Inclusiveness (SNIE 1012) PDF

Inclusiveness (SNIE 1012) The Course of Fairness  Generally aims at Being fair, positive, respecting and to all from all. No one is left behind  Chapter 1 Understanding Disabilities and Vulnerabilities Definitions of Basic Terms  Impairme...

Inclusiveness (SNIE 1012) The Course of Fairness  Generally aims at Being fair, positive, respecting and to all from all. No one is left behind  Chapter 1 Understanding Disabilities and Vulnerabilities Definitions of Basic Terms  Impairment  Disability  Handicap  Impairment Impairment is lack/abnormality of an anatomic, physiological or psychological structure or function or deviation on a person. Impairment is the absence of particular body part or organ  Handicap Someone who is handicapped has a physical or mental disability that prevents them from living a totally normal life and this is a disadvantage as a result of impairment and disability. Many people who have a disability find this word offensive.  Disability The term disability is ambiguous as there is no single agreement on the concept (Mitra, 2006) It is not synonymous with AKAL- GUDATENGA (የአካል ጉዳተኛ) meaning impairment The concept of disability is complex, dynamic, multidimensional, and contested (WHO and World Bank, 2011). Disability is the consequence of impairment  Medical definition Disability is pathology (physiological, biological and intellectual). Disability is functional limitations due to physical, intellectual or psychic impairment, health or psychic disorders on a person (WHO,1996). People are individual objects to be “treated, “changed" or “improved" and made more “normal”. Disabled person needing to “fit in’’ rather than thinking about how society itself should change The social definition of disability Disability is a highly varied and complex condition with a range of implications for social identity and behavior. Disability largely depends on the context and is a consequence of discrimination, prejudice and exclusion. Emphasizes the shortcomings in the environment and in many organized activities in society, for example on information, communication and education, which prevent persons with disabilities from participating on equal terms. Causes of disability Disability can be caused by the following factors. Genetic Causes Abnormalities in genes and genetic inheritance can cause intellectual disability in children. In some countries, Down syndrome is the most common genetic condition Environmental Poverty and malnutrition in pregnant mothers can cause a deficiency in vital minerals and result in deformation issues in the unborn child. The use of drugs, alcohol, tobacco, the exposure to certain toxic chemicals and illnesses, toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus, rubella and syphilis by a pregnant mother can cause intellectual disability to the child. 10  Unknown Causes The human body is a phenomenal thing. Scientists have still not figured out what and how some things in the body, cells, brain, and genes come about. Inaccessible environments Sometimes society makes it difficult for people with some impairment to function freely. When society develops infrastructure such as houses, roads, parks and other public places without considerations of people with some disabilities. 11  Type of Disabilities There are nine major types of disabilities Visual Impairment Hearing Impairment Specific Learning Disability Speech and Language Impairments Autism Emotional and Behavioral Disorders Intellectual Disability Physical disability/Orthopedic Impairment and Health impairment Vulnerability  1. Visual impairment Visual impairment in general designates two sub- classifications. These are blindness and low vision. Blindness, total or partial inability to see because of disease or disorder of the eye, optic nerve, or brain. Low vision is used for moderately impaired vision. People with low vision may have a visual impairment that affects only central vision—the area directly in front of the eyes—or peripheral vision—the area to either side of and slightly behind the eyes. The function of EYE 14  2. Hearing Impairment Hearing impairment as a generic term indicating a continuum of hearing loss from mild to profound, which includes the sub- classifications of the hard of hearing and deaf. Hard of Hearing: "A hearing impairment, whether permanent of fluctuating, which adversely affects a child's educational performance but which is not included under the definition of 'deaf'." Deaf: Those who have difficulty understanding speech, even with hearing aids but can successfully communicate in sign language. 16  3. Specific learning disability Specific Learning Disability means a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written, that may manifest itself in the imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or to do mathematical calculations. The term includes such conditions as perceptual disabilities, brain injury, minimal brain dysfunction, dyslexia, and developmental aphasia. The term does not include learning problems that are primarily the result of visual, hearing, or motor disabilities; of intellectual disability; of emotional disturbance; or of environmental, cultural, or economic disadvantage. Types of Specific Learning Disabilities Auditory Processing Disorder (APD) – Dyscalculia – Dysgraphia – Dyslexia – Language Processing Disorder – Non-Verbal Learning Disabilities – Visual Perceptual/Visual Motor Deficit  A. Dyscalculia Dyscalculia is a specific learning disability that affects a person‘s ability to understand numbers and learn math. 19  B. Dysgraphia Dysgraphia is a specific learning disability that affects a person‘s handwriting ability and fine motor skills. 20 Dyslexia Dyslexia is a specific learning disability that affects reading and related language-based processing skills. 21 D. Language Processing Disorder It is a specific type of Auditory Processing Disorder (APD) in which there is difficulty attaching meaning to sound groups that form words, sentences and stories. 22  E. Non-Verbal Learning Disabilities It is a disorder which is usually characterized by a significant discrepancy between higher verbal skill 23 F. Visual Perceptual/Visual Motor Deficit It is a disorder that affects the understanding of information that a person sees, or the ability to draw or copy and weaker motor, visual-spatial and social skills. 24  4. Speech and Language Impairments It is a communication disorder such as stuttering, impaired articulation, language impairment, or a voice impairment that adversely affects a child‘s educational performance. Speech Impairments There are three basic types of speech impairments: articulation disorders, fluency disorders, and voice disorders. A. Articulation disorders are errors in the production of speech sounds that may be related to anatomical or physiological limitations in the skeletal, muscular, or neuromuscular support for speech production. These disorders include: Omissions: (bo for boat) Substitutions: (wabbit for rabbit) Distortions: (shlip for sip) 25 B. Fluency disorders are difficulties with the rhythm and timing of speech characterized by hesitations, repetitions, or prolongations of sounds, syllables, words, or phrases. Common fluency disorders include: Stuttering: rapid-fire repetitions of consonant or vowel sounds especially at the beginning of words, prolongations, hesitations, interjections, and complete verbal blocks Cluttering: excessively fast and jerky speech C. Voice disorders are problems with the quality or use of one's voice resulting from disorders in the larynx. Voice disorders are characterized by abnormal production and/or absences of vocal quality, pitch, loudness, resonance, and/or duration. 26  Language Impairments There are five basic areas of language impairments: phonological disorders, morphological disorders, semantic disorders, syntactical deficits, and pragmatic difficulties. 1. Phonological disorders are defined as the abnormal organization of the phonological system, or a significant deficit in speech production or perception. A child with a phonological disorder may be described as hard to understand or as not saying the sounds correctly. Apraxia of speech is a specific phonological disorder where the student may want to speak but has difficulty planning what to say and the motor movements to use.  2. Morphological disorders are defined as difficulties with morphological inflections (inflections on nouns, verbs, and adjectives that signal different kinds of meanings). 3. Semantic disorders are characterized by poor vocabulary development, inappropriate use of word meanings, and/or inability to comprehend word meanings. These students will demonstrate restrictions in word meanings, difficulty with multiple word meanings, excessive use of nonspecific terms (e.g., thing and stuff), and indefinite references (e.g., that and there). 28  4. Syntactic deficits are characterized by difficulty in acquiring the rules that govern word order and others aspects of grammar such as subject-verb agreement. Typically, these students produce shorter and less elaborate sentences with fewer cohesive conjunctions than their peers. 29  5. Pragmatic difficulties are characterized as problems in understanding and using language in different social contexts. These students may lack an understanding of the rules for making eye contact, respecting personal space, requesting information, and introducing topics. 30  5. Autism Autism means a developmental disability significantly affecting verbal and nonverbal communication and social interaction, generally evident before age three that adversely affects a child‘s educational performance. Other characteristics often associated with autism are engaging in repetitive activities and stereotyped movements, resistance to environmental change or change in daily routines, and unusual responses to sensory experiences. 31 32  Autism is a neurodevelopment disorder defined by impairments in social and communication development, accompanied by stereotyped patterns of behavior and interest Autism is pervasive developmental disorder characterized by lack of normal sociability, impaired communication and repetitive obsessive behavior such as politeness, turn-taking 33  6. Emotional and Behavioral Disorders Behavioral Disorders means a condition exhibiting one or more of the following characteristics over a long period of time and to a marked degree that adversely affects educational performance 1) An inability to learn that cannot be explained by intellectual, sensory, or health factors; 2) An inability to build or maintain satisfactory interpersonal relationships with peers and teachers; 3) Inappropriate types of behavior or feelings under normal circumstances; 4) A general pervasive mood of unhappiness or depression; or 5) A tendency to develop physical symptoms or fears associated with personal or school problems. 34  Classification of behavioral and emotional disorders Conduct disorder: individuals may seek attention, are disruptive and act out. The disorder is classified by type: overt (with violence or tantrums) versus covert (with lying, stealing, and/or drug use). Socialized aggression: individuals join subculture group of peers who are openly disrespectful to their peers, teachers, and parents. Common are delinquency and dropping out of school. Attention problems- These individuals may have attention deficit, are easily destructible and have poor concentration. They are frequently impulsive and may not think the consequence of their actions. 35  Psychotic behavior: These individuals show more bizarre behavior. They may hallucinate, deal in a fantasy world and may even talk in gibberish. Motor excess: These students are hyperactive. They cannot sit nor listen to others nor keep their attention focused. Kauffman (1993) conclude that emotion or behavioral disorders fall into two broad classifications: 1) Externalizing Behavior: also called under-controlled disorder, include such problems disobedience, disruptiveness, fighting, tempers tantrums, irresponsibility, jealous, anger, attention seeking etc… 2) Internalizing Behavior: also known as over- controlled disorders, include such problems anxiety, immaturity, shyness, social withdrawal, feeling of inadequacy (inferiority), guilt, depression and worries a great deal. 36 Causes of behavioral and emotional disorders Behavioral and emotion disorders result from many causes, these includes the following. 1. Biological- includes genetic disorders, brain damage, and malnutrition, allergies, temperament and damage to the central nervous system. 2. Family factors- include family interactions, family influence, child abuse, neglect, and poor disciplinary practices at home. 3. Cultural factors- include some traditional and cultural negative practices, for example watching violence and sexually oriented movies and TV programs. 37  7.Intellectual Disability Intellectual disability is a disability characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior, which covers many everyday social and practical skills. This disability originates before the age of 18. An individual is considered to have an intellectual disability based on the following three criteria: 1. Sub average intellectual functioning: It refers to general mental capacity, such as learning, reasoning, problem solving, and so on. One way to measure intellectual functioning is an IQ test. Generally, an IQ test score of around 70 or as high as 75 indicates a limitation in intellectual functioning. 38  2. Significant limitations exist in two or more adaptive skill areas: It is the collection of conceptual, social, and practical skills that are learned and performed by people in their everyday lives. Conceptual skills: language and literacy; money, time, and number concepts; and self- direction.  Social skills: interpersonal skills, social responsibility, self-esteem, gullibility, innocence (i.e., suspicion), social problem solving, and the ability to follow rules/obey laws and to avoid being victimized.  Practical skills: activities of daily living (personal care), occupational skills, healthcare, travel/transportation, schedules/routines, safety, use of money, use of the telephone. 39  General Cognition: People with intellectual disabilities vary physically and emotionally, as well as by personality, disposition, and beliefs. Their apparent slowness in learning may be related to the delayed rate of intellectual development Learning and Memory: The learning and memory capabilities of people with intellectual disabilities are significantly below average in comparison to peers without disabilities. Attention: To acquire information, children must attend to the learning task for the required length of time and control distractions. Children with intellectual disabilities may have difficulty distinguishing and attending to relevant questions in both learning and social situations. 40 41  Physical disability/Orthopedic Impairment and Health impairment Physical disability is a condition that interferes with the individual‘s ability to use his or her body. Orthopedic impairment generally refers to conditions of muscular or skeletal system and sometimes to physical disabling conditions of the nervous system. Health impairment is a condition that requires ongoing medical attention. It includes asthma, heart defects, cancer, diabetes,  Classification and Characteristics How can you classify physical impairment? Physical disabilities :- based on the impact of physical disability on mobility and motor skills, it is divided into three. These are :- A. Mild physical disability :- these individuals are able to walk without aids and may make normal developmental progress. B. Moderate physical disability:- individuals can walk with braces and crutches and may have difficulty with fine-motor skills and speech production. C. Severe physical disability:-these are individuals who are wheel-chair dependent and may need special help to achieve regular development. 43  The physical disability could be broadly classified in to two The neurological system (the brain , spinal cord & nerve) related problems. Musculo skeletal system ( the muscles, bones and joints) are deficient due to various causes. 1. Neurological system :-with a neurological condition like cerebral palsy or a traumatic brain injury, the brain either sends the wrong instructions or interprets feedback incorrectly. In both cases, the result is poorly coordinated movement. With the spinal cord injury or deformity, the path ways between the brain and the muscles are 44  cerebral palsy include learning disabilities, mental retardation. Seizures, speech impairments, eating problems, sensory impairments, and joint and bone deformities such as spinal curvatures and contractures. Epilepsy:- is disorder that occurs when the brain cells are not working properly and is often called a seizure disorder. 45 Spinal bifida and spinal cord injury :- damage to the spinal cord leads to paralysis and loss of sensation in the affected areas of the body. The spinal bifida is a birth defect of the backbone (spinal column). The cause is unknown but it usually occurs in the first twenty-six days of pregnancy. 46  Musculoskeletal system: it includes the muscles and their supporting framework and the skeleton. 1. Progressive muscle weakness (muscular dystrophy); 2. Inflammation of the joints (arthritis), or 3. Loss of various parts of the body (amputation) A. Muscular dystrophy:- is an inherited condition accruing mainly in males, in which the muscles weaken and deteriorate. The weakness usually appears around 3 to 4 years of age and worsens progressively. 47  B. Arthritis:-is an inflammation of the joints. Symptoms include swollen and stiff joints, fever, and pain in the joints during acute periods. Prolonged inflammation can lead joint deformities that can eventually affect mobility 48 C. Amputation:- a small number of children have missing limbs because of congenital abnormalities or injury or disease (malignant bone tumors in the limbs). These children can use customized prosthetic devices (artificial hands, arms, or legs) to replace limp functions and increase independence in daily activities. 49 D. Marfan syndrome is a genetic disorder in which the muscles are poorly developed and the spine is curved. Individuals with marfan syndrome may have either long, thin limbs, prominent shoulder blades, spinal curvature, flat feet, or long fingers & thumbs. The heart and blood vessels are usually affected. The greatest danger is damage to aorta, which can lead to heart failure. Individuals with marfan syndrome need to avoid heavy exercise and lifting heavy objects. 50 E. Achondroplasis:- is a genetic disorder that affects 1 in 10,000 births. Children with this disorder usually develop a normal torso but have a straight upper back and a curved lower back (sway back). 51 Polio:- is viral disease that invade the brain and cause severe paralysis of the total body system. In its mild form results in partial paralysis. Post polio muscles that were previously damaged weaken, and in some persons, other muscles that were not previously affected weaken as well. 52 Club foot:- is a major orthopedic problem affecting about 9,000 infants each year. This term is used to describe various ankle or foot deformities, i.e Twisting inward (equino varus), the most severe form Sharply angled at the heel (calcanel vaigus), most common The front part of the foot turned inward. 53  Cleft lip and cleft palate:- are openings in the lip or roof of the mouth, respectively, that fail to close before birth, the cause is unknown. Most cleft problems can be repaired through surgery. 54  Health Impairments 1. Heart disease:- this is common among young people. It is caused by improper circulation of blood by the heart some of the disorders are congenital )present at birth);others are the product of inflammatory heart disease. Some students have heart value disorders; others have disorders of the blood vessels. 2. Cystic fibrosis:- is a hereditary disease that affects the lungs and pancreas. It leads to recurrent respiratory and digestive problems including abnormal amounts of thick mucus, sweet and saliva. 3. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS):- is a very severe disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and transmitted primarily through exchange of bodily fluids in transfusions or unprotected sex, and by contaminated needles in addictive drug use. 55 4. Hemophilia:- is a hereditary disease in which the blood clots very slowly or not all. The disorder is transmitted by sex-linked recessive gene and nearly always occurs in males. 5. Asthma: is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by repeared eplosde of breathing difficulties especially while exhaling. 6. Diabetes: Developmental or hereditary disorder characterized by inadequate secretion or use of insulin 7. Nephrosis & Nephritis. Kidney disorders or diseases caused by infections, poisoning, burns, accidents or other diseases 8. Sickle-cell anemia. Hereditary and chronic blood disease (occurring primarily in African Americans) characterized by red blood cells that are distorted and that do not circulate properly 56  Cnd… 9. Leukemia: Disease characterized by excessive production of white blood Cells 10. Lead poisoning Disorder caused by ingesting lead-based paint chips or other substances containing lead. 11. Rheumatic fever Disease characterized by painful swelling and inflammation of the joints that can spread to the hear and central nervous system. 12. Tuberculosis Infectious disease that commonly affects the lungs and may affect other tissues of the body. 13. Cancer Abnormal growth of cells that can affect any organ system 57 9. Vulnerability Vulnerable means being at risk of being harmed. Everyone can be harmed, so being vulnerable is part of being human. In principle, everyone is vulnerable to some adverse event or circumstance, but some people are more vulnerable than others. For instance, people with disabilities are more likely as a group to experience greater vulnerability. They are also often more severely affected by the vulnerability they experience. Based on the existing literature, vulnerability can be generally defined as a complex phenomenon that refers to the following dimensions: 58 1. Economic difficulties/lack of financial resources: poverty, low living standards, housing problems (e.g. too damp, too expensive, too cold or difficult to heat) etc.; 2. Social exclusion: limited access to facilities such as transportation, schools, libraries or medical services; 3. Lack of social support from social networks: no assistance from family members, friends, neighbors or colleagues (referring to practical help as well as emotional support) like highly gifted individuals; 4. Stigmatization: being a victim of stereotypes, being devalued, confronted with disgraceful behavior because of belonging to a particular social or ethnic group; 5. Health difficulties: disadvantages resulting from poor mental health, physical health or disabilities; 6. Being a victim of crime: in family context especially of violence. 59 Causes of Vulnerability Vulnerability may be causes by rapid population growth, poverty and hunger, poor health, low levels of education, gender inequality, fragile and hazardous location, and lack of access to resources and services, including knowledge and technological means, disintegration of social patterns (social vulnerability). Other causes includes; lack of access to information and knowledge, lack of public awareness, limited access to political power and representation (political vulnerability 60  Characteristics of Vulnerable People The following are thought to be characteristics of vulnerable people (with examples of groups of potentially vulnerable people): 1. Less physically or mentally capable (infants, older adults, people with disabilities) 2. Fewer material and/or financial resources (low- income households, homeless) 3. Less knowledge or experience (children, illiterate, foreigners, tourists) 4. Restricted by society to grow and develop according to their needs and potentials 61  Who are vulnerable people? A. Women: particularly women in developing nations and those who are living in rural areas B. Children: Significant number of children are vulnerable and at risk for development (Morrow, 1999; C. Minorities: some people are vulnerable due to their minority background. Particularly, ethnic (cultural and linguistic minority), religious minority. These people are political and socially discriminated D. Poverty: People are vulnerable for many undesirable phenomena due to poverty. This may be resulted in, poor households and large households, inequality, absences of access to health services, important resources for life, lack of access to education, information, financial and natural resources and lack of social networks 62 E. Disabilities: People with disabilities very much vulnerable for many kind of risks F. Age: Old people or very young children are vulnerable for all kinds evils G. Illiteracy and less education: People with high rates of illiteracy and lack quality educational opportunities are vulnerable for absence all kinds of developments H. Sickness: Uncured health problems for example people living with HIV/AIDS are much vulnerable for psychosocial problems, poverty and health (Vincent, 2004; Adger et al., 2004; Naudé et al., 2007). I. Gifted and Talentedness: Gifted and talented children are vulnerable for socio-emotional developments. Due to lack of psychological support they may feel isolation as they are pulled from their regular classrooms and given instruction in separate settings and due to myths and expectations of themselves and the public 63