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Questions and Answers
What are two sub-classifications of visual impairment?
What are two sub-classifications of visual impairment?
Which of the following conditions is NOT linked to intellectual disability due to maternal health issues?
Which of the following conditions is NOT linked to intellectual disability due to maternal health issues?
What factor is associated with creating barriers for individuals with disabilities?
What factor is associated with creating barriers for individuals with disabilities?
Which type of hearing impairment affects educational performance but is not classified as deaf?
Which type of hearing impairment affects educational performance but is not classified as deaf?
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What is the most prevalent genetic condition in some countries?
What is the most prevalent genetic condition in some countries?
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Which condition is considered a specific type of disability?
Which condition is considered a specific type of disability?
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What contributes to deformation issues in the unborn child?
What contributes to deformation issues in the unborn child?
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What is the classification for individuals who cannot understand speech but can communicate using sign language?
What is the classification for individuals who cannot understand speech but can communicate using sign language?
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What are the three areas of adaptive skills identified in the content?
What are the three areas of adaptive skills identified in the content?
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What is one of the main reasons for stigmatization?
What is one of the main reasons for stigmatization?
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Which of the following is NOT classified as a social skill?
Which of the following is NOT classified as a social skill?
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Which ability is particularly challenged in children with intellectual disabilities when engaging in learning tasks?
Which ability is particularly challenged in children with intellectual disabilities when engaging in learning tasks?
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Which characteristic describes vulnerable people who have limited resources?
Which characteristic describes vulnerable people who have limited resources?
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Which of the following is NOT identified as a cause of vulnerability?
Which of the following is NOT identified as a cause of vulnerability?
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What characterizes a person with mild physical disabilities?
What characterizes a person with mild physical disabilities?
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Health impairments can include conditions that need ongoing medical attention. Which of the following is a health impairment?
Health impairments can include conditions that need ongoing medical attention. Which of the following is a health impairment?
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Which group is particularly considered vulnerable due to political and social discrimination?
Which group is particularly considered vulnerable due to political and social discrimination?
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How can physical disabilities be classified based on their impact?
How can physical disabilities be classified based on their impact?
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What distinguishes social vulnerability from other types?
What distinguishes social vulnerability from other types?
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Who among the following is considered vulnerable due to physical capability?
Who among the following is considered vulnerable due to physical capability?
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What is a possible consequence of delayed intellectual development in individuals?
What is a possible consequence of delayed intellectual development in individuals?
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Which statement is true regarding age as a factor of vulnerability?
Which statement is true regarding age as a factor of vulnerability?
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Which of the following best describes the ability to follow rules and obey laws as a social skill?
Which of the following best describes the ability to follow rules and obey laws as a social skill?
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What is a consequence of poverty in relation to vulnerability?
What is a consequence of poverty in relation to vulnerability?
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What does Specific Learning Disability include?
What does Specific Learning Disability include?
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Which of the following statements about Dyslexia is correct?
Which of the following statements about Dyslexia is correct?
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How is Dysgraphia best described?
How is Dysgraphia best described?
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Which specific learning disability is characterized by difficulties with numbers and math skills?
Which specific learning disability is characterized by difficulties with numbers and math skills?
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What defines Language Processing Disorder?
What defines Language Processing Disorder?
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Visual Perceptual/Visual Motor Deficit affects a person’s ability to:
Visual Perceptual/Visual Motor Deficit affects a person’s ability to:
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Which of the following conditions is NOT included in the definition of Specific Learning Disability?
Which of the following conditions is NOT included in the definition of Specific Learning Disability?
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What are the basic types of speech impairments?
What are the basic types of speech impairments?
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Which behavior is most indicative of externalizing behavior disorders?
Which behavior is most indicative of externalizing behavior disorders?
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What are potential causes of behavioral and emotional disorders?
What are potential causes of behavioral and emotional disorders?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of intellectual disability?
Which of the following is a characteristic of intellectual disability?
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What IQ score range typically indicates limitations in intellectual functioning?
What IQ score range typically indicates limitations in intellectual functioning?
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Which of the following behaviors is categorized as motor excess?
Which of the following behaviors is categorized as motor excess?
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Which of the following best defines internalizing behavior?
Which of the following best defines internalizing behavior?
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What kind of family factors could influence behavioral disorders?
What kind of family factors could influence behavioral disorders?
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What is not a characteristic of psychotic behavior?
What is not a characteristic of psychotic behavior?
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What type of disorder is characterized by errors in producing speech sounds due to anatomical or physiological limitations?
What type of disorder is characterized by errors in producing speech sounds due to anatomical or physiological limitations?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of stuttering?
Which of the following is a characteristic of stuttering?
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What is an example of a substitution articulation error?
What is an example of a substitution articulation error?
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Which language impairment is associated with difficulties in understanding and using word meanings?
Which language impairment is associated with difficulties in understanding and using word meanings?
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What type of disorder involves difficulties with the rules of grammar such as subject-verb agreement?
What type of disorder involves difficulties with the rules of grammar such as subject-verb agreement?
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Apraxia of speech is classified under which type of disorder?
Apraxia of speech is classified under which type of disorder?
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Which disorder is characterized by excessive use of nonspecific terms such as 'thing' and 'stuff'?
Which disorder is characterized by excessive use of nonspecific terms such as 'thing' and 'stuff'?
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What type of speech characteristic is typical of cluttering?
What type of speech characteristic is typical of cluttering?
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Study Notes
Inclusiveness (SNIE 1012) - The Course of Fairness
- Inclusiveness generally aims to be fair, positive, respectful to all
- No one is left behind
Chapter 1 - Understanding Disabilities and Vulnerabilities - Definitions of Basic Terms
- Impairment: Lack/abnormality of an anatomic, physiological, or psychological structure or function or deviation on a person. Absence of a particular body part or organ.
- Disability: Ambiguous term; no single agreement on the concept. Not synonymous with AKAL-GUDATENGA. A complex, dynamic, multidimensional, and contested concept (WHO and World Bank, 2011). Consequence of impairment.
- Handicap: Someone with a physical or mental disability that prevents them from living a totally normal life; a disadvantage as a result of impairment and disability.
Causes of Disability
- Genetic Causes: Abnormalities in genes and genetic inheritance can cause intellectual disability in children. Down syndrome is a common genetic condition in some countries.
- Environmental Causes: Poverty and malnutrition in pregnant mothers can cause deficiency in vital minerals, resulting in birth defects. Exposure to drugs, alcohol, tobacco, certain toxins, and illnesses like toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus, rubella, and syphilis can cause intellectual disability in the child.
- Unknown Causes: Scientists have not fully understood the causes of some body functions, cells, brains, and genes.
- Inaccessible Environments: Society sometimes makes it difficult for people with impairments to function freely, when infrastructure is not built with these needs in consideration.
Types of Disabilities
- Nine major types of disabilities:
- Visual Impairment (blindness, low vision)
- Hearing Impairment (hard of hearing, deaf)
- Specific Learning Disability
- Speech and Language Impairments
- Autism
- Emotional and Behavioral Disorders
- Intellectual Disability
- Physical disability/Orthopedic Impairment and Health impairment
- Vulnerability
1. Visual Impairment
- Visual impairment generally designates blindness and low vision.
- Blindness: Total or partial inability to see due to disease, disorder of the eye, optic nerve, or brain.
- Low vision: Moderately impaired vision, affecting either central (front of the eye) or peripheral (sides and slightly behind the eye) vision.
2. Hearing Impairment
- A continuum of hearing loss ranging from mild to profound.
- Hard of Hearing: Includes fluctuating impairments that adversely affect educational performance. Not included under the definition of ‘deaf.’
- Deaf: Those with difficulty understanding speech, even with hearing aids but can successfully communicate with sign language.
3. Specific Learning Disability
- A disorder affecting one or more basic psychological processes involved in understanding or using language. May manifest as difficulty in listening, thinking, speaking, reading, writing, spelling, or mathematical calculations.
- Includes perceptual disabilities, brain injury, minimal brain dysfunction, dyslexia, and developmental aphasia.
- Does not include learning problems primarily caused by visual, hearing, or motor disabilities, intellectual disability, emotional disturbance, or environmental, cultural, or economic disadvantage.
-
Auditory Processing Disorder (APD): Difficulty attaching meaning to sound groups. Includes:
- Dyscalculia (difficulty understanding numbers and math)
- Dysgraphia (difficulty with handwriting ability)
- Dyslexia (difficulty with reading and related language processing)
- Language Processing Disorder
- Non-Verbal Learning Disabilities
- Visual Perceptual/Visual Motor Deficit
-
Auditory Processing Disorder (APD): Difficulty attaching meaning to sound groups. Includes:
4. Speech and Language Impairments
- Communication disorder, such as stuttering, impaired articulation, language impairment, or voice impairment, that negatively impacts educational performance.
- Articulation Disorders: Errors in producing speech sounds due to anatomical, physiological, or neuromuscular limitations. Includes omissions, substitutions, and distortions.
- Fluency Disorders: Difficulties with the rhythm and timing of speech, including hesitations, repetitions, and prolongations. Including stuttering and cluttering.
- Voice Disorders: Problems with voice quality or use due to larynx disorders. Includes abnormal production and/or absence of vocal quality, pitch, loudness, resonance, and/or duration.
- Language impairments: Five basic areas: phonological disorders, morphological disorders, semantic disorders, syntactical deficits, and pragmatic difficulties.
5. Autism
- A developmental disability affecting verbal and nonverbal communication and social interaction, generally evident before age three.
- Adversely affects a child's educational performance.
- Other characteristics include engaging in repetitive activities, resistance to environmental change, and unusual responses to sensory experiences.
6. Emotional and Behavioral Disorders
- Behavioral disorder exhibiting one or more of these characteristics over time and to a marked degree, negatively impacting educational performance:
- Inability to learn that can't be explained by intellectual, sensory, or health factors
- Inability to maintain/build satisfactory relationships with peers and teachers
- Inappropriate behavior or feelings in normal circumstances
- General pervasive mood of unhappiness or depression
- Tendency to develop physical symptoms or fears associated with school or personal problems.
- Conduct disorder: Individuals seek attention, are disruptive, and act out (overt, with violence or tantrums vs covert, with lying, stealing, and drug use)
- Socialized aggression: Individuals join groups of peers who disrespect others (teachers and parents); often associated with delinquency and dropping out of school.
- Attention problems: Individuals have attention deficit, poor concentration, are easily distracted, and may not consider consequences of actions.
- Psychotic behavior: Individuals exhibit bizarre behaviors, hallucinations, fantasy worlds, and sometimes talk in gibberish..
- Motor excess: These students are hyperactive, cannot sit still, and cannot keep their focus.
- Externalizing behavior: Under-controlled disorders. Include problems with disobedience, tempers, tantrums, disruptiveness, fighting, irresponsibility, jealousy, and attention-seeking.
- Internalizing behavior: Over-controlled disorders. Include anxiety, issues with maturity, shyness, social withdrawal, feelings of inadequacy, guilt, depression, and worries.
7. Intellectual Disability
- A disability characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning (general mental capacity such as learning, reasoning, problem solving). and adaptive behavior, covering everyday social and practical skills.
- Disability originates before age 18.
- Criteria for identifying intellectual disability include: sub-average intellectual functioning (IQ test scores around 70 and up as high as 75).
- Significant limitations exist in two or more adaptive skill areas (conceptual skills, e.g., language, literacy, money management, time management and numeracy; social skills, e.g., interpersonal skills, social responsibility, self-esteem, social problem-solving; and practical skills, e.g., daily living, self-care, occupational skills, healthcare, travel/transportation, safety).
- General cognition, learning and memory capabilities, and attention.
8. Physical Disability/Orthopedic Impairment and Health Impairment
- Physical disability is a condition interfering with the individual's ability to use his/her body.
- Orthopedic impairment often refers to conditions of muscular or skeletal systems, which can sometimes extend to nervous systems.
- Health impairments are conditions needing ongoing medical attention, e.g., asthma, heart defects, cancer, diabetes, hemophilia or AIDS.
- Classification of physical disabilities based on their impact on mobility and motor skills:
- Mild: Individuals who can walk without aids and may make normal developmental progress.
- Moderate: Individuals who can walk with braces, crutches, and may have difficulty with fine-motor and speech skills.
- Severe: Individuals who are wheelchair-dependent and need special support to achieve regular development.
- Neurological system: Problems with the brain, spinal cord and nerves. Conditions such as cerebral palsy, or traumatic brain injuries where the brain sends incorrect signals or incorrectly interprets signals leading to poor coordination. Spinal cord injuries also result where pathways between brain and muscles are interrupted.
- Musculoskeletal system: Problems with muscles, bones, and joints. Conditions such as cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, arthritis, and amputations.
- Examples: Cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, arthritis, amputations, spinal bifida
- Clinical presentations of the above discussed disorders.
9. Vulnerability
- Vulnerability means being at risk of being harmed.
- Everyone is vulnerable to some extent.
- People with disabilities are more vulnerable as a group.
- Vulnerability exists as a complex phenomenon with various dimensions:
- Economic Difficulties: Lack of financial resources, poverty, low living standards, lack of access to necessities.
- Social Exclusion: Limited access to resources (transportation, schools, libraries, medical services).
- Lack of Social Support: Absence of assistance from family, friends, neighbors, or colleagues.
- Stigmatization: Being a target of stereotypes, devalued, or confronted with unfair treatment due to belonging to a particular group.
- Health Difficulties: Disadvantages arising from mental or physical health conditions, and/or disabilities.
- Victim of Crime: Vulnerability in the context of family violence, or being directly subjected to crime.
- Rapid population growth.
- Poverty and hunger.
- Poor health.
- Low levels of education.
- Gender inequality.
- Fragile or dangerous locations.
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Description
Test your knowledge on different types of disabilities and visual impairments. This quiz covers key concepts related to intellectual disabilities, hearing impairments, and barriers faced by individuals with disabilities. Explore the factors contributing to these conditions and the classifications used in the field.
