English 1 Course Pack (PDF)

COURSE PACK ENGLISH 1 FALL SEMESTER KIRIKKALE UNIVERSITY *FOR CLASSROOM USE ONLY 1  00 PARTS OF SPEECH Every word is a part of speech. The term “part of speech” refers to...

COURSE PACK ENGLISH 1 FALL SEMESTER KIRIKKALE UNIVERSITY *FOR CLASSROOM USE ONLY 1  00 PARTS OF SPEECH Every word is a part of speech. The term “part of speech” refers to one of the nine roles words play in a sentence. They are noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, determiner, and interjection. 1. Noun A noun is how we name a person, a place, and a thing. They can also refer to animals, feelings, ideas, and abstract objects. In a sentence, nouns can play the role of a subject, or an object and more. NOUN EXAMPLES PEOPLE PLACES THINGS ANIMALS ABSTRACT OBJ. child garden bicycle cat advice doctor London book jaguar fear student school pencil snake future woman space rocket whale success They can be singular or plural, countable or uncountable, and concrete or abstract. Nouns can function in different roles within a sentence like a subject, or an object. TYPES OF NOUNS SINGULAR PLURAL COUNT NONCOUNT CONCRETE ABSTRACT book books bananas fruit body soul watch watches Liras money school success knife knives bottles milk heart love child children women butter brain idea 2 2. Pronoun A pronoun is a word that is used in place of a specific noun mentioned earlier in a sentence so that you don’t have to repeat the noun. Without them, sentences would be repetitious and lengthy. TYPES OF PRONOUNS TYPE EXAMPLE Subject Pronouns Sally is a good mother. She loves her child so much. Object Pronouns I have a message for the boss. Could you note it? Indefinite Pronouns Everybody was late because of the weather. Possessive Pronouns She forgot her mobile, so she used mine. Relative Pronouns My father, who is sixty, goes running every day. Demonstrative Pronouns This is my best friend, Sandy. She is American. 3. Adjective An adjective describes, or modifies, nouns or pronouns in a sentence. It normally describes quality, size, shape, and more about a noun or pronoun by answering the questions such as: What kind? How many? Which one? How much? In English, adjectives usually go right before nouns or pronouns, but it doesn’t have to. In sentences with linking verbs, such as “to be” they can follow the verb instead. TYPES OF ADJECTIVES TYPE EXAMPLE Descriptive Adjectives The test was very difficult for Alex. Quantitative Adjectives There are three small rooms upstairs. Demonstrative Adjectives These ships are full of corn and wheat. Possessive Adjectives Hello! My name is Graham. 3 4. Verb A verb simply expresses what the subject is doing. They also tell us what the subject is. TYPES OF VERBS TYPE EXAMPLE Action Verbs My dad is watching the news on television. State Verbs Do you believe in ghosts? Linking Verbs He seems happy. Helping Verbs (Auxiliaries) They are listening to music in their room. Modal Helping Verbs My little brother can sing beautifully. Phrasal Verbs You should give up smoking immediately. There are six basic forms for each verb in English: FORMS OF VERBS FORM EXAMPLE Base Form Banks open at 8.00 in the morning. Past Tense Children played basketball yesterday. Past Participle My mother has lost her purse. Present Participle We are running in the park. Infinitive The teacher told us to keep quiet. Gerund Swimming is very good for health. 4 5. Adverb An adverb is a word used to describe or modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or even a whole sentence. It usually answers the questions about manner, place, time, or degree, such as How? Where? When? Why? Under what conditions? or To what degree? Adverbs are placed as close as possible to the words they are supposed to modify. EXAMPLE OF ADVERBS TYPE EXAMPLE Adverbs and Verbs Children are playing happily in the garden. Adverbs and Adjectives Living in New York City is very expensive. Adverbs and Other Adverbs It was snowing, so we drove really carefully. Adverbs and Sentences Luckily, nobody was hurt in the accident. An adverb is often formed by adding -ly to an adjective (slow-slowly, careful-carefully) and some common adverbs do not originate from adjectives (very, only, etc.). TYPES OF ADVERBS TYPE EXAMPLE Adverbs of Manner She picked the vegetables carefully. Adverbs of Degree My father lost almost all his money. Adverbs of Frequency Margaret always reads a book before bed. Adverbs of Place There are beautiful flowers everywhere. Adverbs of Time I am planning visit my uncle tomorrow. Some adverbs modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or an entire clause in a negative way (hardly, rarely, never, no, etc.) They are referred to as negative adverbs. When using negative adverbs, one must be careful to avoid a double negative. We will never forget what we saw. 5 6. Preposition A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to indicate relationships between other words in a sentence. They often tell us location, time, direction, and spatial relationships, as well as other abstract ideas, such as purpose or contrast. TYPES OF PREPOSITIONS TYPE EXAMPLE Prepositions of Place We are learning English at school. Prepositions of Time She drinks a glass of milk in the morning. Prepositions of Position There are some apples under the tree. Prepositions of Direction Elizabeth is coming from the dentist. Prepositions of Agency The telephone was invented by Graham Bell. Prepositions of Objects This book is about endangered species. 7. Conjunction A conjunction is a word used to join words, phrases, or clauses together. They make a link and show a relationship between these elements. They also allow us to construct more complex and elegant sentences. Without conjunctions, we would have to limit ourselves with choppy sentences - a series of very short sentences. Choppy: Daniel was late. He had an accident. Revised: Daniel was late because he had an accident. TYPES OF CONJUNCTIONS TYPE EXAMPLE Coordinating Conjunctions We went on a picnic and enjoyed the nice weather. Correlative Conjunctions I feel both happy and secure here with you. Subordinating Conjunctions When I walked out of the door, it started to rain. Adverbial Conjunctions Tim is very shy. For example, he can’t talk in public. 6 8. Determiner A determiner is used to limit or determine a noun in some way, and to provide extra information on the noun, such as what it is and how many there are. Determiners are always required when introducing singular nouns. But if you are introducing plural nouns, the use of a determiner is optional. TYPES OF DETERMINERS TYPE EXAMPLE Articles There is an old man in front of the building. Demonstratives That lady has been waiting for you since noon. Possessives His car can travel at very high speeds. Quantifiers Many people like to go on holiday in the summer. Numbers She has one dog, two cats, and three birds. 9. Interjection An interjection is used to express different levels of emotion or surprise. They usually stand alone and are often followed by an exclamation point. In spoken language, they often come out of nowhere to show our reaction to something. However, for formal speech or writing, using interjections will not be appropriate. EXAMPLE OF INTERJECTIONS CASE EXAMPLE Attention Watch out! You are driving too fast. Greeting Hello! How are you, Nancy? Joy Hurrah! My team has won the game. Pain Ouch! I have too much pain. Praise Well done! You did very well on the test. Surprise Wow! What a beautiful painting. 7  COUNTRIES In this unit, you will learn about singular and plural forms of nouns and the present simple forms of to bebe.. You will also learn some vocabulary related to countries and nationalities. Pre-reading: reading: Glossary exchange (n.) : giving one thing and receiving aanother diversity (n.) : having many different forms abroad (adv.) : in or to a foreign country attend (v.) : to go to a meeting, class, etc. destination (n.) : a place to which someone is going foreign (adj.) : from a country that is not your own fortune (n.) : a very large amount of money pioneer (n.) : the first person to do something EXERCISE 1.1 Complete the sentences with the words from the glossary. 1. Amy got a multi-million million-dollar dollar _______________ from her father. 2. He worked _______________ because he couldn’t find a job in his country. 3. She is in a _______________ country and misses her family a lot. 4. Wright brothers are inventors and _______________ of aviation. 5. I’m going to _______________ the World Health Conference in Antalya. 6. The two countries decided to make an _______________ of prisoners. 7. There is a rich _______________ in our seas, so we must keep them clean. 8. When they reached their _______________, they were all very tired. 8 Reading: Erasmus Program The Erasmus Program is the most popular exchange program for students in Europe. The program wants to increase cultural and educational diversity in European universities. This program started in 1987 and it has helped students in Europe experience student life in different countries since then. Each year, more than 200,000 students study and work in one of the 34 program countries. It isn’t only for students though. Professors and business staff can teach abroad as well. Students don’t have to attend a full course abroad. They can just prefer to study in another program country for 3 months to a year. Erasmus studentss receive financial support during this time. The amount of the grant depends on the home and destination country. Generally, students get enough money, so they don’t have to work on exchange. When sstudents return their home country, their experience will look great on their CV, and they will be more motivated at school. Besides, they t will also have higher foreign language skills. The program’s name comes from Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam. He was a humanist and a theologian. He worked and studied in some of the best learning centers of his time such as Paris and Cambridge. With his death, he left his fortune to the University of Basel and became a pioneer of the mobility grants. EXERCISE 1.2 Read the sentences about the reading text. Circle T (true) or F (false). 1. Erasmus is for professors, business staff and students. T F 2. Students attend this program for a holiday in Europe. T F 3. Students have to work because it is difficult to live abroad. T F 4. When they return, students will have better language skills. T F 5. The program is named after Erasmus who was a traveler. T F 6. Desiderius Erasmus left his fortune to a university. T F 9 Grammar: Singular and Plural Nouns Nouns can be singular or plural. When you are talking about just one thing or person, use a singular noun. a fork, a place, an idea, a plane, a house, a lady Use a plural noun when you are talking about two or more people, places or things. Just add -s to make most nouns plural. a computer → some computers a chair → two chairs a teacher → five teachers NOTE that some nouns have no singular or plural forms. Always used as Singular: information, furniture, advice Always used as Plural: trousers, scissors, sunglasses, jeans, headphones PLURAL FORM RULE EXAMPLE Most nouns take -s at the end of their singular desk → desks forms. If the noun ends in -s, -z, -ch, -sh, -o, -ss, or -x, tax → taxes we add -es. tomato → tomatoes class → classes If the noun ends in -f or -fe, change -f or -fe to -v, wife → wives and add -es. thief → thieves If the noun ends in -y preceded by a consonant, fly → lies change -y to -i and add -es. baby → babies 10 Some nouns have irregular plural forms. child → children man → men sheep → sheep fish → fish person → people tooth → teeth foot → feet mouse → mice NOTE that if the noun ends in -y preceded by a vowel, do not change -y to -i and just add –s to make it plural: boy-boys donkey- donkeys chimney- chimneys valley- valleys guy-guys EXERCISE 1.3 Write plural or singular forms of the nouns. SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL tomato ______________ ______________ parties monkey ______________ dish ______________ ______________ companies frog ______________ ______________ kisses ______________ knives half ______________ boy ______________ life ______________ fish ______________ _____________ people ______________ mice sheep ______________ ______________ women ______________ feet sandwich ______________ wife ______________ ______________ mountains 11 Grammar: Indefinite Articles: a, an Articles are used before nouns to show whether we are talking about something in general or we are talking about something in particular. Indefinite articles a or an with singular countable nouns. They indicate that the identity of the noun is not known. I met a man at the bus stop. (He is someone I don’t know.) A and an are used to signal singular nouns. a river, an armchair, a castle, an idea The article an is used before nouns that begin with a vowel sound (a, e, i, o, u). an artist, an eye, an insect, an oven, an apple The article a is used before nouns that begin with a consonant sound. a chair, a dress, a student, a book, a computer NOTE that some words don’t follow these rules. The vowel u in these words is pronounced like the word you! a uniform, a unit, a user, a university The consonant in these words is not pronounced: An hour, an honest man NOTE how to pronounce a hotel vs. an hour, a uniform vs. an umbrella. “A” is used before words that begin with consonant sounds while “an” is used before words beginning with vowel sounds. We don’t use “a” or “an” before countable plural nouns and uncountable nouns. How much does an umbrella cost? I am a university student in Türkiye. Mom wants to buy a house by the lake. When we are talking about something in particular, we use definite article the. It indicates that the identity of the noun is known to the reader or to describe someone or something unique or specific. We can use the in front of all nouns (singular, plural, countable and uncountable). the moon, the world, the sky, the sun, the West The Earth moves around the Sun. 12 The is also used when we mention something or someone again. I bought a beautiful dress yesterday. The dress is black. Sam bought me a book. The book was about a love story. I saw a movie last night. The movie was based on real events. No article (ZERO article) before a noun indicates we are talking about it in general. I like books. (I’m talking about books in general.) Money cannot buy happiness. (I mean money in general.) EXERCISE 1.4 Complete the sentences using a or an. 1. Jaguar is _______________ beautiful car. 2. This is _______________ eraser. 3. Sofia is _______________ good girl. 4. _______________ cats and _______________ dogs are both mammals. 5. _______________ apple a day keeps the doctor away. 6. I saw _______________ movie last night. 7. Somebody call _______________ policeman! 8. This is _______________ very big room. 9. He is _______________ unusual man. 10. He is _______________ honest teacher. More Grammar: To Be (am, is, are) The words “am, is and are” are the simple present forms of the verb to be. We use am with the pronoun I. I am twelve. I am in the garden. I am at school now. We use is with singular nouns like ‘my dad’ and ‘the teacher’, and with third-person singular pronouns he, she and it. My mom is very tired today. The teacher is tall. Our dog is black. 13 We use are with plural nouns like ‘my parents’ and ‘Jenny and Mary’, and with third- person plural pronouns we, you and they. The children are asleep. Computers are expensive. My brother and I are upstairs. We are in our bedrooms. You are my best friend. You and David are my best friends. FORMS OF TO BE AFFIRMATIVE QUESTION NEGATIVE I am happy Am I happy? I am not happy. You are happy. Are you happy? You are not happy. He is happy. Is he happy? He is not happy. CONTRACTION OF AM, IS, ARE AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE I am → I’m I am not → I’m not You are → You’re You are not → You aren’t He/She/It is → He’s/She’s/It’s He/She/It is not→ He/She/It isn’t We/They are → We’re/They’re We/They are not→ We/they/aren’t EXERCISE 1.5 Rewrite the following sentences as in the example. Example: Is Mr. Kaya from Türkiye? (+) Mr. Kaya is from Türkiye. 1. This flower is blue. (-) ______________________________________ 2. Is Kars very cold? (+) ______________________________________ 3. This is a class. (-) ______________________________________ 4. My sister is very kind. (?) ______________________________________ 5. Ali is not a soldier. (?) ______________________________________ 6. Isn't Şükran a cook? (+) ______________________________________ 7. Children are in the kitchen. (-) ______________________________________ 8. The pens aren't red. (+) ______________________________________ 9. Margaret isn't a waitress. (?) ______________________________________ 14 EXERCISE 1.6 Complete the following sentences with am, is or are. 1. The weather _______________ rainy today. 2. All the children _______________ in the garden. 3. _______________ you on the basketball team, too? 4. _______________ Jack Spanish? 5. Sally _______________ my best friend. 6. Mom and Dad _______________ downstairs watching television. 7. It isn’t sunny today. It _______________ cold. 8. Turkish people _______________ very friendly. EXERCISE 1.7 Rewrite the following sentences using “am, is or are.” Use “not” if you need. 1. It / another sunny day / today. _____________________________________ 2. This / my brother. He / five. _____________________________________ 3. I / interested in cartoons. _____________________________________ 4. She / my classmate. _____________________________________ 5. Cats / noisy animals. _____________________________________ 6. We / English teachers. _____________________________________ 7. She / busy cleaning the car. _____________________________________ 8. Our teacher / very tall _____________________________________ 9. My parents / at home. _____________________________________ 10. My sister / good at drawing. _____________________________________ 15 Vocabulary: Countries and Nationalities Study and learn the names of some counties and nationalities. Complete the table according to the nationalities and countries. the United ______________ ______________ Japan Kingdom Australian Italian ______________ ______________ Belgium Norway ______________ Brazil ______________ ______________ Canadian ______________ China ______________ Portugal ______________ ______________ Icelandic ______________ Greek Denmark ______________ Türkiye ______________ ______________ Irish ______________ Russian Finland France ______________ the he Netherlands ______________ ______________ ______________ German 16  FAMILY In this unit, you will learn about demonstratives, subject and possessive pronouns, and possessive adjectives. You will also learn about numbers. Pre-reading: reading: Glossary aviation (n.) : the art or science of flying airplanes playmate (n.) : a friend in a play studious (adj.) : spending a lot of time studying or reading get back (v.) : to come or go again to a place; to return fascinated (adj.) : very interested in something wing (n.) : parts of a bird’s body that is used for flying appreciate (v.) : to like something because you know it is good wealthy (adj.) : having a large amount of money EXERCISE 2.1 Complete the sentences with the words from the glossary. 1. The boss doesn't _______________ the hard work we are doing. 2. I’m not surprised that he’s rich; he was very _______________ at school. 3. The bird has injured its _______________ badly. A vet can help her. 4. “Turkish Aerospace Industries” company is an example of Turkish _______________. 5. Children are always _______________ by dinosaurs. 6. I think he is a _______________ man. He has a 36 36-room room mansion. 7. My little sister, Elisha, was my only _______________ and best friend. 8. The President will _______________ to the country tonight. 17 Reading: The Wright Brothers Wilbur Wright and Orville Wright, also popular as the Wright brothers, were symbols of American aviation. They are generally known for inventing, building, and flying the world's first motorized airplane. Wilbur was the third child in a family of seven children. His father was Milton Wright, and his mother was Susan Catherine Koerner. As a child Wilbur’s playmate was his younger brother, Orville Wright. The two brothers never married or had any children. Wilbur was a studious child and successful in school. However, after he was badly injured in an ice hockey game, he got into depression. After that, his life lif changed. He did not finish high school and had to get back to his family’s home. He spent much of this time reading books and looking after her old mother. Their story began when one day their father gave his boys a toy helicopter. The Wright brothers were ere greatly fascinated by the toy and its mechanics. They worked very hard to build their own airplane. They watched birds and tried to copy their wings. Finally, on 17th December 1903, Wilbur was able to fly 259.7 meters in 59 seconds. The Wrights found that Americans did not appreciate their success. So, they travelled to Europe in 1908. Luckily, Europeans liked their work, and they became very popular. They began to sell their airplanes in Europe and the United States. Soon the Wright brothers made a lot of money and became wealthy businessmen. EXERCISE 2.2 Read the sentences about the reading text. Circle T (true) or F (false). 1. Wilbur Wright had three children in his family. T F 2. Wilbur was a hardworking student at school. T F 3. Wilbur didn’t like to read books in his free time. T F 4. The Wright brothers were interested in building a plane. T F 5. Americans were fascinated by their success. T F 6. The Wrights became rich by selling their airplanes. T F 18 Grammar: Demonstratives (this, that, these, those) There are four demonstratives in English; this, that, these and those. NEAR FAR SINGULAR This That PLURAL These Those We use this (singular) and these (plural) as pronouns to talk about a person or a thing/animal that are near the speaker. This is used with a singular noun. These is used with a plural noun. This is my cellphone. This is my bike. These are my new books. This is a nice dress. Whose shoes are these? NOTE that we also use this or these to introduce people. This is Kevin. These are my friends Rachel and John. We use that (singular) and those (plural) as pronouns to talk about things or people that are far from us/not near us. “That” is used to point to an object and “those” is used to point objects that are far away from the speaker. That is used with a singular noun. Those is used with a plural noun. That is a sailing boat. / Those are sailing boats. That house over there is for sale. Those are racing cars. / That is a racing car. Who is that? Those are birds over there. This is our house here, and that is Hanna’s house over there. 19 EXERCISE 2.3 Use this, that, these, those in the sentences below. 1. _______________ is my cousin Teddy. 2. Who is _______________ man over there? 3. I really like _______________ party. (Party is happening now.) 4. _______________ is my English teacher, over there. 5. What are _______________ things on the roof? 6. _______________ grapes in the basket are sweet. (The basket is far from me.) 7. _______________ wedding is really fun. (We’re at the wedding now.) 8. _______________ film we watched last night was so terrifying! 9. (On the phone) Hi! _______________ is Sam. More Grammar: Possessive Adjectives A possessive adjective is an adjective which modifies a noun. Adjectives modify nouns. They cannot replace nouns or they cannot be used instead of nouns. We use possessive adjectives to express possession or ownership. A possessive adjective modifies a noun by identifying who has possession of it.  Kate has lost her keys. In this sentence, the word “her” is a possessive adjective and it indicates that the keys belong to Kate. SUBJECT PRONOUNS VS. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES SINGULAR PLURAL PERSON Subject Possessive Subject Possessive Adjective Adjective First I my we our Second you your you your Third he his they their she her it its 20  What’s your surname? My car is behind the house. This is Rachel and this is her husband, Sam. Tom will bring his cat to our class tomorrow. What a wonderful house! Its color is my favorite color. They have a new car, but their car is very slow. EXERCISE 2.4 Fill in the blanks using my, your, his, her, its, our, and their. 1. What's your father’s name? _______________ name is Oliver. 2. I have a new car. _______________ car is black. 3. You are smart students. Is this _______________ teacher, Emma. 4. Mary has got a puppy. _______________ puppy is very lovely. 5. We are at a fantastic hotel. _______________ room is very comfortable. 6. My sister bought a parrot. _______________ cage is in the living room. 7. Sally and Billy are married. _______________ house is in the city center. 8. These are my dogs. _______________ names are Oscar and Max. 9. Betty is my younger sister, and she is very tidy. _______________ room is always clean. 10. We have a lot of close friends. We love _______________ friends very much. POSSESSIVE QUESTION WORD: WHOSE? We use the question word “whose” to ask to whom something belongs. It is used when the question is asked about a person as the possessor of something. Here is two ways to ask who something belongs to:  Whose + the verb “be” + noun Whose are these socks? These socks (They) are Jane’s socks. Whose is the new sports car parked outside? It is my dad’s car. Whose are these sneakers? They are my brother’s sneakers.  Whose + noun + the verb “be” + this/that/these/those Whose winter coat is that? It is my winter coat. Whose T-shirt is this? It is his T-shirt. Whose birthday is it today? It is my birthday! Whose little sister is she? Oh, she is Tom’s sister. 21 In English, you know we can use possessive adjectives to indicate possession or ownership. We can also use the Apostrophe and -s (‘s).  Whose is this tie? It is not my tie. It is Pete’s tie.  Oh, I think I found Jane’s scarf. I will call her and let her know.  This is my friend, Jessica. Jessica’s sneakers are very expensive. NOTE! With regular plural nouns which end in –s we only use Apostrophe (‘).  I don’t want to use my friends’ computers because they don’t have internet connection.  Where is the boys’ restroom? EXERCISE 2.5 Put the given words in the correct order to ask questions. 1. this / is / dress / whose 2. are / these / whose / slippers 3. we / borrow / can / umbrella / whose 4. whose / in / books / are / kitchen / the 5. parents / from / are / whose / Italy 6. are / jeans / these / whose 7. whose / this / is / bowtie 8. car / whose / is / faster EXERCISE 2.6 Translate the paragraph into Turkish. Learn the words and phrases in bold. Hi, my name is Sam and I am from New York. I like spending time with my family and friends. I really love them very much. My mom and dad got married in 1990. My mother looks after my younger sister but she also works. We always play board games or read books together. My dad is an engineer. He works hard. His job is also fun because he travels the world. I visit my grandparents at the weekend. Sometimes I visit my relatives and neighbours. I help my grandfather in the garden in my free time. Harry is my best friend and we go to the same school. He is my classmate and best friend. We are close friends. He always helps me with my homework. 22 More Grammar: Numbers a) Cardinal Numbers The cardinal numbers are the counting numbers that are used for counting something. They start from 1 and go on to indicate the numbers of the objects, things and people. Four boys are playing beach volley on the beach. There are eight eggs kept in the fridge. Here is the list of some cardinal numbers in English. 1-one 15-fifteen 100-a hundred 2-two 16-sixteen 200-two hundred 3-three 17 –seventeen 300-three hundred 4-four 18-eighteen 5-five 19-nineteen 150-a hundred and fifty 275- two hundred and 6-six 20-twenty seventy-five 7-seven 30-thirty 8-eight 40-forty 1000-One thousand 9-nine 50-fifty 2000-two thousand 10-ten, 60-sixty 3000-three thousand 11-eleven 70-seventy 1000000-one million 12-twelve 80-eighty 1000000000-one billion 13-thirteen 90-ninety 14-fourteen 100-hundred b) Ordinal Numbers Ordinal numbers normally show the order or sequence of objects, things or people. We normally create ordinal numbers by adding -th to the end of a cardinal number.. First, second, and third are exceptional in this sense: 1-first 6-sixth 11-eleventh 2-second 7-seventh 12-twelfth 3-third 8-eightth 13-thirteenth 4-fourth 9-ninth 20 - twentieth 5-fifth 10-tenth 100-a hundredth She lives on the second floor. A baby’s first birthday is important for its parents. Shakespeare was born in the 16th century. 23 Vocabulary: Family Study and learn the names of family members. FAMILY Child / Son Daughter Parent(s) Dad / Father Children Husband Mom / Mother Wife Sibling(s) Brother Sister Cousin Nephew Niece Boyfriend Girlfriend Grandparent(s) Grandfather/ Grandmother/ Grandchild / Granddad Grandchildren Grandma Grandson Granddaughter Uncle Aunt Family Baby Couple 24  SHOPPING In this unit, you will learn about articles, some common adjectives, and names of some primary colors. You will also learn how to tell the amount or quantity of countable and uncountable nouns. Pre-reading: reading: Glossary celebrate (v.) : to take part in a special activity discount (n.) : a reduction in the price of something fight (v.) : to hit or kick each other to hurt spread (v.) : to affect more and more people crowd (n.) : a large group of people occur (v.) : to come into existence; to happen blessed (adj.) : bringing good fortune evil (adj.) : bad or wicked by nature EXERCISE 3.1 Complete the sentences with the words from the glossary. 1. The _______________ began to cheer and clap while Jennifer Lopez was singing. 2. I got a _______________ on my new house and paid a very low price. 3. He was an _______________ man who killed his own people. 4. Traffic accidents _______________ for many reasons, such as speeding. 5. Many people _______________ New Year dancing and eating. 6. Covid-19 19 _______________ mainly between people who are in close contact with each other. 7. Lavender might be a _______________ plant. It has great healing power. 8. Every time I _______________ my brother, he punches me in the face. 25 Reading: Black Friday Americans celebrate Thanksgiving on the fourth Thursday of November. Black Friday is the day after Thanksgiving. It is the most popular shopping holiday of the year. On this day, companies offer discounts discounts, and shops open early. It is usually good for people because they wait for this time of the year to buy some products cheaper. Some shoppers wait in line for hours, but many more people shop online instead. It is sometimes bad for people because they fight each other while shopping. Because small stores cannot offer discounts like big companies, this time of the year is also bad for them. Black Friday first became popular in the USA and spread around the world quickly. The origin of the term “Black Friday” is very interesting. It was first used in Philadelphia, USA, in the 1950s. On the day after Thanksgiving, many tourists came into the city to do shopping. These crowds often caused problems around the city such as fights, traffic jam, and accidents. Every pol police ice officer worked hard and was very tired on this day. So, they used the term to describe the problems occurred that day. In Türkiye, however, there is no Black Friday because of cultural differences. For example, Turkish people usually do not celebrate American Thanksgiving. They also believe Friday is blessed and it cannot be “black” because the color black often means evil in the Turkish culture. There is a similar shopping season in Türkiye though. It is called “the Legendary Friday”. It begins on the last Friday of November and lasts for a week. Save the date and don’t miss the discounts! EXERCISE 3.2 Read the sentences about the reading text. Circle T (true) or F (false). 1. Black Friday is popular in America. T F 2. People celebrate Thanksgiving after Black Friday. T F 3. People never fight on Black Friday. T F 4. People spend a lot of money on Black Friday. T F 5. Police officers were happy to work on Black Friday. T F 6. Türkiye doesn’t have a shopping season like Black Friday. T F 26 Grammar: Countable and Uncountable Nouns Countable nouns can be expressed in plural form, usually with an -s. They refer to things that exist as separate individual units and are easy to count. For example, when we talk about a watermelon, we think of a fruit that looks like a bbig green ball. We can have one, two, three, or more watermelons. cat, dog, child, person apple, carrot, tomato, dollar, lira cup, glass, book, chair Countable nouns can be singular or plural plural. An apple is very delicious. Apples are very delicious. As a general rule, we use some before nouns for affirmative sentences, and any for questions or negative sentences. But nouns must be in the plural form with countable nouns. (+) I have got some friends in Michigan. (-) There aren’t any students in the classroom. (?) Have you got any eggs for the omelet? In contrast, uncountable nouns cannot be expressed in plural form. They refer to things that can't be counted because they are thought of as wholes, or there are too many tiny parts of them. For example, itt would have taken forever to count sand. cheese, heese, meat, chocolate, salt advice, information milk, sugar, butter, water, coffee, oil money, music, love, help, freedom Uncountable nouns are usually treated as singular singular. Music is a universal language. We can use some and any also with uncountable nouns. (+) I've got some money in the safe. (-) There isn’t any salt on the table. (?) Have we got any coffee left? 27 NOTE that “some” can also be used in questions if you are offering something to someone or asking for something. Would you like some coffee? Can I have some tea, please? Could I have some cake? We can use measure words to quantify uncountable nouns. For example, we cannot usually say two milks but we can say two bottles of milk instead. MEASURE WORDS FOOD LIQUID OTHERS a bar of chocolate a bottle of milk, water a pair of trousers, shoes a jar of honey, jam a cup of coffee, tea, milk a piece of paper a loaf of bread, toast a drop of rain, water a roll of toilet paper a slice of bread a glass of water a tube of toothpaste a block of cheese a bar of soap a bowl of rice, soup EXERCISE 3.3 Circle the countable nouns and underline the uncountable nouns in each sentence. 1. Daniel plays online games with his friends. 2. Steven likes to eat a cucumber and some yoghurt at night. 3. Would you like to add some pepper to your soup? 4. I need a cup of coffee to refresh. 5. Sam wants some more cheese for his pizza. 28 EXERCISE 3.4 Fill in the blank in each sentence with some or any. 1. Noah brought _______________ water for his dog. 2. For breakfast, Kelly had _______________ French fries. 3. Do you see _______________ mistakes in my homework? 4. I am sorry, but we haven’t got _______________ money. 5. Excuse me. Can I have _______________ coffee, please? 6. Is there _______________ sugar in this tea? 7. Have you got _______________ brothers or sisters? 8. There is _______________ cheese in the fridge. 9. There are _______________ apples and oranges in the basket. 10. Please give me _______________ milk to add my coffee. More Grammar: Adjectives An adjective describes, or modifies, nouns or pronouns in a sentence. It tells us quality, size, shape, and more about a noun or pronoun. There is a good movie in theaters. The child has got small hands. She was wearing a beautiful dress last night. It often comes BEFORE a noun. a black uniform a universal problem an interesting holiday Sometimes it comes AFTER the verb “to be”. Her uniform is black. The class was interesting. NOTE that two or more adjectives can be used together. I love that big old yellow car across the road. It was a black and white cotton shirt. She was a beautiful, tall, Turkish woman. 29 EXERCISE 3.5 Write the opposites of given adjectives. happy nervous tall clean expensive wet fast strong messy difficult heavy hardworking early quiet beautiful rich safe young dark big EXERCISE 3.6 Circle the nouns and underline the adjectives in each sentence. 1. Both Amy and Scott are hardworking British students. 2. Arthur has got a big family; one sister and three brothers. 3. Albert studies Physics at school. He is intelligent. 4. Beverly is rich. She has an expensive car and a flat. 5. Jordan is very tall and he likes to play basketball. 6. Gloria was wearing a beautiful white wedding dress. 30 Vocabulary: Colors Study the list of words typic typically associated with colors: Things that are typically BLACK a bat is black gorillas are black coal is black Things that are typically BLUE the ocean is blue jeans are blue the sky is blue Things that are typically BROWN chocolate is brown nuts are brown wood is brown Things that are typically GREY an elephant is grey koalas are grey dolphins are grey Things that are typically GREEN a frog is green grass is green an avocado is green Things that are typically ORANGE pumpkins are orange an apricot is orange a carrot is orange Things that are typically PINK a pig is pink a tongue is pink flamingos are pink Things that are typically PURPLE a plum is purple an eggplant is purple grapes are purple Things that are typically RED tomatoes are red an apple is red strawberries are red Things that are typically WHITE paper is white milk is white snow is white Things that are typically YELLOW a lemon is yellow the sun is yellow a banana is yellow 31  HOBBIES In this unit, you will learn about affirmative, negative, and question forms in the present simple tense. You will also learn some vocabulary related to days of the weeks, months, and hobbies. Pre-reading: reading: Glossary passion (n.) : very strong interest in something benefit (n.) : the help that you get from something rewarding (adj.) : giving satisfaction or bringing benefits engaged in (adj.) : busy with doing a particular activity community (n.) : all the people who live in an area boost (v.) : to cause something to increase include (v.) : to contain as part of a whole waste (v.) : to use or spend carelessly EXERCISE 4.1 Complete the sentences with the words from the glossary. 1. Good parents are often _____________family family activities with their kids. 2. Being the boss of your own job is emotionally and financially _____________. _________ 3. Everyone knows my _________ _____________for for good food. I love eating. 4. A good British breakfast always _____________sausages. 5. For maximum _________ _____________, take your medicine every day. 6. People in this _________ _____________ like the old lady and her husband. 7. Traditional farming _________ _____________a large amount of water. 8. You should eat fruit and vegetables to _____________your your health. 32 Reading: Hobbies A hobby is an activity that you enjoy doing in your free time. These can be various activities like yoga, fishing, running, dancing, cycling, or even watching a TV series. Some people may find a hobby and love it so much that it becomes a kind of passion foror them. They don’t want to do anything different. However, others may prefer to change their hobbies with time. In both cases, having a hobby is really advantageous and it can have many benefits for your our mental and physical health. One great thing about hobbies is that they make people happier. Getting engaged in a hobby helps them feel less stressed. Besides, being good at doing your hobby is very rewarding. In addition, having a hobby not only keeps you more active and healthier but also improves your focus ocus and energy. Book clubs, photography classes, workshops… You are free to enjoy your hobby within a community you choose. People who have hobbies have experiences that they can share with others. This way, we can meet other people and make social conne connections easily. Besides, they are a great way to boost cooperation among workers. They can also help us think creatively and be more productive at work. Having a routine is important at every stage of life. And of course, you should include a hobby in yourr daily routine. Not having a passion or a hobby means spending your life doing nothing. So, don’t waste your time, and choose a hobby at the earliest! EXERCISE 4.2 Read the sentences about the reading text. Circle T (true) or F (false). 1. You can have only one hobby in your whole life. T F 2. Hobbies have many advantages for mind and body. T F 3. People don’t feel a lot of stress when they’re doing a hobby. T F 4. A hobby is just a personal activity that you do alone. T F 5. People may become sociable with the help of hobbies. T F 6. Having a hobby helps one to use her time efficiently. T F 33 Grammar: Present Simple Tense AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE I like chocolate. I don’t like chocolate. You get up early every day. You don’t get up early every day. We We They They He likes chocolate. He doesn’t like chocolate. She gets up early every day. She doesn’t get up early every day. It It QUESTION I Yes, I do. you you do. Do we she does. they get up early every day? it does. he No, I don’t. Does she she doesn’t. it it doesn’t. Present Simple tense is used to state scientific truths, general facts, and natural events. The human body contains 206 bones. The Sun sets in the west. Officers don’t work on public holidays in Türkiye. Present Simple tense is used to state repeated actions and habits. An interpreter translates from one language to another. They have dinner at 18.30 every day. They live in a cottage. 34 -s / -es / -ies in affirmative sentences I / You / We / They speak He / She / It speaks He want a coffee. He wants a coffee. You wants a coffee. You want a coffee. Rule 1: For verbs end in –o, -x, -z, -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, we add –es to the verb. kisses, watches, washes, finishes, fixes, does, goes Rule 2: For verbs end in –y and if there is a consonant before –y, we remove –y and add -ies to the verb. studies, flies, carries, cries, tries Rule 3: For the rest of the verbs, we add –s to the verb. reads, drinks, swims, speaks, writes, enjoys, buys, walks, plays, sits NOTE that some verbs are irregular. “Have” becomes “has” in the 3rd person. I have an exam on Friday. Sam has an exam on Friday. EXERCISE 4.3 Complete the following sentences using present simple form of the verbs in brackets. 1. She _____________ (do) her homework in the evening. 2. We _____________ (not live) in Moscow. 3. _____________ (you/like) swimming? 4. My daughters ______________ (take) the dog out twice a day. 5. Marcus _____________ (have) his lunch with his friends on weekdays. 6. ______________ (Linda/watch) TV a lot? 7. Great natural disasters _____________ (cause) widespread deaths. 8. My cat _____________ (be) happy when she _____________ (eat) cat food. 9. I _____________ (have) an important meeting today. 10. _____________ (they/obey) the school rules? 35 EXERCISE 4.4 Complete the sentences with the verbs below. cook grow take read tell open play flow 1. Rice _______________ (not) in Finland. 2. The library _______________ at 07.00 every morning. 3. The River Kızılırmak _______________ into the Black Sea. 4. She _______________ a shower every evening. 5. Liars _______________ (not) the truth. 6. We _______________ tennis at the weekend. 7. My mother _______________ delicious food. 8. I _______________ novels in my free time. Grammar: Wh- questions Wh- questions begin with what, when, where, who, which, whose, why and how. We use them to ask for information. The answer to these questions cannot be Yes or No. WH- WORD ASKING FOR EXAMPLE information, specific thing, What is your name? What? object What do you do in your free time? When is your birthday? When? time, moment When do you go on a holiday? Why does she sit under that tree? Why? reason Why don’t they visit us regularly? Which? choice Which languages do you know? Who? a person, people Who do you study with? method, quality, manner, How does he go to work? How? form How is your grandmother? Whose? possession Whose mobile is this? Where do you stay in New York? Where? position, place Where is the Great Palace? 36 WH- WORD AUXILIARY SUBJECT VERB REST… Where do you work? What does she play on her computer? Who do they live with? Why do you smoke? How do they travel to school? EXERCISE 4.5 Complete each sentence with a suitable question word. 1. A: _______________ does your brother study so much? B: Because he wants to be a computer engineer. 2. A: _______________ do you go to school in the mornings? B: I go to school by bus. 3. A: _______________ does he study? B: He studies ancient cultures. 4. A: _______________ do you live? B: I live in İzmir. 5. A: _______________ do they celebrate their wedding anniversary? B: On the 15th of December. Grammar: Days of the Week, Months, and Seasons WEEKDAYS WEEKEND Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday There are 7 days in a week. Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday are weekdays. Saturday and Sunday are weekends. We use the preposition on before each day.  We have a lot of classes on Mondays.  We go to the cinema on Saturdays. We use the preposition on before the word weekday, but at before the word weekend.  We usually have lunch out on weekdays.  They play tennis together at weekends. NOTE that in the USA, people also use on the weekend. 37 Months and Seasons WINTER SPRING SUMMER AUTUMN/FALL December March June September January April July October February May August November There are 12 months in a year. December, January, and February are winter months; March, April, and May are spring months; June, July, and August are summer months; and September, October, and November are autumn months. We use the preposition in before each month and season.  We stay in Bodrum in June and July.  They go on holiday in summer. EXERCISE 4.6 Complete each sentence with a suitable word. 1. _______________, _______________ and _______________ are spring months. 2. The day between Tuesday and Thursday is _______________. 3. The month before October is _______________. 4. The Independence Day in Türkiye is in _______________. 5. Saint Valentine Day is in _______________. 6. The first day of the weekdays is _______________. 7. Most people go out and have fun at _______________ on Saturdays and Sundays. 8. _______________ is the fifth month of the year. 38 Vocabulary: Hobbies Study and learn the names of hobbies. HOBBIES Drawing Knitting Fishing Listening to music Taking photos Playing a guitar Playing chess Playing video games Doing a puzzle Chatting to friends Surfing / Playing cards Swimming Riding a horse Reading books Surfboarding Cooking Watching movies Playing basketball Playing football Playing tennis Practicing Camping Going bowling Sunbathing Watching TV meditation Rafting Scuba diving Snorkeling Diving Skiing Climbing Sailing Going to cinema Paddling Riding a bike Traveling Hanging out with Dancing Doing gymnastics Working out friends 39  WEATHER In this unit, you will learn about adverbs of frequency in the present simple tense, and prepositions of time. You will also learn some vocabulary related to weather conditions and seasons. Pre-reading: reading: Glossary small talk (n.) : polite conversation about unimportant things changeable (adj.) : likely to change very often downpour (n.) : a sudden and unexpected heavy fall of rain season (n.) : each of the four divisions of the year frost (n.) : a layer of ice crystals on a cold surface temperature (n.) : degree of hotness or coldness sudden (adj.) : happening quickly and unexpectedly complain (v.) : to say that you are not happy with something EXERCISE 5.1 Complete the sentences with the words from the glossary. 1. Our picnic ended quickly when we got caught in a _______________. 2. He was deeply affected by the _______________ death of his father. 3. In April, the ______________ _______ is warm in the day, but the nights are still cold. 4. When the weather is cold, young plants may die due to the _______________. 5. Please feel free to _______________ when you are unhappy with the service. 6. Jessica hates _______________. She prefers to talk about important things. 7. I believe there are advantages and di disadvantages sadvantages to every ______________. __________ 8. The weather is _______________ here. Take your raincoat and sunglasses. 40 Reading: Weather in the UK What do you think British people talk about the most? Football? The Monarchy? The answer is no. Interestingly, most of the small talk in the UK is about the weather! The weather in the UK is changeable changeable. Sometimes, even mornings and afternoons have different weather conditions. You may wake up to a cloudless sky, only to see strong winds, or a downpour of rain in the afternoon. In the UK, you can usually experience all four seasons:: spring, summer, autumn, and winter. Summer is generally hot and sunny. But it can sometimes be cold and wet in summer too. So, whenever the British have a sunny day, they love to spend it outside. Autumn tumn comes after summer. The weather gets colder. There are stronger winds and a lot more rain in autumn. Towards the end of the season, when winter is closer, you can even see frost on the ground. Winter is the coldest season in the UK. The temperature goesoes down to 0°C or below. The roads and streets may become icy. There might also be snow, but the UK normally does not get much snow. It’s usually just cold and rain in the winter. After winter comes spring, with warmer days. You can see more people doing outdoor activities. Although the weather is usually nice, there are often sudden rain showers, so some people always carry their umbrellas with them. People in the UK love to complain about the weather because it changes a lot. lot However, it is also interesting sting that the weather gives people something to talk about all year round. EXERCISE 5.2 Read the sentences about the reading text. Circle T (true) or F (false). 1. People in the UK never talk about the weather. T F 2. Weather in the UK is always warm and sunny in summer. T F 3. Winters are generally cold in the UK. T F 4. It always rains all through the spring in the UK. T F 5. Weather changing a lot gives people a conversation topic. T F 41 Grammar: Adverbs of Frequency We use adverbs of frequency ((always, sometimes, never, etc.) to say HOW OFTEN we do things, or HOW OFTEN things happen. Always (100%) Usually (90%) Often (70%) Sometimes (50%) Occasionally (40%) Rarely (10%) Never (0%) NOTE that you can also use some other adverbs of frequency. generally, normally → usually frequently → often hardly ever, seldom → rarely I always wake up at 7:00. My brother usually works until 18:00. Chris often listens to classical music. My friends and I sometimes play tennis after school. I occasionally go to the library to study for exams. My father rarely works at the weekends. Alice never lies es to her parents. 42 NOTE that we don’t use never or hardly ever in negative sentences. Always use them in affirmative sentences. Wrong: I don’t never drink milk. Correct: I never drink milk. Also, frequency adverbs usually come BEFORE the main verb, but they are used AFTER an auxiliary verb such as the verb to be (am, is, are, etc.) never + verb: We never fight at home. be + never: We are never at home on Tuesdays. You can use the question word HOW OFTEN in the present simple tense to ask about the frequency of things happening. A: How often do you go swimming in the summer? B: I usually go swimming in the summer. A: How often does your sister drink milk? B: She never drinks milk. In addition to adverbs of frequency, there are also other ways of telling the frequency of things. You can, for instance, use time expressions with the word EVERY such as every year, every week, every month at the end of sentences. A: How often do you wake up early? B: I wake up early every day. A: How often do you see your family? B: I see them every summer. You can also use numeral adverbs (once, twice, etc.) to express frequency at the end of sentences. once → 1x four times, five times, six times … twice → 2x three times → 3x A: How often do you brush your teeth? B: I brush my teeth twice a day. A: How often does Jack go grocery shopping? B: He goes grocery shopping once a week. 43 EXERCISE 5.3 Write sentences about yourself with the prompts given. Use any forms above to express frequency. Example: listen to music → I usually listen to music. 1. eat sushi → ________________________________________________ 2. drink tea → ________________________________________________ 3. play chess → ________________________________________________ 4. play video games → ________________________________________________ 5. call my family → ________________________________________________ EXERCISE 5.4 SCOTT MON. TUE. WED. THU. FRI. SAT. SUN. go to school ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ play basketball ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ cook for himself ✔ ✔ clean his room ✔ play video games ✔ ✔ Look at the schedule and write sentences using numeral adverbs such as once, twice, etc. Example: Scott plays video games twice a week. 1. ______________________________________________________________ 2. ______________________________________________________________ 3. ______________________________________________________________ 4. ______________________________________________________________ 5. ______________________________________________________________ 44 Vocabulary: Weather Study and learn the names of seasons, weather conditions, and natural disasters. SEASONS Autumn/Fall Winter Spring Summer WEATHER CONDITIONS Sunny Rainy Stormy Cloudy Partly cloudy Windy Foggy Snowy Sleety Hailing NATURAL DISASTERS Flood Tsunami Avalanche Tornado Earthquake Wildfire Landslide Hurricane Drought 45 EXERCISE 5.5 Fill in the crossword puzzle according to the clues. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ACROSS → DOWN ↓ 3. In this season, the weather becomes 1. A very large wave after an cooler, the leaves turn to yellow and fall earthquake, or after a big movement of off the trees. the earth under the sea. 4. A large amount of ice, snow and rock 2. The beach season when the weather falling down a mountain. is usually warm or hot. 5. Flowers blossom, the weather 5. You should drive carefully when the becomes warmer, and plants start to weather is like this, because the road grow again in this season. might be icy. 7. If there is too much rain in a short 6. When the weather is like this, there time, a large amount of water covers are tiny drops of water in the air, and it streets and roads. is difficult to see things. 8. You should take your umbrella with you when the weather is like this. 46  CLOTHES In this unit, you will learn about object pronouns and possessive structures. You will also learn and study a list of some common vocabulary items related to clothes. Pre-reading: reading: Glossary famous (adj.) : very well known for something chic (adj.) : fashionable and sophisticated dress (v.) : to put on clothes; to wear basic (adj.) : very important or necessary skinny (adj.) : narrow and fitting closely to the body scarf (n.) : a piece of cloth worn around the neck high heels (n.) : shoes that lifts the back of the foot higher instantly (adv.) : immediately and without delay; at once EXERCISE 6.1 Complete the sentences with the words from the glossary. 1. Kristen wore _______________ on the red carpet, not sneakers. 2. She was so _______________ in her beautiful wedding dress. 3. Women generally like to _______________ nicely when they go out. 4. Anthony loves to wear _______________ jeans instead of boring suits. 5. Cappadocia is _______________ for its balloons and fairy chimneys. 6. He was wearing a _______________ to protect himself from the cold. 7. Thanks to e-mail, mail, you can send a message almost _______________. 8. Food is a _______________ need for all people like shelter and water. 47 Reading: Traveling to Paris? Paris is a great place to visit. It is famous for its fashion industry. Many people, especially women want to look chic, so they think about what to wear in Paris carefully. However, people don’t have to bring too many items. French fashion is modern and simple. This article will show you how to creatcreate a Parisian style when you decide how to dress in Paris. You will feel comfortable on your travels and also learn the best pieces for you. Let's begin with the basic items. Don’t forget to bring them to Paris. First of all, French women know good jeans, and they love skinny ones. They often choose dark- dark colored jeans because they believe they look great. Secondly, a simple black dress is important. When you find a perfect black dress, you can wear it everywhere under a trench coat. Next, a scarf is always a great accessory. Men, women and even children wear it around their necks. If you don’t have any scarves, you can always buy them somewhere in Paris. By the way, when you walk around the city, you’ll want to feel comfortable. It is not easy to walk with high heels,, so sneakers would be a good option. Finally, it may rain any time in Paris. Have an umbrella and your rain boots with you. Above all, leave beachwear on the beach! The same is true for gym clothes. If you aren’t actually running or going to ththee gym, don't wear running shoes or yoga pants. Or else, the local people will instantly know that you are a tourist. EXERCISE 6.2 Read the sentences about the reading text. Circle T (true) or F (false). 1. People in Paris don’t wear fashionable clothes. T F 2. Only women wear scarves in Paris. T F 3. You shouldn’t take beachwear if you’re visiting the city center. T F 4. When people wear gym clothes, they don’t look chic. T F 5. It is easy to walk with high heels in Paris. T F 6. People have an old-fashioned fashioned and complicated style in Paris. T F 7. You can wear a black dress everywhere in Paris. T F 48 Grammar: Object Pronouns / Possessive Pronouns Pronouns are words that can replace nouns in a sentence. I like cats. I feed them every day. My sister has a cat. She feeds it every morning. NOTE that object pronouns can be singular or plural. Singular object pronouns Plural object pronouns me us you you him/her/it them Object pronouns are used instead of nouns in sentences. It makes the sentence easier to understand and read. We also use object pronouns to avoid repetition. Object pronouns are used in situations when the pronoun is not the subject of a verb. OBJECT PRONOUNS ROLE EXAMPLE Object of a verb Alfred knows me very well. Amber’s mom kisses her every night before she goes to sleep. When I see my sister, I will hug her. After a preposition The students came to the cinema with him. What happened to her? I saw Jennifer crying. When we fell down the stairs, people laughed at us. After verb to be Let me introduce you to my sister. This is her! Could you please open the door? It’s me. For comparison after as or John is taller than my sister. My sister is shorter than him. than My sister is intelligent. My brother is intelligent, too. He is as intelligent as her. With short answers A: Who is there? B: Me! A: I am too hungry. B: Me too. A: Who ate this apple? B: Her! 49 EXERCISE 6.3 Complete the sentences with a suitable object pronoun. 1. When I looked at Angelina, I fell in love with _______________. 2. Your brothers are making a lot of noise. Please tell _______________ to be quiet. 3. These words are very important to learn. Don’t forget to memorize _______________. 4. He kissed her hands and thanked _______________ for what she had done. 5. Where is my English book? I think I have lost _______________. 6. My mom was overjoyed because I passed the class and congratulated _______________. 7. I am so happy. My friends bought _______________ a necklace for my birthday. 8. I cannot find my glasses. Have you seen _______________? 9. I have a problem. Can you help _______________? 10. When my sister and brother finished, mom told _______________ to get up. 11. When I cook spaghetti, I like to boil _______________ for 15 minutes. 12. We are going to Sam’s party tonight. He invited _______________. 13. Sam, I would like to visit _______________ this summer. Is that OK? 14. We saw our teacher this morning and she gave _______________ some homework. Possessive Adjectives vs. Possessive Pronouns Possessive Adjectives Remember we learned possessive adjectives in unit 2. A possessive adjective is an adjective which modifies a noun. Adjectives modify nouns. They cannot replace nouns or they cannot be used instead of nouns. We use possessive adjectives to express possession or ownership. A possessive adjective modifies a noun by identifying who has possession of it.  Kate has lost her keys. In this sentence, the word “her” is a possessive adjective and it indicates that the keys belong to Kate. 50  SUBJECT PRONOUNS VS. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES SINGULAR PLURAL PERSON Subject Possessive Subject Possessive Adjective Adjective First I my we our Second you your you your Third he his they their she her it its Possessive Pronouns Like all pronouns, possessive pronouns replace nouns in a sentence. Possessive pronouns show a noun’s possession or ownership. However, they are different from possessive adjectives. We use possessive adjectives in front of a noun to describe who something belongs to. However, possessive pronouns replace a noun or noun phrase which is already used in a sentence to avoid repetition. SUBJECT PRONOUNS VS. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS SINGULAR PLURAL PERSON Subject Possessive Subject Possessive Pronouns Pronouns First I mine we ours Second you yours you yours Third he his they theirs she hers it ---* *We don’t use its as a possessive pronoun. 51 Examples: These are my sneakers. These are mine. Daniel didn’t have a cap so he used Lisa’s Daniel didn’t have a cap so he used hers. cap/her cap. I brought my brothers to the party and I brought mine to the party and Robert Robert brought his sisters. brought his. Your cat is very cute and our cat is also Yours is very cute and ours is also cute, cute, too. too. Whose coat is this? Is this your coat? Whose coat is this? Is this yours? We can stay at Mark and Carol’s house. We can stay at theirs. EXERCISE 6.4 Fill in the blanks with the correct possessive pronouns. 1. Paul’s party was great. But our party was better. Everybody liked _______________ more. 2. Sam and I lost our wallets. Sam found _______________ but I still cannot find ____________. 3. Jim’s favorite movie is historical movies. However, Kevin and Sandra like romantic comedies. _______________ is a romantic comedy. 4. I left my jacket at home so Charles lent me _______________. 5. If you don’t have your sunglasses with you. I have an extra pair of sunglasses. You can borrow _______________. 6. Emily cannot find her mittens. Probably, Amanda picked up Emily’s mittens instead of _______________. 7. George and Melisa have a very big house. Our house is smaller than _______________. 8. This is my pizza and that is _______________. Your pizza is a Margarita. 9. You serve this pasta with Bolognese sauce, but we serve _______________ with tomato sauce. 10. Have you done your homework yet? I have done _______________ yesterday. 52 Vocabulary: Clothing ACCESSORIES Mitten Socks Hat Tie Scarf Handbag Purse Ring Earrings Watch Umbrella Necklace Wallet Swimming cap Sunglasses CLOTHES Coat Raincoat Jacket Shirt T-shirt Sweater Tights Trousers Shorts Skirt Dress Blouse Bra Jeans Underwear Hoodie Little black dress Suit Swimming suit SHOES Trainers / Sneakers Boots (High) Heels Slippers Flip Flops Ballet shoes Rain boots Sandals 53  SPORTS In this unit, you will learn how to express ability and inability, and to give permission using can. You will also learn about some conjunctions, and some vocabulary related to sports and activities. Pre-reading: reading: Glossary statement (n.) : something that you say or write rumor (n.) : general talk not based on knowledge strange (adj.) : difficult to unde understand; unusual height (n.) : size or length from the bottom to the top various (adj.) : more than one; several of the type junk food (n.) : fast food that has low nutritional value diet (n.) : food and drinks that you have regularly forbidden (adj.) : not permitted or allowed; prohibited EXERCISE 7.1 Complete the sentences with the words from the glossary. 1. I heard a _______________ noise coming from the kitchen last night. 2. The footballer has received _______________ awards for his success. 3. Many people like Japanese _______________ of fish, rice and vegetables because it is very healthy. 4. The police made a public _______________ about the murder. 5. You can’t smoke in this public building. It is _______________. 6. This vegetable can grow to a _______ _______________ ________ of up to three meters. 7. There is a _______________ that they might be making a new film. 8. I try not to eat too much _______________ because I’m highly allergic. 54 Reading: An Interview Basketball players can eat ten hamburgers in a day! Short people cannot play basketball! Those who can’t play football choose to play basketball! A basketball player can’t drive an F1 car because he can’t get in the car! Do you think these statements are true? Let’s ask them to a professional basketball player, George. He plays in the national basketball league, so he can tell us the truth about these rumors. Interviewer: Hi, George. How are you? George: Thank you. I’m very well. What about you? Interviewer: Thanks, I’m fine. I want to ask you some questions about basketball and basketball players. People are speaking of strange things about this sport. Here are some examples: ““Short people cannot play basketball.” and ““Playing basketball can make you taller.” Or “Basketball Basketball players can’t drive an F1 car.” George: Well, of course short people can play basketball. It is just a game, and everyone can play this game. I don’t think playing basketball makes someone taller. Height is a genetic matter. Interviewer: What about this: A basketball player cannot drive an F1 car? George: It might be true I’m afraid. Many basketball players are tall, and it’s not easy for them to get in the car. Interviewer: Many people believe basketball players can eat ten ham hamburgers burgers a day because they need energy. Is it true? George: No, it isn’t. But it is true that we need energy, and we get it from various foods. We don’t just eat hamburgers, or ten hamburgers every day. Interviewer: As a professional basketball player, do you have a diet? George: We have a nutritionist here in the club. She makes our diet list. She does her best for us and she doesn’t let us eat any junk food. Interviewer: Alright. Now we know the reality. There are some other questions I want to ask about this sport. Do you need any special clothes or training Equipment, for example? George: Yes, of course. We can’t wear whatever shoes we want; we need special basketball shoes and clothing. Interviewer: Is there anything you cannot do iin the training camp? George: Well, we can’t leave the camp until the training is over. We can’t drink alcohol and we can’t order any meal from outside. They are forbidden. Interviewer:: One more question, please. Can a professional basketball player also be a professional at other sports such as volleyball, football, or tennis? George: If you can, why not? Interviewer: Thank you very much, George. I wish you good luck for the next match. 55 EXERCISE 7.2 Read the sentences about the reading text. Circle T (true) or F (false). 1. Short people cannot play basketball. T F 2. Basketball won’t make you taller. It is a genetic matter. T F 3. A basketball player shouldn’t eat any junk food. T F 4. You don’t need any special clothes to play basketball. T F 5. You can’t leave the camp until the training is over. T F 6. A professional basketball player can also be good at other T F sports. Grammar: Can I I I You You You can No, can’t He He He She speak She speak She Can It Turkish It Turkish? It We can’t We We Yes, can You (cannot) You You They They They When we want to talk about general ability, we often use can and when we want to talk about inability, we use the negative form cannot (can’t). We don’t change can/can’t when we use it with a singular or plural subject. We use the base form of the verb after can/can’t. George can play basketball very well. Michael cannot (can’t) swim. My brothers can’t speak English. He can drive that car. He has a driving-license. I can play the piano but I cannot play the guitar. We often use can for permissions/requests. You can play on the PlayStation for two hours. You can go out with your friends, but don’t be late. Can I use your mobile phone, please? 56 We use can’t for prohibition. You can’t park here! We use can when we talk about possibility. Istanbul is a very big city and you can easily get lost there. The weather is not rainy now, so he can play outside. I think Sebastian Vettel can’t finish the race because he has an engine problem. EXERCISE 7.3 Decide if the statements are ability, permission, request, prohibition, or possibility: 1. I can speak two languages; English and German. __________ 2. You can’t smoke here! It is forbidden. __________ 3. He is a pilot. He can fly planes. __________ 4. No problem! She can come with us and enjoy the party. __________ 5. You can’t take photos here in the museum. It’s not allowed. __________ 6. Can I open the window, please? It is too hot here! __________ 7. She is not hardworking, but she can pass the exam. __________ 8. It is very hot. The temperature can reach to 40°C. __________ 9. Can a 3-year-old child ride a horse? __________ 10. After 15 minutes, you can leave the exam. __________ 11. Can you help me with my homework, please? __________ 12. You can’t cross the road. The traffic light is red. __________ 57 More Grammar: Conjunctions A conjunction is a word to join the words together. With a conjunction we can form a relationship between two or more different words or sentences. Conjunctions help us to tell the same thing just in one sentence rather than forming more sentences. CONJUNCTION I like Italian food, but my wife doesn’t like it. He has a car, but he doesn’t have a driving license. but She can’t play tennis, but she likes watching it. Charles and Max don’t study English, but they study Math. I can read and write. I have a computer and a TV in my room. Jane speaks Spanish and German. and Mrs. Jones and her husband are very friendly. My mom is making a cake in the kitchen, and my dad is reading the newspaper. He can’t go out because he is very ill. I ride bicycle every day because it is healthy. because She is often late for work because she can’t wake up early. They are not at home because they are at school. My mother cooks delicious meals, so we eat too much. He is a brilliant student, so he can be very successful. so Kırıkkale is not an expensive city, so I like it. She is an old woman, so she can’t run fast. It was very cold, so we turned on the heating. or Do you prefer tea or coffee? We can eat salad or vegetables for lunch? I can go to the cinema, or I can watch a movie at home. Do you have any brothers or sisters? 58 EXERCISE 7.4 Complete the sentences using but, and, because, or and so. 1. I like dessert very much ____________ I can’t eat any dessert now ____________ I’m on a diet. 2. She comes to school by bus _____________ she doesn’t have a car. 3. Do you want to come with us ____________ do you want to stay there? 4. He ____________ his sister are both doctors. 5. He wants to be a primary school teacher ____________ he likes children very much. 6. I had classes in Spanish last year ____________ I can speak Spanish now. 7. We can go to the beach to swim _____________ we can go on a picnic. 8. I am very busy now ____________ I can’t help you. 9. This car is very fast ____________ surprisingly it is not expensive. 10. She is a rich lady ____________ she can buy that expensive necklace. 11. He needs to study hard for the exam ____________ he will fail. 12. Mr. Zen often coughs badly ____________ he smokes too much. 13. George is a good basketball player ____________ not a good football player. 14. I wear eyeglasses ____________ I can’t see without them. 15. Jane ____________ George live in the USA. 59 Vocabulary: Sports and Activities Study and learn the names of popular sports and activities. SPORTS Football Basketball Volleyball Ping Pong Boxing Walking Running Cycling Motocross Ice-skating Exercising Fitness Squad Treadmill Pilates High Jump Long Jump Pole Vault Javelin Throw Disc Throw ACTIVITIES Fishing Swimming Gaming Diving Dancing OTHER Medal Leaderboard Barbell Dumbbell Goggles 60  WORK In this unit, you will learn about the present continuous tense, state verbs and the differences between the present continuous and the present simple tense. You will also learn some vocabulary related to jobs and professions. Pre-reading: reading: Glossary common (adj.) : found in large numbers, happening often access (n.) : a way of entering, or approaching freedom (n.) : the power of doing what you want task (n.) : a piece of work you have to do pollution (n.) : the process of making something dirty challenge (n.) : something new and difficult assistance (n.) : the help you give someone creature (n.) : any living thing that is not a plant EXERCISE 8.1 Complete the sentences with the words from the glossary. 1. In a library, you have direct _______________ to thousands of books. 2. Recycling is maybe the most effective way to control _______________. 3. Today we have the _______________ to decide our own futures. 4. Madagascar is an island where many _______________ live together. 5. The _______________ of a teacher is to assist students find their ways. 6. When I was in France, learning French was my biggest _______________. 7. Earthquakes are not _______________ in this part of the world. 8. Mom is very weak, and she can’t walk without my _______________. 61 Reading: Working from Home Working from home is not just a dream anymore. Nowadays, it is becoming more common to find people who are working from home thanks to the technology. All you need is a laptop or PC, and access to the Internet. Working from home sounds good, but it has some disadvantages as well. One advantage is the freedom it gives. Home workers can organize their work around their daily life. You can be busy with other tasks that you have to do during the day, such as cleaning the house or going shopping, etc. It is especially great for female workers who have small childr children. en. They will have more free time to spend with their family. It is also economical because you don’t have to travel to your workplace every day. This way, there will be less traffic and environmental pollution as well. You will also be able to save a lot more money by staying home. There are a number of disadvantages too. First of all, it affects your social life in a bad way. When you are at work, you have people around. At home, however, you are alone most of the time. Another challenge is that sometimess you have to be at work physically. For example, students generally need your assistance at school. So, it may not be a good idea to teach them from home. In short, it seems that working from home can make your life easier and give you more control over your daily life. However, we are social creatures and we do some things better with other people around. EXERCISE 8.2 Read the sentences about the reading text. Circle T (true) or F (false). 1. Working from home is still a dream that hasn’t come true. T F 2. When you work from home, you can’t organize your daily life. T F 3. Traveling to the workplace every day isn’t economical. T F 4. There are usually people around you when you are at work. T F 5. Working from home causes less traffic and pollution. T F 6. Working from home is always better than going to work. T F 62 Grammar: Present Continuous Tense PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE Affirmative Negative Questions I’m walking to school. I’m not walking to school. Are you walking to school? John is cleaning his room. John isn’t cleaning his room. Is John cleaning his room? John is cleaning his room. They aren’t having breakfast. Are they having breakfast? Short Answers to YES/NO Questions: Are you working right now?  Yes, I am. Is Jack sleeping?  No, he isn’t. WH- Questions: Where are you going? To Ankara. Why are you going downtown? Because I’m meeting a friend for lunch. What is Sarah eating? She’s eating a sandwich she made.  We use Present Continuous Tense to express actions happening right now while the speaker is speaking.  The students are writing articles now.  Ahmet is not (isn’t) listening to the lesson at the moment.