Parts of Speech PDF

Khursheed Ali Senior Lecturer in English PARTS OF SPEECH DEFINITION: The category of words that have similar grammatical properties are called parts of speech. TYPES: There are eight parts of speech in English language Noun Pronoun Verb Adjective Adverb Preposition Conjunction in...

Khursheed Ali Senior Lecturer in English PARTS OF SPEECH DEFINITION: The category of words that have similar grammatical properties are called parts of speech. TYPES: There are eight parts of speech in English language Noun Pronoun Verb Adjective Adverb Preposition Conjunction interjection NOUN: DEFINITION: A noun is a word that is used to identify any class of people, place, thing, ending , position and attitude. EXAMPLE: o People: girl, boy , women , man, teacher , Ali , Maaz , Ayesha etc o Place: school, college , home, city, office, Pakistan, Islamabad etc o Thing: table, chair, fruit, cat, dog, book etc o Noun ending: certain words ending shows us a word noun in a sentence -hood (brotherhood) -ation (relation) -ity (nationality) o Position: my house, the teacher, this book , a relief KINDS OF NOUN: 1. PROPER NOUN: A name of a specific person, place or a thing is called proper noun. For example: Quaid e Azam( RA), Ahmed, Lahore, Karachi, English novel 2. COMMON NOUN: A word used to identify any of a class of people, places or thing. For example: girl, bridge, happiness, tower, pen 3. Abstract noun: A noun used for ideas, qualities and conditions. For example: danger, happiness, sadness, friendship, time 4. Collective noun: A noun used for group of people or things. For example: family, cricket team, audience 5. Material noun: A noun used for the matter or substances of which things are made. For example: plastic , cotton, gold, sugar, salt PRONOUN: A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun in a sentence. They are used to avoid repeating same nouns again and again. For example : he, she, it, they, you, I, we KINDS OF PRONOUN: 1. Personal pronouns Personal pronouns refer to a specific person or thing. Their form changes to indicate a person, number, gender, or case. Subjective personal pronouns are pronouns that act as the subject of a sentence. Examples of personal pronouns are I, you, she, he, it, you, and they. 2. Demonstrative pronouns Demonstrative pronouns point to and identify a noun or a pronoun. This and these refer to things that are nearby in space or time, while that and those refer to things that are farther away in space or further away in time. 3. Interrogative pronouns Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions. The interrogative pronouns are who, whom, which, and what. If you are learning English as a second language, it is important to remember that who and whom are used to refer to people, while which is used to refer to things and animals. Who acts as the subject, while whom acts as the object. 4. Relative pronouns Relative pronouns are used to link one phrase or clause to another phrase or clause. The relative pronouns are who, whom, that, and which. The compounds whoever, whomever, and whichever are also commonly used relative pronouns. 5. Indefinite pronouns Indefinite pronouns refer to an identifiable, but not specified, person or thing. An indefinite pronoun conveys the idea of all, any, none, or some. If you are learning English as a second language, remember the following common indefinite pronouns: all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, each , everybody, everyone, everything, few, many, nobody, none, one, several, some, somebody, and someone. 6. Reflexive pronouns Reflexive pronouns refer back to the subject of the clause or sentence. For example: are myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, and themselves. 7. Intensive pronouns Intensive pronouns are used to emphasize their antecedent. Intensive pronouns are identical in form to reflexive pronouns. Adverb DEFINITION: An adverb is a word/a set of words that modifies verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. It tells when, where, and how an action is performed or indicates the quality or degree of the action. KINDS OF ADVERB: Adverbs of Time An adverb of time provides more information about when a verb takes place. Adverbs of time are usually placed at the beginning or end of a sentence. Examples of adverbs of time: never, lately, just, always, recently, during, yet, soon, sometimes, usually, so far 2. Adverbs of Place Adverbs of place illustrate where the verb is happening. Examples of adverbs of place: here, there, nowhere, everywhere, out, in, above, below, inside, outside, into 3. Adverbs of Manner Adverbs of manner provide more information about how a verb is done. Adverbs of manner are probably the most common of all adverbs. They’re easy to spot too. Most of them will end in –ly. Examples of adverbs of manner: neatly, slowly, quickly, sadly, calmly, politely, loudly, kindly, lazily 4. Adverbs of Degree Adverbs of degree explain the level or intensity of a verb, adjective, or even another adverb. Example of adverbs of degree: almost, quite, nearly, too, enough, just, hardly, simply, so 5. Adverbs of Frequency Adverbs of frequency explain how often the verb occurs. They’re often placed directly before the main verb of a sentence. Examples of adverbs of frequency: never, always, rarely, sometimes, normally, seldom, usually, again Preposition DEFINITION: A preposition is a word used to link nouns, pronouns, or phrases to other words within a sentence. TYPES OF PREPOSITIONS: 1) Prepositions of Time: Prepositions of time show the relationship of time between the nouns to the other parts of a sentence. On, at, in, from, to, for, since, ago, before, till/until, by, etc. are the most common preposition of time. 2) Prepositions of Place and Direction: Prepositions of place show the relationship of place between the nouns to the other parts of a sentence. On, at, in, by, from, to, towards, up, down, across, between, among, through, in front of, behind, above, over, under, below, etc. are the most common prepositions of place/direction 3) Prepositions of Agents or Things: Prepositions of agents or things indicate a casual relationship between nouns and other parts of the sentence. Of, for, by, with, about, etc. are the most used and common prepositions of agents or things. 4) Phrasal Prepositions: A phrasal preposition is not a prepositional phrase, but they are a combination of two or more words which functions as a preposition. Along with, apart from, because of, by means of, according to, in front of, contrary to, in spite of, on account of, in reference to, in addition to, in regard to, instead of, on top of, out of, with regard to, etc. are the most common phrasal prepositions.  Verb DEFINITION: a word used to describe an action, state, or occurrence, and forming the main part of the predicate of a sentence TYPES OF VERBS: 1) Main Verbs or Action Verbs Main verbs or action verbs are used to express action; something that an animal, a person or a thing does. In each of the following sentences, we only have a main verb. The sun shines. The horse neighs. 2) Helping Verbs As the name suggests, helping verbs help or support the main verb. Examples: We are in the Green House Club. (are: helping verb)You should complete the work by tomorrow. 3) State of Being Verbs (Linking Verbs) State of Being verbs state that something 'is'. State of being verbs also known as linking verbs. Linking verbs explain a link between the subject of the sentence and a noun or adjective being linked to it. Examples: The flowers are bright. Diamond is the hardest substance. 4) Transitive Verbs A transitive verb expresses an action directed towards a person, place or thing. The action expressed by a transitive verb passes from the doer or the subject to the receiver of the action. Words that receive the action of a transitive verb are called objects. For example: The teacher made the question paper. Peter cut the cake Transitive Verbs A transitive verb expresses an action directed towards a person, place or thing. The action expressed by a transitive verb passes from the doer or the subject to the receiver of the action. Words that receive the action of a transitive verb are called objects. For example: The teacher made the question paper. Peter cut the cake Adjective DEFINITION: Adjectives are words that describe or modify other words, making your writing and speaking much more specific, and a whole lot more interesting TYPES OF ADJECTIVES: 1) Possessive Adjectives As the name indicates, possessive adjectives are used to indicate possession. They are: My Your His 2) Demonstrative Adjectives Like the article the, demonstrative adjectives are used to indicate or demonstrate specific people, animals, or things. These, those, this and that are demonstrative adjectives. 3) Coordinate Adjectives Coordinate adjectives are separated with commas or the word and, and appear one after another to modify the same noun. The adjectives in the phrase bright, sunny day and long and dark night are coordinate adjectives. In phrases with more than two coordinate adjectives, the word and always appears before the last one; for example: The sign had big, bold, and bright letters. 4) Numbers Adjectives When they’re used in sentences, numbers are almost always adjectives. You can tell that a number is an adjective when it answers the question “How many?” The stagecoach was pulled by a team of six He ate 23 hotdogs during the contest, and was sick afterwards. 5) Interrogative Adjectives There are three interrogative adjectives: which, what, and whose.Like all other types of adjectives, interrogative adjectives modify nouns. As you probably know, all three of these words are used to ask questions. Which option sounds best to you? What time should we go? 6) Indefinite Adjectives Like the articles a and an, indefinite adjectives are used to discuss non-specific things. You might recognize them, since they’re formed from indefinite pronouns. The most common indefinite adjectives are any, many, no, several, and few. 7) Attributive Adjectives Attributive adjectives talk about specific traits, qualities, or features – in other words, they are used to discuss attributes. There are different kinds of attributive adjectives: Observation adjectives such as real, perfect, best, interesting, beautiful or cheapest can indicate value or talk about subjective measures. ConjuNction DEFINITION: A conjunction is the glue that holds words, phrases and clauses (both dependent and independent) together. TYPES: 1) Coordinating Conjunctions: The job of a coordinating conjunction is to join two words, phrases, or independent clauses, which are parallel in structure. There are seven coordinating conjunctions which are by far the most common conjunctions: and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet. Example: We went to the stadium and enjoyed the cricket match. Do you want an ice cream or chocolate? Go away and never come back. 2) Correlative Conjunctions: A correlative conjunction uses a set of words in a parallel sentence structure to show a contrast or to compare the equal parts of a sentence. The words of correlative conjunctions have a special connection between them. The correlative conjunctions are not only - but also, either- or, neither - nor, both - and, not - but, whether - or. 3) Subordinating Conjunctions: A subordinating conjunction joins elements of an unparalleled sentence structure. These elements are usually a dependent clause and an independent clause. Most commonly used subordinating conjunctions are: After, how, than, when, although, if, that, where, as, in order that, though, which, as much as, inasmuch as, unless, while, because, provided, until, who/whom, before, since, what, whoever/whomever.  Interjections DEFINITION: An interjection is a part of speech that demonstrates the emotion or feeling of the author. These words or phrases can stand alone, or be placed before or after a sentence. Interjections mainly have four roles: Rule 1: Interjections express a sudden mood, emotions, and feeling with emphasis. There are also many taboo words that are usually used in everyday conversation but not in formal aspects. These words fall into the category of interjections. Example: Wow! That’s an amazing scene. Aw, I did not want him to come. What? You never told me that! Rule 2: Some interjections interrupt a conversation or a thought or hold someone’s attention for a moment. These are just sounds, not words because these sounds do not make any sense. Example: Your, um, shirt has a stain on the back. I want to, uh, ask you out on a date. Rule 3: Some interjections express only yes or no. Example: Yes! I will most definitely do it. Nah, we are not going. Rule 4: Some interjections are used to get someone’s attention. Example: Yo, Alex! Get in the car! Hey! Will you give me that ball? Yoo-hoo! Is there anyone?