Indian, African, and Egyptian Civilization PDF

Indian Civilization MOHENJO DARO AND HARAPPA VEDIC AGE MAHAJANAPADAS MAURYA GUPTA CHOLA MUGHAL INTRODUCTION Triangular peninsula – Indian ocean, Arabian VEDIC sea, Bay of Beng...

Indian Civilization MOHENJO DARO AND HARAPPA VEDIC AGE MAHAJANAPADAS MAURYA GUPTA CHOLA MUGHAL INTRODUCTION Triangular peninsula – Indian ocean, Arabian VEDIC sea, Bay of Bengal Steppes of Asia, west of Hindu Kush INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION - South asia through mountain passes 3300-2500 BCE Taller and lighter skinned ○ Larger than Egypt and Mesopotamia Culture and society - early period ○ Northwest India – Pakistan ○ Nomadic herders ○ Chariot warfare using bronze axes Mohenjo-daro ○ Three level class system (later period) Priests - brahmins Mound of the dead – Sindhi language Warrior-nobles - kshatriyas Commoners Harapa Vaishyas - merchants, Sanskrit – SAPTA-PURA (seven cities) traders, artisans Shudras - laborers HARAPPA AND MOHENJO-DARO ○ Led by a chosen Chief/Raja Impact Major cities discovered in the 1920s ○ Destroyed, enslaved, and absorbed Flourished around 2500 BCE harappa civilization into aryan way of City Infrastructure life ○ Fortress with grain storage, assembly Language and literature hall, and public bath, bathroom, sewer ○ Brought indo-european to india systems for drainage. (sanskrit) Harappan Life and Culture ○ Vedas - religious literature ○ Standardized system of weight and ○ Rig veda - oldest vedic text, hymns, measures prayers and songs ○ Copper, gold, bronze, bricks Society and beliefs ○ Cotton cloth production and clays ○ Dharma - concepts of rights, duties, and Decline - 1900-1700 BCE social order for each class ○ Mohendo-daro - abandoned ○ Hinduism - dominant faith ○ Harappa - destroyed by aryans Upanishads - ideas of rights and wrong Brahman - supreme principle or world spirit 1  Hindu - return to brahman and be absorbed by ○ Limited stratification - two main strata world spirit Kshatriya rajakula Karma - good and bad acts determine rebirth dasa-karmakara and purification Governance Dharma - duties, essential to good karma King or chief Deities - polytheism – symbols of brahman Taxation system ○ Brahma - creator god Welfare state model with dharma - rightful ○ Shiva - destroyer conduct of duties ○ Vishnu - preserver Epics ANGA: ○ Ramayana - rama and sita ○ EASTERN MAGADHA ○ Mahabharata - war between cousins ○ Capital - CHAMPA. Castes - lived based on occupation, nationality, ○ WEALTH, COMMERCE, AND and customs TRADE WITH SUVARNABHUMI. Outcastes - untouchables MAGADHA: Women - fewer and restricted rights ○ CENTRAL AND MOST POWERFUL Exceptional women - ruled kingdoms, doubt ○ Capital - PATALIPUTRA (PATNA). wars, and wrote poetry ○ EXPANDED THROUGH Widows - excluded, prayed and cared for CONQUESTS AND ALLIANCES. husband’s soul KASHI: ○ EASTERN INDIA Buddhism ○ Capital - VARANASI (BENARES). Gautama buddha - Siddhartha Gautama ○ COTTON TEXTILES AND A enlightened under a fig tree MARKET FOR HORSES. Four Noble Truths KOSALA: ○ Suffering ○ NORTHWESTERN INDIA ○ Desire ○ Capital - SHRAVASTI (BASTI). ○ Overcoming desire ○ CONFLICT WITH MAGADHA ○ Path to enlightenment (NIRVANA) VATSA: The spread centered around: ○ CENTRAL INDIA, Bodh gaya - G enlightenment ○ KAUSHAMBI (ALLAHABAD). Sarnath - G first sermon ○ PROSPERITY, TRADE, AND Ksuhinagar - G death CULTURAL ACHIEVEMENTS. PANCHALA: MAHAJANAPADAS ○ NORTHERN INDIA Large territorial state ○ AHICHCHHATRA (BAREILLY). Centralized administration, regular army, ○ LARGE ARMY AND MILITARY distinct territory (JAPANADA or RAJYA) PROWESS. Emerge during iron age MATSYA: ○ WESTERN INDIA Types of Mahajanapadas ○ VIRATNAGAR (JAIPUR). Monarchies - gangetic plain ○ ONE OF THE PROMINENT ○ Dynastic kings with absolute power KSHATRIYA TRIBES THAT MADE Republics - foothills of himalayas UP THE VEDIC ARYAN PEOPLE IN ○ Elected leaders and decision makers, THE EARLIEST PERIOD OF THEIR with power vested in local assemblies RESIDENCE IN INDIA. ○ Head of the clan presides ○ Egalitarian 2  SURASENA: ○ Dravidian culture - developed from ○ NORTHWESTERN INDIA northern india ○ MATHURA (UTTAR PRADESH). ○ Tamils traded with southeast india ○ UTTARAPATHA, A CENTER OF ○ China and egypt - arab traded in summer COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES. and return in winter ASSAKA: ○ India brought textiles and porcelain ○ SOUTHERN INDIA from china ○ POTANA (MAHARASHTRA). Decline - Ashoka’s death ○ ABUNDANCE OF FOOD, GEMS, AND WEALTH. GUPTA (Golden Age of Ancient India) AVANTI: Sri Gupta - founded the empire ○ CENTRAL INDIA Successors ○ UJJAIN (MADHYA PRADESH). ○ Son Ghatotkacha ○ POWERFUL RULERS AND ○ Grandson Chandragupta I - married MILITARY STRENGTH. princess Kumaradevi of Magadha Decline ○ Samudragupta - son of Chandragupta Internal and power struggles and invasions, I famines, and rise of chiefdoms Expanded the empire Transition to the rise of Satavahanas and Guptas Performed royal vedic ritual of Ashwamedha (horse sacrifice) MAURYA The King of Kings or Magadha kingdom Maharajadhiraja ○ Ganges river ○ Most stable and prosperous kingdom Period of peace, prosperity, and cultural ○ Iron mines, rich and abundant forest advancement ○ Elephants for war Overland trades - Silk Road Bimbisara ○ Fa Xian - Chinese traveler who visited ○ Good administrator, made the India during Chandragupta II kingdom strong, and built roads Science, Mathematics, and Philosphy Buddhist art - hellenistic style by Alexander ○ Decimal system, zero, algebra the great conquests ○ Aryabhata - mathematician-astronomer Capital - Pataliputra (modern patna) - gangetic worked for Pi and the earth moves plain around the sun and is not flat Persian invasion by Cyrus the great ○ Varahamihira - wrote treatise of (Archaemenid) conquered indus valley and the mathematical astronomy punjab, lasted 200 years ○ Vatsyayana (kama sutra) and Vishnu Alexander conquers Persia but loses India Sharma (panchatantra fables) Chandragupta Maurya established a new empire Art, Architecture, and Literature which is Maurya ○ Architecture RULERS Known for architecture Ashoka - buddhist teaching for 30 years Iron Pillar of Delhi of Edicts - ruler who preferred gentleness and Chandragupta II persuasion ○ Literature Ahimsa - non-violence, respect and Kalidasa plays - Shakuntala vegetarianism Vishnu Sharma - panchatantra Kushanas - central asian dynasty fables - most translated non-religious book in history Tamil Culture Kama Sutra - sexual behavior 3 Decline Decline Invasions, weak leadership and rise of new Invasions, internal conflicts powers Rajendra Chola III last ruler who was Harsha Vardhana dynasty of Prabhakara defeated by Pandyas Vardhana and Pallava dynasty of Simhavishnu - both dynasties promoted Hinduism, but also MUGHAL supported Buddhist and Jain cultures, Early Rulers continuing the legacy of the Gupta empire. Babur - founder of Mughal Empire Humayun - restored Mughal after exile CHOLA DYNASTY Akbar the Great ○ greatest Mughal emperor RULERS ○ Policy of religious tolerance and VIJAYALAYA CHOLA administrative reforms ○ Founder ○ Centralized provinces (Subas) and ○ Ruled over north of river Kaveri districts (Sarkas) ○ Captured Thanjavur and built temple of ○ Hierarchical administrative and revenue goddess NISHUMBH SUDINI system with land measurement (DUGA) at Thanjavur ○ Commissioned the translation of hindu Aditya epic to persian ○ Son of Vijayalaya Chola Art and Architecture ○ Crown prince, expanded chola empire Taj Mahal Rajaraja Miniature painting and calligraphy ○ Greatest emperor ○ Built Brihadesvara temple Jahangir and Shah Jahan - height of Mughal glory ○ Successful military conquest Jahangir - patronage and justice system, Rajendra continue the policies of Akbar ○ Greatest ruler and military general Shah Jahan - golden age of Mughal ○ Expanded Chola to the greatest extent architecture, commissioned the construction of ○ Built Rameshwaram temple TAJ MAHAL Aurangzeb - expanded the empire, orthodox Monarchical System islamic policies, and less tolerance to religions King as supreme ruler Types of Villages Decline ○ Ur - mixed caste Aurangzeb death and invasions by Persian and ○ Agrahara - Brahmin only and tax free Afghan forces Land survey and assessments Tax rates based on soil and status SOUTH EAST ASIA - ARA NA Religion - SAIVA SIDDHANTA AND EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION VAISHNAVISM Egypt Currency - gold coins with inscriptions Earliest kingdom in Africa Matriarchal and Patriarchal with women Gift of the Nile having property rights and involvement in Stable and long lasting religious and cultural activities Architecture - Dravidian style Herodotus - greek historian Hindu gods - NATARAJA (dancing Shiva) The nile river brought life to egypt 4 Nile River ○ Demotic scripts - abstract and stylized, Longest river in the world legal documents and business Ancient Egypt transactions Southern region Architecture ○ Upper egypt Luxor temple upriver in niles flow ○ the place of the First Occasion, god Floods in midsummer Amun experience rebirth Northern region ○ Constructed by Amenhotep III, Lower egypt - down river Ramses II, Tutankhamun Floods in fall Obelisk ○ tall, foursided, narrow, monumental that Flooding pattern allowed Egyptians to develop a is monolithic calendar ○ Dedicated to sun god Ra, symbolized Three seasons: ray of the sun 1. Akhet (Inundation) - July to November, a Great Pyramid of Giza season of flooding ○ Commemorate Pharaoh Khufu 2. Peret ( Emergence) - November to March - (Cheops) crops are planted and nurtured Religious text 3. Shemu (Harvest) - March to July - harvest Book of the Dead - guide the deceased in the season afterlife Tale of Sinuhe - most famous literature of Social Structure ancient egypt, about officials who flees Egypt 1. Pharaoh - supreme ruler of Egypt, Lord of the Rosetta Stone Discovery Two Lands and High Priest of Every Temple ○ 1799, 3 inscriptions: Greek (ruling 2. Vizier - highest ranking official, chief advisor of class), Demotic (everyday use), and pharaoh Hieroglyphics (used by priests) 3. Nomarchs - regional governors ○ Black granite slab during the reign of 4. Nobles - managing land and resources Ptolemy V 5. Priests - religious ceremonies ○ The deciphering of the Egyptian 6. Scribes - educated individuals responsible for hieroglyphics is credited to this writing, record keeping, and administration. discovery 7. Artisans and craftsman - skilled workers Jean-Francois Champollion cracked the code. 8. Merchants and traders - facilitated trades ○ Used matching text, demotic translation, 9. Peasants and farmers - majority of the and Champollion's breakthrough population and worked the land. Great temples 10. Slaves - lowest tier in society. Karnak and Luxor - dedicated to Amun and during middle kingdom Social mobility is possible through marriage, Karnak Temple Complex service, and roles. Mix of temples, pylons, chapels. Main place of worship for the Thebian Triad Hieroglyphics gods - Amun, Mjut, Khonsu complex writing system using symbols and Luxor Temple pictures. Constructed by Pharaoh Amenhotep II during Using logographic and alphabetic elements New Kingdom 700 symbols Later additions by Tutankhamun, Ramses II and ○ Hieratic scripts - cursive and less Alexander the Great pictorial, administrative and religious Dedicated to rejuvenation of kingship texts Abu Simbel 5  Built by Ramses II, new kingdom Began with the Third Dynasty under the reign of Colossal statues Pharaoh Djoser, first king. Step Pyramid of Djoser - first large-scale stone Polytheistic structure Amun - creator and king of the gods, sun and air Mastabas - type of tomb or Amun-Ra Pharaohs - is equivalent to Horus, the sky god Ra - sun god Pyramids - burial for pharaoh Osiris - god of the underworld Structured bureaucracy Horus - sky god Isis - magic and motherhood Fourth dynasty - GOLDEN AGE of the old kingdom Maat - truth, balance, and cosmic order Thoth - god of wisdom, writing, and the moon Rulers Ptah - craftsmen and architects Pharaoh Sneferu Anubis -mummification and afterlife ○ pioneering pyramid construction techniques Field of Reeds - paradise where the deceased ○ Builth three pyramids - Bent pyramid could live eternally. and Red pyramid ○ Judgment by Osiris and the feather Pharaoh Khufu weigh by Maat ○ Commissioned Great Pyramid of Giza Burial Practices - largest and famous pyramid of Egypt ○ Mummification - preserving the body Pharaoh Khafre for the afterlife (70 days) ○ Built Second Pyramid of Giza, ○ Embalming - body was washed and associated with the Great Sphinx (body purified of lion and head of pharaoh) ○ Drying - body was dehydrated (40 days) Pharaoh Menkaure ○ Wrapping - wrapped in lined bandages ○ Built Third Pyramid of Giza, smallest Heart Scarab - amulet shaped like a scarab Shepseskaf beetle ○ Last ruler, opted large mastaba at Saqqara EARLY DYNASTIC PERIOD Fifth Dynasty Narmer - first pharaoh, unification of lower and Notable Pharaohs: upper egypt. Userkaf: Narmer - well-documented historical figure ○ Founder of the Fifth Dynasty Menes - an honorary title “he who endures” ○ building the Sun Temple at Abusir. Menes - established Memphis Sahure: ○ Expanded trade networks and Third Dynasty military expeditions King Djoser ○ Built a pyramid complex at Abusir. ○ Commissioned Step Pyramid of Neferirkare Kakai: Saqqara, designed by Imhotep ○ practice of writing the king’s name in ○ Great technological innovation, use of a cartouche. stone Unas: ○ Established Memphis as the political ○ Last pharaoh of the Fifth Dynasty and cultural center of Egypt for OLD KINGDOM Pyramid Texts, the earliest known religious texts inscribed in pyramid. OLD KINGDOM - Age of the Pyramids 6 Sixth Dynasty Mentuhotep III Notable Pharaohs: ○ Son of Mentuhotep II Teti: ○ Continued his father’s policy and ○ Founder of the Sixth Dynasty, known enhancing trade and wealth for his pyramid at Saqqara. Mentuhotep IV Pepi I: ○ Central power weakened ○ trade and military expeditions, 12th Dynasty - the true beginning of Middle Kingdom (long prosperity and stability) Amenemhat I Merenre I: ○ Former vizier of Mentuhotep IV ○ Continued the policies of his ○ Moved the capital to Iti-tawa (“Seizer predecessors, administration and of the Two Lands”) building projects. ○ Economic growth and Egypt’s Pepi II: prosperity. ○ long reign of over 90 years, decline of ○ "Instruction of Amenemhat" - central power. ancient text where he was assassinated by his court officials. Nomarchs - regional governors gained significant ○ Instruction of Amenemhat - Teaching powers and autonomy. of the King Amenemhat I to his Son, Sun temples (sun god Ra) and Pyramid text Senusret I ○ Established co-regency with his son, a Decline king would share power with his chosen Ended with the fall of the Eight dynasty leading successor to ensure a smooth transition. to First Intermediate Period Senusret I ○ Military campaigns in Nubia, Second First Intermediate Period (7th and 8th period) cataract times when the central government was weak ○ White chapel at Karnak and fragmented. Amenemhat II Period of instability. ○ Son of Senusret I, continuation of his father policy Heracleopolis (9th and 10th period) - lower ○ Diplomatic and trade relations egypt, ruled by Merykare Senusret II Thebes (11th period) - ruled by Mentuhotep ○ Son of Amenemhat II II, Thebian King ○ Agricultural development and large ○ ending the first intermediate period scale irrigation ○ started the MIDDLE KINGDOM ○ Peaceful reign Senusret III MIDDLE KINGDOM - Classical Age ○ Son of Senusret II Ruler ○ Greatest pharaoh Mentuhotep II ○ Extensive military campaigns in ○ unified Egypt Nubia ○ Ruler of the upper Egypt in the 11th ○ Power of monarchs diminished dynasty ○ Height of the Middle Kingdom due to ○ Established Thebes as a cultural center his military prowess , administrative ○ associated with the god Amun reforms, and economic prosperity. ○ Known for his mortuary complex at Amenemhat III Deir el-Bahri ○ Son of Senusret III 7  ○ Economic prosperity and 14th Dynasty monumental building projects. Period: Second Intermediate Period ○ Constructed Labyrinth near his Capital: Likely Avaris pyramid at Hawara Notable Aspects: ○ No military achievements The 14th Dynasty was a series of rulers, possibly ○ Extensive building projects such as Lake of Canaanite origin, who controlled the Nile Moeris Delta region. ○ Labyrinth at Hawara and another Coexisted with the 13th Dynasty, overtaken by pyramid at Dahshur the Hyksos I. ○ Mining activities at Mt. Sinai (turquoise) and Nubia (gold) 15th Dynasty ○ Peak of the Middle Kingdom Period: Second Intermediate Period Amenemhat IV Capital: Avaris ○ Son of Amenemhat III Notable Aspects: ○ Short and less documented During The Hyksos Dynasty, these rulers were ○ Lacked a male heir of Asiatic origin and introduced new Sobekneferu technologies, such as the horse-drawn chariot ○ First female pharaoh of Egypt and advanced weaponry. ○ End of the 12th dynasty They controlled Lower Egypt and were ○ Temple of Sobek Shedet eventually expelled by the Theban rulers I. ○ Last ruler 16th Dynasty Literature: Tale of Sinuhe and Tale of the Period: Second Intermediate Period Shipwrecked Sailor - themes of divine and Capital: Thebes royal Notable Aspects: Co-regency with the nomarchs - cooperation This dynasty consisted of local rulers in Upper and respect between the two. Egypt who were contemporaneous with the Osiris (afterlife) and Amun’s (Amun-Ra, the Hyksos. Their reign was relatively short and king of the gods) cult gained prominence marked by conflict with the Hyksos I. 13th Dynasty 17th Dynasty Weaker than 12th dynasty Period: Second Intermediate Period Continued bureaucracy - highly organized Capital: Thebes ○ Pharaoh - top, the god and king who Notable Aspects: has authority over land and its people. The 17th Dynasty played a crucial role in the ○ Vizier - highest official, manage the eventual expulsion of the Hyksos. Notable state affairs pharaohs like Seqenenre Tao and Kamose led ○ Scribes - record keeping, tax collection, military campaigns against the Hyksos, paving and administration the way for the New Kingdom. These dynasties ○ Nomarchs - NOME (regions) governed were part of the turbulent Second Intermediate by a Nomarch, responsible for local Period, characterized by fragmented rule and administration. foreign influence. Second Intermediate Period NEW KINGDOM Political fragmentation and instability Height of Egypt’s power, wealth, and Era between the Middle and New Kingdom territorial expansion Hyksos Building of Karnak and Luxor, and temples Invaders and rulers of foreign lands. Abu Simbel 8  Ahmose I 20th Dynasty: Decline of the New Kingdom ○ Founded the 18th dynasty Ramesses III: ○ Defeated the Hyksos invaders ○ Last great pharaoh of the new ○ Reunited Egypt, ending the second kingdom intermediate period. ○ He defended Egypt from invasions by the Sea Peoples but faced internal strife Notable Pharaohs in the 18th dynasty and economic difficulties. Hatshepsut Decline ○ A powerful female pharaoh Death of Ramesses II ○ focused on trade, building projects, and Ramesses XI’s - entered the Third established a vast trading network. Intermediate period, and the last pharaoh ○ Established temple at Deir el-Bahri. Rise of the priests of Amun in Thebes Thutmose III ○ “Napoleon of Egypt,” Third Intermediate Period ○ Expanded the empire to its greatest Political fragmentation, foreign invasions, and extent through numerous military cultural transformation campaigns. Amenhotep III: 21st Dynasty ○ peace and artistic flourishing. Tanis or the Tanite Kings - lower egypt ○ Built the Colossi of Memnon and the Thebes - High Priests of Amun in upper egypt Luxor Temple. External threats - Libyan tribes Akhenaten ○ introduced the worship of Aten, the sun 22st Dynasty - Libyan Dynasty disk Founded by Shoshenq I - identified with ○ moved the capital to Amarna. Shishak ○ His wife, Nefertiti, is also a well-known figure. 23rd and 24th Dynasties Tutankhamun 23rd - Upper Egypt ○ intact tomb discovered in the Valley of 24th - ruled by Tefnakht the Kings, short reign. ○ The discovery of his tomb in 1922 by Nubian Invasion and the 25th Dynasty Howard Carter brought him worldwide Rise of Kingdom of Kush fame. Nubian Kings - Piye - rightful successors to the Pharaoh of Egypt 19th Dynasty: Ramesside period due to the prominence Beginning of Nubian Dynasty of pharaohs named Ramesses: Seti I: construction of the temple at Abydos. 26th Period - end of the period Ramses II Native Egyptian dynasty ruled by Psamtik, who ○ Ramses the Great, unified Egypt again. ○ Military campaigns Assyrians ○ signed the first known peace treaty with the Hittites after the Battle of Kadesh AFRICAN CIVILIZATION ○ and built monumental structures like the Second largest continent on Earth temples of Abu Simbel. Acc. Greeks - continent Libya Acc. Roman - aprica (sunny) or aphrike (without cold) Equator part - tropical climate Mediterranean Sea, Sahara Desert, Red Sea 9  Counting system - lebombo bone and shango Material contributions bone Major trading hub of gold, ivory, frankincense, and shells w/ Roman, India, and Arabia KINGDOM OF KUSH Minting Coins - first sub-saharan africa state to Ancient state that existed twice in Nubian part own coins in gold, silver, and bronze of Sudan Ge'ez script/alphabet - writing system Trade routes, golds, ivory and luxury goods, and iron industry GHANA EMPIRE or WAGADOU Seen on 25th dynasty of Egypt when Kush Ghana - warrior king leader took control of Egypt Powerful West African empire (Mauritania Northeastern Africa along the Nile river and Mali, between Sahara Desert and Niger and (cultivation of millet, wheat, and barley) Senegal Rivers Pottery making and foraging Koumbi Saleh - capital as trading hub for gold Neolithic period and salt, Msulim traders interacted Kerma - first major political entity and capital Dinga Cisse - first king united Soninke people of Kush LAND OF THE GOLD New kingdom emerged at Napata and thus the Military strength rise of Kush Decline Internal strife, economic decline, and external Ruler invasions King Kashta Almoravids - berber muslim dynasty’s external ○ First Kushite ruler to gain control of invasion Upper Egypt Absorbed by Mali empire under Sundiata Piye - son of Kashta Keita ○ Invaded Lower Egypt, united the entire region Material contributions Decline Gold reserve, iron smelting, salt, ivory, and King Ezana - axumite ruler, invaded, conquered copper. Kush to compete with the ivory trade. Non-material contributions Centralized authority Non-material Social hierarchy Worshiped the Nubian War god - Apedamak Merotic script - writing system MALI EMPIRE Largest pre-colonial African states AKSUM - Aksumite Empire Major power in West Africa Flourished in present-day northern Ethiopia Founded in 13th century in Mali and Eritrea Famous across the Old World for their wealth. Trade, culture, and governance Landlocked country in West Africa Trading power and hub during 1st century Savanna climate - grasslands, covers 65% of the CE between - East Africa coast, Mediterranean, country, hot and dry and Arabian Peninsula (EMA) Niger and Senegal Rivers - water transportation, Adopted Christianity under King Ezana irrigation, and drinking water Sahel - central region, sandy part Decline Hombori Tondo - highest point in Mali Climate change, Economic isolation, The rise of Arab over Red SEa and trade, Internal strife Rise - began in 13th century Sundiata Keita ○ Founded the Mali empire 10  ○ Lion King Decline ○ Defeated Sosso empire at the battle of Internal strife and external pressures from Kirina Portuguese colonizers. ○ Established Niani as a capital Death of King Afonso I in 1542 Jaga invaded Congo Mansa Musa Battle of Mbwila in 1665 ○ Reached its peak under his reign ○ Resulted in the death of King Antonio I ○ Promoting Islamic culture and Final blow - during 20th century absorbed into education Portuguese Angola ○ Timbuktu and Gao – centers of trade and scholarship GREAT ZIMBABWE ○ Famous for pilgrimage to Mecca in Medieval city in Southern Africa 1324 Capital of Kingdom of Zimbabwe Decline Means “stone houses” in Shona language Death of Mansa Musa in 1337 Located in Southeastern Zimbabwe Songhai started to rise Rich in gold and ivory Taureg nomads raided Timbuktu. Hill Complex ○ Built on a steep hill Material Contributions ○ Used for spiritual purposes Gold and Salt Trade in Bambuk and Bure Timbuktu became the major trading hub. Great Enclosure Architecture - Great Mosque and Sankore ○ Largest ancient structure in Sub-Saharan University in Timbuktu Africa Valley Ruins KINGDOM OF KONGO Powerful and influential kingdom in Shona people - Bantu ethnic group native to the west-central Africa region. Founded around 1390 thru Nima a Nzima of Built and inhabited the empire in 11th century Mpemba Kasi and Luqueni Luansanze of the Mbata’s marriage. 12th century Congo River - one of the largest rivers in the Became a significant center of trade and world. culture 14th century Began in the 14th century. Peak time, featured GE and HC Mid-17th century - peak Labor for tax system - allowed citizen to Commercial network of copper and ivory. contribute to construction projects Mbanza Kongo - capital Decline 15th century, exhaustion of gold resources Ruler Overpopulation Lukeni lua Nimi Shona people established Kingdom of ○ Son of the two. Mutapa, abandoning Great Zimbabwe ○ First king ○ Moved the capital to Mbanza Kongo Material Contributions Trade goods for ivory and golds King Afonso I Architecture - Great Enclosure and Hill ○ Established a centralized power Complex and adopted Christianity Zimbabwe birds - symbolic representation of the site. 11