INDG 101 Week 4-6 PDF

Week 4 ------ **Great Lakes and Eastern Subarctic** - - - - - **Great Lakes to James Bay** - - **Cree** - - "Cree" originated with a nation near James Bay Name recorded by the French as Kiristinon and later contracted to Cri (Spelled Cree in English) Other words Cree us...

Week 4 ------ **Great Lakes and Eastern Subarctic** - - - - - **Great Lakes to James Bay** - - **Cree** - - "Cree" originated with a nation near James Bay Name recorded by the French as Kiristinon and later contracted to Cri (Spelled Cree in English) Other words Cree use to describe themselves include nehiyawak, ininiw, and Eeyou **Eeyou Istchee (The People'sLand)** Cree Peoples in the James Bay region refer to themselves as Eeyou Cree territory in Eastern James Bey is called Eeyou Istchee (The People\'s land) **Eeyou**, - known as a nation of hunters **Anishninaabe -** An autonym for a culturally related group of first peoples Thunderbird crest - - - - - - Oral traditions tell of a migration from their homeland in the gulf of St. Lawrence to the Great Lakes region - - **Anishinaabe Subsistence** - - **Wiigwaasabak** - - - **Medewiwin** - - - European Expansion - - - **Seven years war -** Between britain and France from 1756-1763 - - **Pontiac's war** - Indigenous war against the British from 1763-1765 - - - The **Royal Proclamation** was issues by King George the Third in 1763 after the 7 year war to set guidelines on how Europeans could settle in North America - - - - **Fur trade** built almost entirely around **Beaver Pelts.** - - **Norval Morrisseau** - known as "Copper thunderbird" and the "Picasso of the North." Style derived from rock paintings and birchbark scrolls. Founded the Woodland School of Art. Received the Order of Canada in 1978. Week 5: The Great Plains ------------------------ - - - - - **Niitsitapi (Blackfoot)** - - Typically travelled with dogs, not horses. Horse riding came about primarily though contact with europeans Niitsitapi (Blackfoot) Creation - - - - - - **Okotok** - - - - **Pictographs** - **Plains Archaeology** Three main types of arch evidence for past ways of life - - - Buffalo hunting for at least the past 11,000 years Oral history is also adding strength and legitimacy to material evidence **Buffalo culture** Great plains society has been described as Buffalo Culture Hunting practices, religious ceremonies, social organization all reflect the migrating patterns of buffalo. - - - Buffalo jumps often assisted hunting tactics Used from 5600 to 150 years ago **Head Smashed in** popular place **Use of the Buffalo** The First Nations people of the Great Plains made use of every part of the buffalo or bison, ensuring nothing was wasted. Each part served multiple purposes in their daily lives, from food to tools, clothing, and shelter. Here's a detailed list of uses for each part of the buffalo: 1\. Meat Food: The meat was a primary food source, consumed fresh or preserved by drying it into jerky or making pemmican (a mixture of dried meat, fat, and berries). 2\. Bones Tools: Bones were shaped into knives, scrapers, needles, awls, and arrowheads. Weapons: Bone tools were used in the crafting of weapons such as clubs and bows. Cooking Utensils: Bones were used for making ladles, spoons, and other utensils. 3\. Horns Utensils: Horns were used to make cups, spoons, and containers. Weapons: Some horns were crafted into powder flasks or other weapon accessories. Ornaments: They could be shaped into ornaments and ceremonial items. 4\. Hide Clothing: The hide provided material for clothing such as robes, dresses, moccasins, and leggings. Shelter: Buffalo hides were essential for making tipi covers, which served as mobile homes. Bedding and Blankets: Hides were also used as bedding and blankets for warmth. Storage: Hide was shaped into containers, pouches, and bags for storage and transport. Shields: Tough hide was used to make shields for protection in combat. 5\. Tail Fly Swatter: The tail was used as a natural fly swatter. Decoration: It could also serve as a decoration or ceremonial item. 6\. Sinew (Tendons) Thread: Sinew was used as a strong, durable thread for sewing clothing and making bows. Bowstrings: It was commonly used to make strong bowstrings for hunting. 7\. Fat Cooking and Preserving: Fat was used for cooking and preserving food. Soap: It was rendered down and mixed with ash to make soap. Skincare: Fat was sometimes used as a skin ointment. 8\. Stomach Food Storage: The stomach was used as a waterproof container for storing water or food. Cooking: It could also be used to cook meat by boiling it with hot stones inside the stomach pouch. 9\. Bladder Water Container: The bladder was cleaned and used as a container for liquids like water. 10\. Hooves Glue: Boiled hooves produced a natural glue used in crafting and toolmaking. Ornaments: Hooves were also used for making decorative items. 11\. Liver Food: The liver was eaten raw or cooked, often considered a delicacy. 12\. Tongue Food: The tongue was another valued food, often smoked or dried. 13\. Intestines Food: Intestines were cleaned and cooked as a source of nutrition. Containers: They could also be used as containers, often for storing food. 14\. Hair Pillows and Padding: Hair was used as stuffing for pillows and padding. Ropes and Threads: It was also woven into ropes and thread. 15\. Organs Food: Many of the organs were eaten, including the heart, kidneys, and brain. Ceremonial Uses: Some organs were used in religious or ceremonial contexts. 16\. Blood Food: Blood was consumed, sometimes mixed with other ingredients as part of meals. 17\. Bones (Marrow) Food: The marrow inside bones was a nutritious food source, eaten directly or used in cooking. 18\. Skull Ceremonial Object: The skull was often used in spiritual and ceremonial practices, especially in religious rituals. Decoration: It could also be painted and used as a symbol in tribal art. By using every part of the buffalo, the First Nations people maximized the animal's value and respected its role in their survival and spiritual life. **Tipi Rings** - - Excavation can tell: - - - **Medicine Wheels** - - - **The Dog days** - - - - - - In 1700's they acquired horses & guns from settler traders, Anishinaabe, and Cree go betweens - - Due to declining Bison herds, disease, THEY WERE FORCED INTO TREATY 7 (1877) and onto reserves During fur trade, much of turtle island is known as rupert's land named after prince rupert (First governor of HBC) Granted to HBC in 1670 by King charles II (Ruperts Cousin) **Rupert\'s land act of 1868 (1870)** - Canada turns its attention to settlement, agriculture, and industry after forming Canada Week 6: ------- The **Metis**: - - Common stereotype that mixed children, e.g. cree and european, are metis, but this is false. They are not a part of the metis nation **Acadian Metis:** Descents of Mi'kmaq and Maliseet left to Acadia for fishing. Children were raised in that area In the 16th century, French came **French Fur trade:** - Marriage was a great benefit to the french, for interpretation purposes, trade purposes, etc. **British Fur trade:** - - Emerging Culture Mid 1700's a large "mixed" population was emerging around Great Lakes - - The mixed communities don\'t see themselves as extensions of their previous groups, they grow independent and identify as their own separate group. Early 19th century non indigenous settlers to the great lakes increases significantly. **Red River** settlement is the metis nation homeland. In the 19th century they begin to develop their own culture. Created a distinct regional way of life, transport, items of food, and clothing. - - - Metis **Buffalo/Bison hunt** \- Hunters would race into herds with a horse, loaded gun while galloping and fired. \- An item would be dropped next to your kill to claim it. Metis **Dress** Men wore long hooded coats and bright sashes Women wore European dresses with dark shawls or blankets and moccasins Known for their beadwork Metis **language.** **Michif:** grew from a combination of french and cree Many metis also speak english and french, plus cree or ojibwe **Social** Gathering and celebrations with traditional food and took some dancing and fiddle from European culture. **Metis Nationalism** **Red River Settlement:** - - - Seigneurial system divided up land **Battle of the Seven Oaks, 1816** - - - **Battle of Grand Coteau du Missouri, 1851** - - - **Winds of Change** - - - - **Red River Resistance, 1869-1870** 1869 HCBo transfers rupert\'s land to canadian government - - - **MANITOBA ACT OF 1870** Created in response to metis concerns - - - **Northwest Resistance, 1885** 1880's old economy of hunting and trading is a distance memory - - - - - **Contemporary issues:** In 1970's pierre trudeau announced he would be patriating the constitution Indigenous groups began a campaign to affirm indigenous rights in the constitution - 1999 Daniels launched a case on behalf of Métis and non-status Indians Wanted federal government to claim jurisdictional responsibility for their communities through section 91(24) of the Constitution Act - - - Daniels wants to include metis and non status to also fall within 91(24) because it wasn't clear in the constitution previously. **Opens space for negotiations and possible litigation with the federal government** -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------- ----------------- ---------------------------- over land claims access to education health programs other government services. -