 9 Transformers 10 Mainstreamers 10 Laggard 10 Reactionaries 10 Controller 11 Iconoclasts 11 Curmudgeon 11 Spiritual Recluse 11 Unidentified 11 Grouping of Stakeholders into the Amoeba Social System 12 Amoeba Grouping Business Actors & Non-Governmental Organization (NGOs) 13 Grouping of Amoeba Government Agencies 36 3 Mapping and Grouping based on Stakeholder Roles in a Circular Business Ecosystem (with 9R) 60 4 Recommendations for Stakeholder Relations Approach in Relation to the Diffusion Process of Circular Economy Innovation 66 Short-term Medium-term 68 68 Long-term 68 2 Stakeholder Mapping Report and Recommendations for The Diffusion of Circularity Innovations in Supporting The Circular Economic Transition in Indonesia Strengthening the Implementation of a Circular Economy in Indonesia 1 Introductions Strengthening the Implementation of a Circular Economy in Indonesia Stakeholder Mapping Report and Recommendations for The Diffusion of Circularity Innovations in Supporting The Circular Economic Transition in Indonesia 3 A Background The concept of implementing a The transition to a circular economy is supported not just by technological circular economy has now been advances, but also by socio-institutional conditions and resource quality. As a widely studied from various promoter of circular ecosystems, Potting provides three types of circular economy perspectives, explaining various transitions related to the relationship between technology and socio-institutional things: conceptualization of conditions of society:3 circular economy principles, circular business models, supply chains, and implementation of 1. Type 1 Transition circularity in various levels of business activities around the The transition to a circular economy will be determined by the world. The results of these studies introduction of a specific new technology at the center of the revolution characterize a circular economy (in other words, the use of core technology or core technology). that focuses on technology Changes in social institutions are only required to allow for the implementation and environmental introduction of new technologies in society. Examine the rise of utilization. However, an analysis of bioplastic, which has just recently started to receive social acceptability. stakeholder perspectives is also needed, which includes social 2. Type 2 Transition aspects and social dimensions to complement the technical and environmental focus in The circular economy transition through socio-institutional changes that are implementing a circular economy. at the forefront and the use of technology is not as dominant as in the type 1 transition. Innovation to implement technology plays only a small role or even Lieder and Rashid (2016) argue plays no role at all (innovation in core technology only develops bit by bit that mutual support from all regularly). One example is the implementation of a store without packaging stakeholders is needed to (bulk store). effectively implement the idea of a circular economy in society.1 Moreover, the management 3. Type 3 Transition of stakeholder relations and collaboration among supply The transition to a circular economy is characterized by socio-institutional chain members has been seen changes that are supported by enabling technology. In achieving this type of as a key success factor in the transition, the use of specific technology is no longer necessary. For example, implementation of a circular the application of one of the circular business models: the sharing economy. economy.2 This form of business model allows for the transition of changing consumer behavior from initially owning the product to ‘only’ buying the service. This change certainly involves social-institutional, but this is not possible without information technology to connect service providers and users. 1 M. Lieder, A. Rashid, “Towards Circular Economy implementation: A comprehensive review in context of manufacturing industry,” Journal of Cleaner Production 115 (2015). 2 Gubta, S., Chen, H., Hazen, B., Kaur, S., Gonzalez, E. “Circular economy and big data analytics: A stakeholder perspective,” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 7 (2019), pp. 466–474. 3 Potting et al., “Circular Economy: Measuring Innovation in the Product Chain,” PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (2017). 4 Stakeholder Mapping Report and Recommendations for The Diffusion of Circularity Innovations in Supporting The Circular Economic Transition in Indonesia Strengthening the Implementation of a Circular Economy in Indonesia B Methodology The author distributes questionnaires This report was prepared as the first step in making a circular economy transition to stakeholders who are divided into starting with identifying the roles of stakeholders. In this report the mapping of the government, business people, stakeholder roles is carried out using two methods: associations, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) as parties who play an important role in the implementation of a circular economy. The questionnaires 1. Mapping and grouping based on the Concept of Amoeba of Cultural Change were distributed for four weeks from October 12 to November 5, 2021, via In general, the concept of Amoeba of Cultural Change from Alan AtKisson email and office visits to 133 target describes the division of stakeholder roles based on their position in a social stakeholders, then 95 respondents system and their level of acceptance of innovation (in this case means a were obtained. The purpose of the Circular Economy), this concept departs from Everett Rogers’ theory of questionnaire is to get an overview of Innovation Diffusion. the initial understanding, actions, and expectations of several stakeholders regarding the implementation of 2. Mapping and grouping based on the role of stakeholders a circular economy in Indonesia. in the circular business ecosystem Furthermore, this questionnaire is expected to be an input for the Ministry The roles and relationships of stakeholders in the supply chain cycle in of National Development Planning of the circular economy business ecosystem are mapped based on the 9R the Republic of Indonesia in formulating principle. The use of the 9R principle in the circularity approach is more policies related to the circular economy comprehensive because it is based on the function of the product, whereas and approaching related parties. other circularity approaches only focus on the product. Strengthening the Implementation of a Circular Economy in Indonesia Stakeholder Mapping Report and Recommendations for The Diffusion of Circularity Innovations in Supporting The Circular Economic Transition in Indonesia 5 2 Mapping and Grouping Based on the Concept of Amoeba of Cultural Change 6 Stakeholder Mapping Report and Recommendations for The Diffusion of Circularity Innovations in Supporting The Circular Economic Transition in Indonesia Strengthening the Implementation of a Circular Economy in Indonesia A Innovation Diffusion Theory The theory of diffusion of innovation empathy, less dogmatism, greater ability communication strategy for each explains how a new idea or technology to handle abstractions, greater rationality, classification so that critical mass can spreads in culture and social society. greater intelligence, a better attitude occur. Critical mass occurs when enough According to this theory, the diffusion of toward change, greater ability to cope individuals in a system have adopted innovation is (1) an innovation (2) that is with uncertainty and risk, a better attitude the innovation so that the next level of communicated through certain channels toward science, less fatalism and greater innovation adoption can take place on its (3) over time (4) among the members of a self-efficacy, and higher aspirations for own. If the critical mass does not occur in social system. While innovation itself can formal education, higher status jobs, and a short time, the next adoption process be defined as an idea, practice, or object so on. will weaken and fail. that is considered new by the individual or group that will adopt it.4 Finally, the adopter category has The process of adopting a circular different communication behavior. Early economy by a producer or consumer In this study, the circular economy in adopters have more social participation, does not necessarily occur. Producers Indonesia is an innovation that will be are more interconnected in their need time to seek information about disseminated into the social system interpersonal network system, are more the advantages and consequences of in Indonesian society. The theory cosmopolitan, have more contact with a circular economy. After knowing the of diffusion of innovation is used as change agents, are more exposed to advantages and benefits of a circular a framework for the analysis and mass media channels, and are more economy, producers still need time to formulation of recommendations so that exposed to interpersonal communication take a stand against the innovation, and the circular economy mainstreaming channels, are more actively seeking then decide to adopt or reject the new process can occur effectively and information, and have greater knowledge idea. After implementing the circular efficiently. of innovation, and a higher level of economy, producers will again need influence. time to consider the continuation of the To disseminate innovation, it is important implementation of the circular economy to recognize the classification of Understanding the classification they are doing. There are five stages that members in a social system based of adopters in this social system is each individual goes through in making on the speed at which innovation is important to develop an effective these decisions:6 adopted, who adopts it first then the others. Rogers distinguishes it into five classifications: 1) Innovators, 2) Early Adopters, 3) Early Majority, 4) Late Majority, and 5) Laggards. Each group is interconnected with other groups to form 1. Knowledge a unique communication network.5 The stage when individuals (or other decision-makers) are exposed to the In terms of personality variables, early existence of innovation and gain an understanding of its function. Parameters adopters in a system differ from later that influence individuals in absorbing knowledge about innovation are: 1) adopters. Early adopters have higher previous conditions (previous practice, perceived needs/problems, level of idea aspirations for formal education, higher innovation, social system norms); 2) characteristics of the decision-making unit status jobs, and so on, as well as greater (socio-economic characteristics, personality variables, communication behavior) 4 Everett M. Rogers, Diffusion of Innovations, (Simon & Schuster, 2010) 5 Ibid. 6 Ibid. Strengthening the Implementation of a Circular Economy in Indonesia Stakeholder Mapping Report and Recommendations for The Diffusion of Circularity Innovations in Supporting The Circular Economic Transition in Indonesia 7 2. Persuasion The stage when individuals (or other decision-makers) after obtaining information and understanding the benefits of a circular economy, then form favorable or unfavorable attitudes towards innovation. An individual’s persuasion is influenced by their perception of the characteristics of the innovation (relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability, observability) 3. Decision The stage when individuals (or other decision-makers) choose to adopt or reject a circular economy. 4. Implementation The stage when the individuals (or other decision-makers) implement the new idea. 5. Confirmation The stage is when the individual seeks reinforcement or confirmation of the decision to implement an innovation, but the individual can reverse their decision if influenced by ideas that contradict the innovation. Appropriate communication channels audience. Interpersonal channels than interpersonal channels for early need to be designed in such a way as involve face-to-face exchanges adopters than later adopters. The to ensure an individual goes through all between two or more individuals.7 cosmopolitan channel is relatively five stages. A communication channel more important than the local is a means used to convey a message Mass media channels are relatively channel for early adopters compared from a source to a receiver. Rogers more important at the awareness to later adopters. categorizes communication channels and knowledge raising stage, and (1) as interpersonal media or mass interpersonal channels are relatively Furthermore, the innovation decision- media and (2) originating from local or more important at the persuasion stage making period is the length of time it cosmopolitan sources (communication in the innovation decision-making takes an individual or organization to channels that are outside the social process. Cosmopolitan channels go through the innovation-decision- system being investigated). Mass media are relatively more important at the making process. The rate of increase channels are means of transmitting knowledge stage, and local channels in awareness and knowledge of messages involving mass media such are relatively more important at the innovation is faster than the rate of as television, newspapers, and other persuasion stage in the innovation adoption. Earlier adopters have a social media, which allow a source decision-making process. Mass media shorter innovation-decision-making or several individuals to reach a wide channels are relatively more important period than later adopters. 7 Ibid. 8 Stakeholder Mapping Report and Recommendations for The Diffusion of Circularity Innovations in Supporting The Circular Economic Transition in Indonesia Strengthening the Implementation of a Circular Economy in Indonesia Innovations with the following five 1. Relative Advantage characteristics can increase individual beliefs and attitudes towards innovations to adopt them: Innovation is considered relatively better than the previous ideas. The level of relative profit is often expressed in terms of economic benefits. In addition, the relative advantage can also be studied through the amount of savings, security, benefits for the environment, or its effect on the social position that will be received by the communicant as an adopter. 2. Compatibility Innovations that are consistent with sociocultural values and beliefs, past experiences, and recipient needs are more acceptable. Innovations that are contrary to values and beliefs will be difficult to accept. 3. Complexity The difficulty level of innovation to understand and use will affect people’s willingness to adopt it. The more difficult it is for an innovation to be implemented, the longer the adoption process will take. 4. Trialability When individuals can try an idea on a small scale and have a positive experience, the innovation is more likely to be accepted. Before an idea can be fully adopted, it must be properly evaluated. 5. Observability When an individual can see (observe) the adoption of an innovation and its results, the likelihood of wishing to adopt it increases. If the impact of innovation can be observed, it will be more acceptable to adopt it. In addition to the characteristics of the 1. Decision-making style for innovation (optional, collective, authority/power) innovation, other parameters that affect 2. At different stages in the innovation-decision process, the nature of the rate of adoption (the relative speed the communication channels that spread innovation (mass media or with which an innovation is adopted by interpersonal media) members of a social system) are: 3. The social system’s structure (norms, degree of network connectedness, etc.) 4. To what extent are the change agents’ efforts to spread innovation. Strengthening the Implementation of a Circular Economy in Indonesia Stakeholder Mapping Report and Recommendations for The Diffusion of Circularity Innovations in Supporting The Circular Economic Transition in Indonesia 9 B The Concept of Amoeba of Cultural Change Alan AtKisson (1999) describes the condition of a social system in achieving and implementing an innovation that can be analogous to the condition of an Amoeba. Achieving this innovation, requires the cooperation of all members of the social system, as all parts of the Amoeba’s body will move together to reach its food.8 Amoeba is a description of several parameters at once described in the Diffusion Theory of Innovation Everett Rogers, so this concept is used as a framework for classifying adopters in social systems. Figure 1. Depiction of Amoeba as a System of Social Change Source: AtKisson (1999) The classification of adopters in the social system by analogy to the Amoeba of Cultural Change is grouped as follows: 1. Innovator Innovators are individuals or organizations who create, discover, or initiate a new idea (innovation) – in this case, the circular economy. However, in general, Innovators have difficulty translating the concept of innovation and selling the idea. Therefore, Innovators need Change Agents to translate and find new ways to explain the circular economy concept in a comprehensive language, so that other stakeholders can believe in the benefits of implementing a circular economy. 2. Change Agent Change Agents are individuals or organizations who absorb circular economy ideas from Innovators and then find new ways to communicate the circular economy to others. Change Agent “repackages” the idea of a circular economy so that it’s easier to convince people to try or adopt it. This group is an organization founded with a business model according to a circular economy or can encourage other parties to implement a circular economy. For Change Agents to influence other stakeholders to start implementing a circular economy, a ‘stage’ is needed so that they can voice innovation more in the five innovation acceptance criteria. 8 Alan AtKisson, Believing Cassandra, (Scribe Publications, 1999) 10 Stakeholder Mapping Report and Recommendations for The Diffusion of Circularity Innovations in Supporting The Circular Economic Transition in Indonesia Strengthening the Implementation of a Circular Economy in Indonesia 3. Transformers Transformers are influential (large and/or reputable) producers or consumers (can be individuals or organizations) who are interested in implementing a circular economy. Once they implement an innovation, others are likely to follow suit. Transformers tend to be busy but interested in listening to innovations. This group is a stakeholder who is interested in implementing a circular economy, and/or has started to be involved in a circular economy forum or community. In the questionnaire, stakeholders belonging to the Transformers group stated that they are interested in implementing a circular economy, are interested in being involved in circular economy forums/communities, have plans for implementing a circular economy, and/ or are interested in participating in training on circular economy. In addition, their interest can also be seen in the publication of their plans related to the circular economy. For Transformers to be interested in understanding and starting to adopt a circular economy, it takes an approach that focuses on their pain points and priorities to convey how the circular economy can help achieve their priorities. In addition, it is also important to approach Transformers by involving Change Agents that are following their business sector. 4. Mainstreamers Mainstreamers are producers or consumers in general, who implement a circular economy if the incentives are visible and have seen many stakeholders starting to implement (early and late majority). Stakeholders who fall into the Mainstreamers category at first tend to find it difficult to understand an innovation because the innovation is still less common, but actually, they will be interested if Transformer has implemented it and the incentives are visible. In the questionnaire, Mainstreamer stated that he needed incentives to start implementing a circular economy in his agency. For Mainstreamers to understand innovation, an approach is needed that explains the circular economy as simply as possible, and it requires an emphasis on incentives for implementing a circular economy (from the government or controller) compared to general or existing concepts (in this case, Linear Economy). 5. Laggard Laggards are producers or consumers who do not reject circular economy innovations, but only want to start implementing them when they have to (because of regulations). They are the last stakeholders to implement a circular economy because they feel that what they are doing today (business-as-usual) is still good and still provides them with benefits, and the absence of regulations governing the circular economy makes them not interested in implementing it. In the questionnaire, Laggard stated that he needed government regulation to start implementing a circular economy in their institute. The laggard is better not to be intensively involved in the implementation of a circular economy in Indonesia, because when the majority of the system has begun to shift to implementing a circular economy, Laggard will eventually follow suit. However, to encourage Laggard to implement a circular economy, it is necessary to emphasize regulation by involving technical ministries. 6. Reactionaries A reactionary is a producer or consumer who refuses to implement a circular economy and tries to hinder its implementation because it is considered detrimental (financial, power, or psychological). In the questionnaire, the Reactionary stated that it was not the time for Indonesia to implement a circular economy. Reactionary is better not to be involved intensively in efforts to implement a circular economy because its contradictory actions will make the efforts made less efficient and not on target. Strengthening the Implementation of a Circular Economy in Indonesia Stakeholder Mapping Report and Recommendations for The Diffusion of Circularity Innovations in Supporting The Circular Economic Transition in Indonesia 11 7. Controller A controller is a person or mechanism that establishes rules so that producers or consumers are willing or able to implement a circular economy. Stakeholders belonging to the Controller category have the authority to make conducive policies and coordinate with various policy makers so that Indonesia can move to implement a circular economy within a certain time. In companies, they are the leaders (BOD, CEO), and in government, they are the officials who enforce the rules. For the things done by the Controller to be effective, it requires coordination and clear goals for implementing a circular economy in Indonesia, emphasizing incentives from the circular economy to attract the attention of Mainstreamers, and making regulations to convince Laggard. 8. Iconoclasts Iconoclasts are stakeholders outside producers/consumers (NGOs, academics, mass media, activists, and individuals) who strongly criticize all parties who run a Linear Economy (waste of natural resources, hedonistic lifestyle, etc.) They attack producers and consumers who do not agree with the circular economy, but sometimes also criticize Change Agent if Iconoclast does not agree with the innovations brought. These groups are critics, not idea-generators, so they tend to attack the leading parties. Their role is to point out the problems of business-as-usual practice, this activity can motivate change in the majority of stakeholders. If the activities that Iconoclast is doing are running effectively, this group can distract the Reactionary which can then launch the Change Agent activity. 9. Curmudgeon Curmudgeons are producers or consumers who have tried to implement a circular economy, but they failed in the process and then they became pessimistic about the circular economy and tended to refuse. Curmudgeon is also better not to be intensively involved in efforts to implement a circular economy. 10. Spiritual Recluse A spiritual Recluse is an individual or organization that focuses on long-term issues related to vision, ethics, and beliefs. They can help shape public opinion (opinion leaders, influencers), but they may not. To implement a circular economy, involving a Spiritual Recluse that supports the implementation of circular economy will greatly help encourage other stakeholders. 11. Unidentified Stakeholders who fall into the unidentified category are those who have not seen their contribution and direction to implementing a circular economy so that in the context of a circular economy they cannot be grouped into other amoeba groups. In the questionnaire, others stated that they do not yet have a target for implementing a circular economy in institutions. 12 Stakeholder Mapping Report and Recommendations for The Diffusion of Circularity Innovations in Supporting The Circular Economic Transition in Indonesia Strengthening the Implementation of a Circular Economy in Indonesia An understanding of the character of economy. Controllers need to be involved and important innovation is for the each group above is useful for choosing from the start to encourage the diffusion welfare of mankind, the innovation which groups need to be involved of circular economy innovations with will not be able to create change if the first and the approach that should be clear rules of the game, including innovation is not diffused. Therefore, used. In the early stages of innovation incentives or disincentives. it is necessary to map stakeholders in diffusion, it is important to involve change a system, because each stakeholder agents, transformers, and controllers. The stakeholders that have been has a different role in the innovation Change agents are important because previously identified in this study are then diffusion process. they can communicate, improvise, and grouped based on the characteristics of modify innovations in such a way that the classification of innovation adopters It should also be noted that to it is easier for adopters to understand above. Stakeholders who fall into the create a big change (in this case the and implement. That is, change agents unidentified category are those whose transition to a circular economy), are parties who can improve the five activities are related to the environment changes cannot occur all at once, characteristics of innovation (see the or related to the activities of other in the sense that a special approach explanation in the previous section) so stakeholders, but do not influence or is needed such as knowing which that it is more convincing for individuals are directly influenced by efforts to stakeholders need to be involved to want to adopt it. Transformers are the mainstream the circular economy so that (who are open to innovation) and main target of change agents. They are they are considered irrelevant at this time. which ones should be involved. influential producers and consumers Excluded (which rejects an who at a very early stage had an interest The concept of Amoeba of Cultural innovation). Understanding the in circular economy innovation. With Change applies to various innovations, concept of Amoeba Cultural Change or without the help of change agents, but it is very relevant to topics of is important to spread the concept they then implement it and because environmental sustainability because and practice of a circular economy of its great influence, then influence in overcoming environmental problems which is a holistic innovation, as well other producers and consumers through innovation, cultural change is as to promote the combination of new (mainstreamers) to also adopt a circular required. However, no matter how great ideas and technologies. C Grouping of Stakeholders into the Amoeba Sosial Social System In general, there are two major groups of desk research regarding the real role and the grouping is subject to stakeholders whose roles are identified in of each stakeholder in contributing to discussion, according to the current a social system: 1) Business Actors and realizing the circular economy transition situation. NGOs; and 2) Government Agencies. in Indonesia. From the two data sources, This is done to see and describe their further grouping is done by adjusting the The results of this grouping are based contribution to circular economy definition of each role of members of the on questionnaires distributed for four innovation as a whole and follow the social system in the concept of Amoeba weeks from October 12 to November 5, conditions that occur in the field. of Cultural Change. 2021, via email and office visits to 133 target stakeholders, and then obtained The identification of the role of In this analysis of amoeba grouping, it by 95 respondents (consisting of 44 stakeholders below uses several should be emphasized that the analysis private respondents and 51 government criteria from the results of processing is dynamic. This is because, in line respondents). In addition, grouping the questionnaire as primary data. In with stakeholders starting to move is also carried out based on desk addition, identification of the role of to implement a circular economy, the research conducted from November stakeholders is also carried out using grouping will change. Therefore, this 20, 2021, to February 14, 2022. secondary data, namely the results of analysis document is a living document Strengthening the Implementation of a Circular Economy in Indonesia Stakeholder Mapping Report and Recommendations for The Diffusion of Circularity Innovations in Supporting The Circular Economic Transition in Indonesia 13 1. Amoeba Grouping Business Actors and NGOs Table 1. Amoeba Grouping Business Actors and NGOs: Food and Beverage Business Sector CE implementation Amoeba Agency and targets under Recommended contributions to the Desk Research Results Group Name development implementation of a circular economy (based on questionnaire) Garda All product packaging used A form of business that uses Organize activities or public outreach about CE Pangan must be recyclable or returned a circular economy model, (example: webinars) to us as the manufacturer. namely donating excess food Join an association/community that promotes CE that is still feasible to avoid food Provide training on CE to the public waste.9 Create a joint work unit that focuses on discussing CE issues with other agencies Collaborate with other business sectors to implement CE initiatives Collaborate with other institutions (eg NGOs, Business Actors and NGOs: Food and Beverage Business Sector research institutions) to carry out CE initiatives Foodbank of Manage food donations that A form of business that uses a Organize activities or public outreach about CE Indonesia can no longer be consumed circular economy model, which (example: webinars) to be used as animal feed is to help save excess and Join an association/community that promotes CE and fertilizer. The CE target potentially wasted decent food, Provide training on CE to the public that is being developed perform quality control, food Create a joint work unit that focuses on Change Agent is the management of storage (warehousing), and food discussing CE issues with other agencies household organic waste distribution to vulnerable people Initiating forums or activities that bring together on a community scale to who need assistance, especially stakeholders be managed as a medium children and the elderly who Collaborate with other business sectors to for food production in the need assistance. displaced.10 implement CE initiatives community. Collaborate with other institutions (eg NGOs, research institutions) to carry out CE initiatives Agrodite Not filling out the questionnaire A form of business that uses Organize activities or public outreach about CE a circular economy model, (example: webinars) namely monitoring and Join an association/community that promotes CE evaluation, research, programs, Educating the public through social media and training related to the Provide training on CE to the public circular economy in agriculture.11 Initiating forums or activities that bring together stakeholders Work with communities to implement CE initiatives 9 Garda Pangan, “About Us”, Garda Pangan, accessed on January 16, 2022 https://gardapangan.org/tentang-kami/. 10 Foodbank of Indonesia, “Tentang FOI”, Foodbank of Indonesia, accessed on January 16, 2022 http://foodbankindonesia.org/siapa-kita/tentang-foi/ 11 Agrodite, “Innovation in Farming”, Agrodite, accessed on January 16, 2022 https://agrodite.com/.  14 Stakeholder Mapping Report and Recommendations for The Diffusion of Circularity Innovations in Supporting The Circular Economic Transition in Indonesia Strengthening the Implementation of a Circular Economy in Indonesia DamoGO Not filling out the questionnaire A form of business that uses Organize activities or public outreach about CE a circular economy model, (example: webinars) namely by optimizing the Join an association/community that promotes CE food production process in Provide training on CE to the public restaurants with applications to Create a joint work unit that focuses on estimate food material needs, discussing CE issues with other agencies as well as connecting food Attend a conference to discuss CE ingredients suppliers to avoid implementation in Indonesia food waste.12 Initiating forums or activities that bring together stakeholders Change Agent Collaborate with other institutions (eg NGOs, research institutions) to carry out CE initiatives Surplus Not filling out the questionnaire A form of business that uses Join an association/community that promotes CE (PT Ekonomi a circular economy model, Provide training on CE to the public Sirkular namely by connecting Create a joint work unit that focuses on Indonesia) restaurants with consumers to discussing CE issues with other agencies Business Actors and NGOs: Food and Beverage Business Sector sell unsold decent food to avoid Initiating forums or activities that bring together food waste.13 stakeholders PT Nestlé Has carried out mapping A form of business that is Organize activities or public outreach about CE Indonesia to optimize efforts that can currently starting to develop a (example: webinars) be made in implementing circular economy model, and Provide training on CE to the public greenhouse gas emission has the power to influence other Create a joint work unit that focuses on reductions along the business businesses to start transitioning discussing CE issues with other agencies chain, to achieve net-zero to a circular economy. emissions by 2050. PT. Great Answered ‘no’ A form of business that has now Create a joint work unit that focuses on Transformers Giant begun to develop a circular discussing CE issues with other agencies Pineapple economy model and has Initiating forums or activities that bring together the power to influence other stakeholders businesses to start transitioning Collaborate with other business sectors to to a circular economy. The implement CE initiatives form of application of circular Work with communities to implement CE economy in this institution is initiatives utilizing solid waste from the production process of canned pineapple into organic animal feed, and also utilizing livestock manure into organic fertilizer for pineapple plantations.14 12 DamoGO, “Create Taste, not Waste”, DamoGO, accessed on January 16, 2022 https://damogo.co/en. 13 Surplus, “Food Rescue App”, Surplus, accessed on January 16, 2022 https://www.surplus.id/. 14 Bappenas, Embassy of Denmark, UNDP, “The Economic, Social and Environmental Benefits of a Circular Economy in Indonesia,” Kementerian Negara PPN/Bappenas (2021). Strengthening the Implementation of a Circular Economy in Indonesia Stakeholder Mapping Report and Recommendations for The Diffusion of Circularity Innovations in Supporting The Circular Economic Transition in Indonesia 15 PT Indofood Follow KLHK regulations for A form of business that is Initiating forums or activities that bring together Sukses processing packaging waste currently starting to develop a stakeholders Makmur circular economy model, and has the power to influence other businesses to start transitioning to a circular economy. Transformers PT Coca- Targets for water recovery and A form of business that is Educating the public through social media Cola carbon reduction. currently starting to develop a Provide training on CE to the public Indonesia circular economy model, and Create a joint work unit that focuses on has the power to influence other discussing CE issues with other agencies businesses to start transitioning Attend a conference to discuss CE to a circular economy. implementation in Indonesia Initiating forums or activities that bring together stakeholders Business Actors and NGOs: Food and Beverage Business Sector Indonesian Not filling out the questionnaire A form of business that can be Educating the public through social media Food and influenced to start transitioning Provide training on CE to the public Beverage to a circular economy model Create a joint work unit that focuses on Entrepreneurs when the incentives are already discussing CE issues with other agencies Association visible. The initiatives that have Work with communities to implement CE (GAPMMI) been carried out are holding initiatives activities or public outreach Collaborate with other institutions (eg NGOs, regarding environmental research institutions) to carry out CE initiatives sustainability in the food and beverage sector with one of the companies that have started the transition to a circular Mainstreamers economy, namely PT. Tetra Pak Indonesia.15 PT Nutrifood Not filling out the questionnaire A form of business that can be Join an association/community that promotes CE Indonesia influenced to start transitioning Provide training on CE to the public to a circular economy model Create a joint work unit that focuses on when the incentives are already discussing CE issues with other agencies visible. The initiative that has Collaborate with other business sectors to been carried out is to apply the implement CE initiatives 3R principle to the production Work with communities to implement CE process.16 initiatives PT. Tetra Pak Indonesia, “Tetra Pak Indonesia dan GAPMMI Persiapkan Pelaku Industri Makanan Minuman untuk Menangkan Pasar Masa Depan”, Kontan, accessed on January 16, 2022 15 https://pressrelease.kontan.co.id/release/tetra-pak-indonesia-dan-gapmmi-persiapkan-pelaku-industri-makanan-minuman-untuk-menangkan-pasar-masa?page=all. SWAONLINE, “Nutrifood Konsisten Terapkan Prinsip 3R”, SWAONLINE, accessed on January 16, 2022 16 https://kumparan.com/swaonline/notrifood-konsisten-terapkan-prinsip-3r-27431110790540321/1.  16 Stakeholder Mapping Report and Recommendations for The Diffusion of Circularity Innovations in Supporting The Circular Economic Transition in Indonesia Strengthening the Implementation of a Circular Economy in Indonesia Table 2. Amoeba Grouping Business Actors and NGOs: Construction Business Sector CE implementation Amoeba Agency and targets under Recommended contributions to the Desk Research Results Group Name development implementation of a circular economy (based on questionnaire) Rebricks Research on the reuse of A form of business that uses Join an association/community that promotes CE manufactured products. a circular economy model, Provide training on CE to the public namely processing plastic Create a joint work unit that focuses on sachet waste and rejecting discussing CE issues with other agencies plastic waste into building Initiating forums or activities that bring together materials in the form of paving stakeholders blocks.17 Green Answered ‘no’ An institution that is committed Provide training on CE to the public Change Agent Building to educating on the application Initiating forums or activities that bring together Council of environmental sustainability stakeholders Indonesia based on best practices and Business Actors and NGOs: Construction Business Sector (GBCI) facilitating the transformation of the building industry into a more sustainable one. In addition, GBCI also has a green building certification called Greenship which can reduce energy consumption in Indonesia through the development of the right location and improvement of building management.18 Indonesian Higher utilization target of An association that has Organize activities or public outreach about CE Cement bottom ash, fly ash, copper the vision to support the (example: webinars) Association slag, biomass, RDF. development and economic Educating the public through social media growth in Indonesia by paying Provide training on CE to the public attention to conservation and Create a joint work unit that focuses on sustainable development discussing CE issues with other agencies policies. This association Initiating forums or activities that bring together consists of members of stakeholders Transformers companies that are currently Work with communities to implement CE developing a circular economy initiatives model including PT. Solusi Collaborate with other institutions (eg NGOs, Bangun Indonesia and SCG research institutions) to carry out CE initiatives Indonesia. With the profile of the association’s members, this association also has the power to influence other businesses to start transitioning to a circular economy. 17 Rebricks, “What We Do”, Rebricks accessed on January 16, 2022 https://rebricks.id/what-we-do. 18 Bappenas, Embassy of Denmark, UNDP. (2021). op. cit. pp. 29 Strengthening the Implementation of a Circular Economy in Indonesia Stakeholder Mapping Report and Recommendations for The Diffusion of Circularity Innovations in Supporting The Circular Economic Transition in Indonesia 17 PT Solusi The target number of A form of business that is Provide training on CE to the public Bangun replications for the RDF currently starting to develop a Create a joint work unit that focuses on Indonesia, facility initiative, the target circular economy model, and discussing CE issues with other agencies Tbk for the volume of waste and has the power to influence other domestic waste utilization, businesses to start transitioning and the target for the Thermal to a circular economy. Substitution Rate (TSR). SCG Not filling out the questionnaire A form of business that is Create a joint work unit that focuses on Indonesia currently developing a circular discussing CE issues with other agencies Transformers economy model, and has Work with communities to implement CE the power to influence other initiatives businesses to start transitioning to a circular economy. The commitment to a circular economy can be seen in the long-term target to reduce 28% of GHG emissions by 2030 through 1) product and service development with material innovation, 2) waste collection Business Actors and NGOs: Construction Business Sector and processing for recycling, and 3) new business model by transforming to the product as a service.19 PT Amarta Not filling out the questionnaire A form of business that can be Organize activities or public outreach about CE Karya influenced to start transitioning (example: webinars) (Persero) to a circular economy model Educating the public through social media Mainstreamers when the incentives are already Provide training on CE to the public visible. The initiatives that Create a joint work unit that focuses on have been carried out are the discussing CE issues with other agencies utilization of coconut coir waste Initiating forums or activities that bring together in furniture and packaging stakeholders materials to replace wood. 20 Work with communities to implement CE initiatives Collaborate with other institutions (eg NGOs, research institutions) to carry out CE initiatives Environmental Not filling out the questionnaire A form of business that has Organize activities or public outreach about CE Management not seen its contribution and (example: webinars) Contractors direction in implementing a Join an association/community that promotes CE Association circular economy. Educating the public through social media Indonesia Provide training on CE to the public (AKTALI) Create a joint work unit that focuses on Unidentified discussing CE issues with other agencies Attend a conference to discuss CE implementation in Indonesia Initiating forums or activities that bring together stakeholders Collaborate with other business sectors to implement CE initiatives Work with communities to implement CE initiatives Collaborate with other institutions (eg NGOs, research institutions) to carry out CE initiatives 19 The Siam Cement Public Company Limited, “Sustainability Highlights 2019,” The Siam Cement Public Company Limited (2019). 20 Josep Lopiwudhi, “AMKA Lihat Potensi Cuan yang Besar dari Hilirisasi Sabut Kelapa”, TangerangRaya, accessed on January 16, 2022 https://www.tangerangraya.id/inspirasi-bisnis/pr-1952161275/amka-lihat-potensi-cuan-yang-besar-dari-hilirisasi-sabut-kelapa?page=all.  18 Stakeholder Mapping Report and Recommendations for The Diffusion of Circularity Innovations in Supporting The Circular Economic Transition in Indonesia Strengthening the Implementation of a Circular Economy in Indonesia Table 3. Amoeba Grouping Business Actors and NGOs: Wholesale and Retail Business Sector (Plastic Packaging) CE implementation Recommended contributions Amoeba Agency and targets under Desk Research Results to the implementation of Group Name development a circular economy (based on questionnaire) Refill Cycle Having a target to reach more A form of business that uses a circular economy Join an association/community customers and socializing the model that aims to create a sustainable retail that promotes CE refill culture so that it can have system that can reduce plastic pollution, by Create a joint work unit that a greater impact on reducing selling household products such as cooking focuses on discussing CE issues plastic waste, especially oil, detergent, shampoo, and others without with other agencies sachet packaging. In addition, packaging, but by refilling using consumer Initiating forums or activities the target is to reduce the use packaging. 21 that bring together stakeholders of 63 million plastic sachet waste in 2023. Business Actors and NGOs: Wholesale and Retail Business Sector (Plastic Packaging) The Plastic Not filling out the questionnaire An institution that has the vision to make Maintaining the current circular Bag Diet Indonesia Free of Plastic Bags by inviting people economy practice. Movement to be wiser in using plastic bags and other single-use plastics and switch to using items that are used repeatedly to save the environment from the dangers of plastic bags. The plastic bag diet campaign strategy is carried out with regulation, education, and facilitation. 22 Change Agent ADUPI Increase plastic recycling rate. A form of business that uses a circular economy Maintaining the current circular (Indonesian model, which is a non-profit organization economy practice. Plastic consisting of more than 500 registered members Recycling who form the largest plastic recycling chain Association) ecosystem in Indonesia from upstream to downstream, starting from groups of collectors, waste banks to the recycling industry itself, including academics. and plastic recycling practitioners who are active in Indonesia. In addition, ADUPI also has a circular economy program, namely the “National Circular Economic Movement”. The program, which