Indigenous Studies 1, 2, 3 PDF

Concept words Indian o The word Indian was used in the past A colonial term which came from a mistake caused by columbous believing we had landed in India The term Indian is generally used as a insult now EXECPT...

Concept words Indian o The word Indian was used in the past A colonial term which came from a mistake caused by columbous believing we had landed in India The term Indian is generally used as a insult now EXECPT: § Canada's consAtuAon and the Indian act legally define a group of people called Indians § in reference to federal legislaAon acts and departments we will use the term Indian specifically in this context NaAve o Used in the past ad sAll very popular o It was used during the rise of poliAcal acAvism in the 60s o It generally no longer used because it can get confused with the people who have arrived in Canada a long Ame ago Indigenous o "be born in" o Produced or belongs naturally to a region Aboriginal o "from the beginning" o Those people who have been here since the beginning o No longer used because it can also be used specifically for the original peoples of Australia Autochthone o French word o "sprung from the land itself" o most accurately reflects an indigenous point of view but is not widely used in English First naAons o Indians, MeAs and Inuit These are the first peoples who occupied the land in Canada o MeAs Are those people who are descended form those mixed descent and poliAcally cohered as a naAon in the red river o Inuit Are disAnct people who occupy the arcAc coastline of Canada Most of these words mean something like "the people" usually closer to "the re Colonialism DefiniAon of colonialism o The policy of a country that seeks to extend or retain full or parAal pollical control over other people and territories.  o Generally with the aim of economic dominance through control of labour, extracAon and or trade o Maintains a sharp disAncAon between the ruling naAon and the subordinate one o Usually a consequence of a conquest o a remote territory o Always entails unequal rights Colonialism is closely related to imperialism but the difference is that imperialism implies a closely governed centre of power Closely related to capitalism o Important and necessary for the development of capitalism but capitalism is the economic system of producAon with parAcular structures of ownership ad labour exploitaAon Colonialism involves various ideological structures as well as poliAcal and economic o Ways of looking at the world and thinking about the people and structures within the world OTen involves contradicAon and inconsistencies 2 types of colonialism 1. SeXler colonialism a. Involves the movement of people from metropole to the colonies, the appropriaAon of lands and the seXling of people onto those lands b. Canada, U.S sultrily, new Zealand, Algeria, Brazil and south Africa 2. ExploitaAve colonialism a. Directly or indirectly administered for the extracAon of resources b. Mostly in tropical areas of sub Saharan Africa, India and southeast Asia Neo colonialism With the collapse of the colonial empires aTer the second world war, colonialism conAnues in the form of control of resources labour by mulA naAonal corporaAons This allows for the conAnuing direct or indirect control of dependent naAons by other imperial naAons Internal colonialism SubjugaAon of an indigenous people in a post colonial state o SubjugaAon will in every case involve restricAon of use of land and resources as well as varying degrees of administraAon supervision, social discriminaAon, suppression of culture and denial of poeAcal and other rights and freedoms Stages of colonialism 1. Movement of people from the metropole to the colony 2. DecimaAon of indigenous populaAon 3. Increasing economic dependency and undermining of tradiAonal economy a. IntroducAon of trade (fur trade in Canada) 4. DestrucAon of indigenous poliAcal structures and replacement by European ones 5. AppropriaAon of lands, confined to reserves, treaAes  a. Europeans take the land and remove indigenous community from them 6. Races as an ideology of colonialism 7. Undermining of family structures People and languages Origins the origins of the indigenous peoples are told through; 1. the Bering strait land bridge theory 2. other indigenous stories of their own emergence on the land are told in 2 different modes of explanaAon: 1. Indigenous stories of their own emergence are trying to explore the deep connecAon to the land they occupy with the animals who are also part of the land 2. The Bering Strait land bridge aXempts to connect indigenous peoples with the deep history of humankind around the world In the most recent geological period from 75,000 BP (before present) unAl about 10,000 BP there has been a whole series of advance and retreats of glaciers At the number of Ames during that period as the glaciers advanced the sea levels dropped dramaAcally and there would have been connecAon between turtle island and Asia during any of these Ames people could have moved from Asia which is why there are serious disputes about how long people have occupied turtle island Most of the evidence would would now be under the sea of the west coast and thus essenAally inaccessible We do know that as soon as the last glacier retreats about 15,000 BP people move very quickly into the area Languages There are approximately 54 different indigenous languages in Canada divided in 11 different language families the Algonquian o Is a language family is the most extensive and the has the largest in terms of speakers o Algonquian is different from Algonquin which is parAcular group of Algonquian speakers who live along the OXawa valley o Algonquian includes languages such as Mi'kmaq, Anishinaabemowin, Cree, and Niitsitapi o The cluster of languages families on the west coast indicaAng that there have been separated for a very long Ame and a further indicaAon of the length of occupaAon  InukAtut o is one single language from Alaska all the ay across to Greenland, o there are 27 dialects but they are all mutually comprehensible Athabascan o is a group of languages spoken by the dene o These are tonal languages o Complex relaAonship among the various languages are not the clear languages boundaries found elsewhere o Also include Navajo and Apache in the US Kutenai o Is a rare language isolate unrelated to any other language in north America Iroquoian o We know very liXle about his language o Spoken in Canada in an early historical period o As there are very few speakers leT Haudenosaunee o Know a lot more about this language which came up from US Nakota o Most commonly Siouan language spoken in Canada and spread to a much wider area Lokata and most especially Dakota have become more widespread in Canada since the late 19th century Current language viability Since residenAal schools indigenous languages have been under aXack Only InukAtut, Anishinaabemowin and Cree are sAll viable with the languages spoken as a first languages spoken as a first language in homes Canada indigenous language families Algonquian languages o 144,015 speakers leT Inuit languages o 35,500 speakers leT Athapaskan languages o 20,700 speakers leT Siouan languages o 4,425 speakers leT Salishan languages o 2,950 leT Tsimshian language o 1,815 speakers leT Wakashan language o 1,075 speakers leT Iroquoian language  o 1,040 speakers leT Michif languages o 640 speakers leT Tlingit languages o 130 leT Kutenai languages o 100 speakers leT Haida languages o 75 speakers leT Culture areas This is an externally imposed categorizaAon and not indigenous Looks at the common geographical/ ecological characterisAcs leading to similar economic acAviAes Not always helpful as it lumps the Cree and Dene together under subarcAc We are dealing with an incredibly diverse set of peoples who live in incredible diverse circumstances Each one is going to respond very differently to colonialism and have different resource to resist Dealing with an incredibly long period of Ame from 1500s on the east coast to the 20th century in the arcAc Europeans, colonialism and capitalism are changing all the Ame