Lithium Importance and Recent Deal with Argentina (PDF)

IMPORTANT TOPIC OF JANUARY-2024 [DETAILED] 1. LITHIUM IMPORTANCE AND RECENT DEAL WITH ARGENTINA Context The central government announced on January 15 that it signed an agreement with Argentina's state-owned mining and energy company...

IMPORTANT TOPIC OF JANUARY-2024 [DETAILED] 1. LITHIUM IMPORTANCE AND RECENT DEAL WITH ARGENTINA Context The central government announced on January 15 that it signed an agreement with Argentina's state-owned mining and energy company Highlights of the deal - KABIL, a joint venture of NALCO, Hindustan Copper Ltd (HCL), and Mineral Exploration Corporation Ltd (MECL), granted exclusive rights for exploration and development of five lithium brine blocks in Catamarca, Argentina - The lithium blocks cover a total area of 15,703 hectares. - KABIL commits Rs 200 crore investment in the project. - Plans underway to establish a branch office in support of the lithium exploration and development initiative. Key a`spects of Indo-Argentine relations o Diplomatic Ties: India and Argentina have maintained diplomatic relations since 1949. The two countries have embassies in each other's capitals, fostering communication and cooperation. o Trade and Economic Cooperation: Trade relations between India and Argentina have seen fluctuations, but efforts have been made to enhance economic ties. Both countries have engaged in discussions and initiatives to boost bilateral trade and investment. o Cultural Exchanges: Cultural ties have been strengthened through exchanges in areas such as art, music, and literature. Such initiatives aim to promote mutual understanding and appreciation of each other's cultures. o International Forums: India and Argentina often collaborate on various international platforms, including the United Nations, where they share common interests and perspectives on global issues. o Scientific and Technological Cooperation: Both countries have shown interest in fostering collaboration in the fields of science and technology. Agreements and initiatives have been undertaken to promote joint research and development. Effect and Purpose of the deal - Commercial Significance: The deal will allow KABIL to evaluate, prospect and explore and subsequent to the discovery of lithium mineral bag exploitation rights for commercial production. - Geostrategic advantages: The deal has its own geostrategic advantages. India imported 70 percent of its lithium- ion requirements from China in 2020-21, according to government data. The deal will facilitate supply chain diversification and reduce reliance on China amid strained ties between both countries. - Minerals Security Partnership: The deal also underscores India's move to join the Minerals Security Partnership (MSP) last year. 1. MSP seeks to offer an alternative to China's dominance in mining and processing critical minerals. - Research and Development: The deal will provide a platform for NALCO, HCL and MECL to understand the technical know-how of lithium exploration and extraction. 1. India is still at a nascent stage for mining/exploration of critical minerals and added that the mining and metals industry as a whole, especially with regard to critical minerals, is entering uncharted waters. 5 Importance of lithium o Energy Storage for Renewable Technologies: Lithium-ion batteries play a crucial role in storing energy generated from renewable sources like wind and solar power. o They help address the intermittent nature of these renewable energy sources by storing excess energy when available and releasing it when needed. o Electric Vehicles (EVs): The growth of the electric vehicle market is a major driver of the increasing demand for lithium. Lithium-ion batteries are the preferred choice for EVs due to their high energy density, lightweight nature, and ability to provide sufficient power for long-range driving. o Consumer Electronics: Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in various consumer electronics, such as smartphones, laptops, and tablets. The high energy density and relatively lightweight nature make them ideal for portable electronic devices. o Grid Energy Storage: Lithium-ion batteries are being explored for large-scale energy storage on electrical grids. o This can help balance supply and demand, stabilize the grid, and provide backup power during peak demand periods or outages. o Environmental Considerations: While lithium-ion batteries are considered environmentally friendly compared to some other battery technologies, there are environmental concerns related to lithium mining and extraction. o Sustainable and responsible mining practices are essential to minimize the environmental impact of lithium production. o Technological Advances: Ongoing research and development efforts are focused on improving lithium-ion battery technology. o This includes enhancing energy density, reducing costs, and addressing issues related to resource availability and recycling. 2. ADITYA L-1 ENTERING ITS ORBIT Context The Aditya-L1 spacecraft -- the first space-based Indian observatory to study the Sun -- entered into its final destination orbit, some 1.5 million kilometres from the Earth. Highlights of Aditya L1 Mission - Aditya L1 shall be the first space based Indian mission to study the Sun. - The spacecraft shall be placed in a halo orbit around the Lagrange point 1 (L1) of the Sun-Earth system, which is about 1.5 million km from the Earth. - A satellite placed in the halo orbit around the L1 point has the major advantage of continuously viewing the Sun without any occultation/eclipses. - This will provide a greater advantage of observing the solar activities and its effect on space weather in real time. - The spacecraft carries seven payloads to observe the photosphere, chromosphere and the outermost layers of the Sun (the corona) using electromagnetic and particle and magnetic field detectors. Significance of Aditya L-1 Mission The major objectives of the Aditya-L1 mission are as follows: - Study of Solar Upper Atmospheric Dynamics (Chromosphere and Corona): The mission aims to investigate the dynamics of the solar upper atmosphere, including both the chromosphere and the corona. - Development, Dynamics, and Origin of Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs): The mission aims to study the development and dynamics of CMEs, which are massive bursts of solar wind and magnetic fields rising above the solar corona or being released into space. - Drivers for Space Weather: Aditya-L1 aims to investigate the origin, composition, and dynamics of the solar wind, which plays a significant role in influencing space weather around Earth and in the solar system. - International Leadership and Prestige: - The mission represents India's entry into space-based solar studies, marking the country's leadership in space exploration. - Joining the ranks of NASA and the European Space Agency in stationing a solar observatory demonstrates India's growing capabilities in space research and exploration. - Scientific Discovery: - Solar missions often lead to unexpected scientific discoveries and provide new insights into the behavior of the Sun. - The mission may yield valuable data that enhances our understanding of solar phenomena, contributing to 6 advancements in solar physics. About Lagrange Points  These points were named after the mathematician Joseph-Louis Lagrange, who studied them in the 18th century.  Numbering of Lagrange Points: There are five Lagrange points in any two-body celestial system, denoted as L1 to L5. Each Lagrange Point has unique characteristics and stability properties.  Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO): The SOHO satellite is indeed stationed at the L1 Lagrange Point of the Earth-Sun system. SOHO continuously monitors the Sun, providing valuable data for solar research.  Spacecraft Parking: Lagrange Points are indeed used as "parking spots" for spacecraft. Placing a spacecraft at a Lagrange Point allows it to stay in a relatively fixed position relative to the two larger bodies, which is advantageous for observations or missions requiring a stable position. This minimizes the need for frequent adjustments and reduces fuel consumption.  Gateway for Deep Space Exploration: Lagrange Points are considered potential gateways for deep space exploration. Future missions may use these points as staging areas for further exploration of the Moon, Mars, or other destinations in our solar system. Challenges in Aditya L1 Mission  Extreme Space Environment: The spacecraft will be exposed to the harsh space environment, including intense solar radiation, fluctuations in temperature, and exposure to cosmic rays.  Communication Lag: Aditya-L1 will be positioned at a considerable distance from Earth, that may result in communication delays.  Data Transmission and Storage: Adequate data storage and transmission systems must be in place to handle the large volumes of information generated during the mission.  Thermal Management: Spacecraft operating near the Sun must effectively manage thermal loads to prevent overheating.  Solar Activity Variability: The Sun's activity, including solar flares and coronal mass ejections, can be highly variable. Predicting and adapting to these variations are challenging, especially when planning observations and data collection.  Spacecraft Navigation and Positioning: Precise navigation and positioning are essential for achieving the mission's scientific objectives. Maintaining the spacecraft's intended orbit and orientation is crucial for accurate data collection 3. ULFA PEACE PACT AND ASSAM ISSUES Context The pro-talks faction of the United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) signed a tripartite peace deal with the Centre and the Assam government on December 29, 2023. Key Elements of the Peace Accord: As outlined in the agreement, there are several key elements that signify a move towards sustainable peace: - Ceasefire and Dialogue: The ULFA has agreed to renounce violence, disarm, disband the armed organisation, vacate their occupied camps, and participate in peaceful democratic process established by the law. - Addressing Core Issues: A successful peace pact should address the root causes of the insurgency, including concerns about political representation, economic development, and issues related to identity and cultural preservation. - Rehabilitation and Integration: Former militants are often integrated into mainstream society through rehabilitation programs, which may include education, vocational training, and assistance in reintegrating into their communities. Background on ULFA and Assam's Issues: - The ULFA, formed in 1979, has been at the forefront of the demand for an independent state of Assam. - The insurgency was fueled by concerns about political marginalization, economic disparities, and the perceived threat of illegal immigration from Bangladesh. - Over the years, the conflict has resulted in violence, displacement, and a deep sense of unrest in the region. 7 About ULFA - Formation of ULFA: Established on April 7, 1979, in Sivasagar, Assam, with the primary goal of establishing a sovereign Assam for the indigenous population. - Founding Members: Initial leaders included Paresh Baruah, Arabinda Rajkhowa, and Anup Chetia. - Early Objectives: Initially projected as a group to assist needy people, ULFA later shifted towards armed struggle against the Indian government. - Insurgency in Late 1980s: Began armed operations in the late 1980s, with leaders like Baruah, Rajkhowa, and Chetia emerging as influential figures. - Different Factions: Despite a peace pact, a hardline faction led by Paresh Baruah continues to rebel against the Indian government, remaining outside the peace accord. - Government Talks with ULFA: Central government initiated talks with the faction led by Rajkhowa in 2011, marked by the signing of a Suspension of Operations (SoO) agreement. - ULFA as an "Extended Government": At its peak in 1990, ULFA considered itself an extension of the government, wielding significant influence over Assam. - Economic Demands: In 1990, ULFA wrote to major tea-producing companies, including Tata Tea and Unilever, demanding significant sums for the economic development of Assam. - International Pressure: ULFA's activities prompted international pressure on India, reflecting the group's influence and impact beyond regional boundaries. Implications for Assam's Future: The signing of a peace accord between the ULFA and the government carries significant implications for the future of Assam:  Stability and Development: A sustained peace process can pave the way for increased stability and development in Assam. Economic progress, infrastructure development, and improved governance can follow a reduction in conflict.  Political Reconciliation: The peace pact may involve political negotiations, leading to increased representation for diverse communities in Assam. Inclusivity in governance is crucial for fostering a sense of belonging and addressing historical grievances.  Social Harmony: The resolution of the insurgency can contribute to social harmony by bridging ethnic and linguistic divides. A united Assam can work towards preserving its cultural diversity while fostering a shared vision for the future. Challenges and recommendations with ULFA Peace Pact - Transparency and Accountability:  Establish transparent mechanisms for implementing the peace pact's provisions.  Hold responsible parties accountable for fulfilling their commitments. - Engagement with Anti-Talks Faction:  Strategically engage with the ULFA's anti-talks faction for unified resolution.  Seek wider acceptance of the peace pact through inclusive engagement. - Legal Safeguards:  Ensure legislative changes align with constitutional principles.  Protect the rights of all residents, preventing discrimination based on ethnicity or origin. - International Cooperation:  Collaborate with neighboring countries to prevent cross-border insurgencies.  Maintain regional stability through international cooperation. - Long-Term Development Plans:  Develop sustainable, detailed strategies beyond immediate investments.  Foster holistic growth in the region through long-term developmental planning. 4. BHARATRATNA AND OTHER PADMA AWARDS Context The coveted Padma awards -- Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and the Padma Shri -- for the year 2023 were announced. 8 About award - Background: Instituted in 1954, Bharat Ratna is India's highest civilian award, and Padma Awards, comprising Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, and Padma Shri, were established in 1954, 1955, and 1957, respectively. - Conferment: The awards are then announced on the eve of Republic Day on the basis of the information secured from the awards committee, and after the approval of the Home Minister, Prime Minister, and President Bharat Ratna: - Highest Civilian Award: Awarded for exceptional service towards the advancement of art, literature, science, and public service. - Criteria: Open to any citizen, without distinction of race, occupation, position, or sex. - Limit on Recipients: Initially limited to 3 per year; however, the number increased over time. Padma Vibhushan: - Second-Highest Civilian Award: Awarded for exceptional and distinguished service in any field, including service rendered by the government servants. - Limit on Recipients: Restricted number each year. - Criteria: All persons without distinction of race, occupation, position or sex are eligible for these awards. However, government servants including those working with PSUs, except doctors and scientists, are not eligible for these awards. Padma Bhushan:  Third-Highest Civilian Award: Awarded for distinguished service of a high order in any field.  Wide Range of Fields: Recognizes contributions in various fields, including arts, education, industry, literature, science, sports, and social service.  Criteria: The award criteria include "service in any field including service rendered by Government servants" including doctors and scientists, but exclude those working with the public sector undertaking Padma Shri:  Fourth-Highest Civilian Award: Awarded for distinguished service in any field.  Wider Recognition: Recognizes significant contributions in diverse areas such as art, education, industry, literature, science, sports, medicine, and social service. Process of Selection:  Nomination and Evaluation: Nominations solicited from the public, state and central governments, and experts. Committees review and evaluate nominations.  Recommendations to President: Committees submit recommendations to the President for approval.  About committee: o It is constituted by the Prime Minister every year. o The Padma Awards Committee is headed by the Cabinet Secretary and includes the Home Secretary, Secretary to the President and four to six eminent persons as members. Controversies and Criticisms:  Subjectivity in Selection: Some argue that the selection process is subjective and influenced by political considerations.  Posthumous Awards: Debates exist on whether posthumous awards should be conferred. Significance and Impact:  Recognition of Excellence: Awards celebrate and recognize exceptional contributions across various domains.  National Pride: Conferment of these awards contributes to national pride and honor.  Inspiration to Society: Awardees often serve as inspirational figures, encouraging others to excel in their respective fields. Conclusion:  Symbol of Excellence: Bharat Ratna and the Padma Awards are symbols of India's recognition of excellence and 9 noteworthy contributions.  Continued Evolution: Over the years, the awards have evolved, reflecting changing societal values and recognizing achievements in diverse fields.  Ongoing Relevance: Despite criticisms, the awards continue to hold relevance as a means of acknowledging outstanding service and inspiring future generations. 5. PROJECT CHEETAH Context The Centre had outlined criteria for the success of the first phase of the project, which includes achieving at least 50 per cent survival of the introduced cheetahs for the first year and the establishment of a home range for Cheetahs in Kuno. Historical Context:  Once widespread in India, the cheetah vanished from the country in the mid-20th century due to factors such as hunting, habitat loss, and a decline in prey species.  The last recorded cheetah sighting in India dates back to 1947.  Now, after more than seven decades, Project Cheetah seeks to rewrite this narrative. Project Cheetah  In the realm of wildlife conservation, Project Cheetah stands as a remarkable initiative aimed at the reintroduction and revival of the cheetah, the fastest land animal, in India.  Launched with the vision of restoring a balance in the ecosystem and reviving a charismatic species, the project holds promise for the biodiversity of the Indian subcontinent.  This endeavor will not only strengthen the efforts for global conservation of the Cheetah but also the re- establishment of his species in its historical range. Cheetah Reintroduction Project  In September 2009, the cheetah reintroduction plan made significant progress when the Ministry of Environment & Forests, through the Wildlife Institute of India (WII), organized a meeting in Gajner, Rajasthan, to discuss the issue.  Minister Jairam Ramesh approved the recommendation for a detailed survey of seven potential reintroduction sites (and three holding sites for captive breeding) in four states, shortlisted during the Gajner consultative meeting.  In January 2022, environment minister launched the action plan for reintroducing cheetahs in India, with an emphasis to Kuno National Park. Project Cheetah's Objectives: The primary objectives of Project Cheetah are multi-faceted, encompassing ecological, conservation, and educational dimensions.  Ecological Restoration: The reintroduction of cheetahs aims to restore a natural balance in India's ecosystems. Cheetahs, as apex predators, play a crucial role in controlling herbivore populations, preventing overgrazing, and maintaining a healthy ecosystem.  Biodiversity Enhancement: Cheetahs bring a unique ecological contribution, influencing the behavior of other species and promoting biodiversity. The return of cheetahs can lead to a more vibrant and resilient ecosystem by fostering a diversity of flora and fauna.  Conservation of an Iconic Species: The cheetah, with its unmatched speed and striking appearance, is an iconic species that holds cultural and aesthetic significance. Conservation efforts under Project Cheetah work towards ensuring the survival and thriving of this magnificent creature.  Educational Outreach: Project Cheetah extends beyond conservation, incorporating an educational dimension. It seeks to raise awareness about the importance of wildlife conservation, the delicate balance of ecosystems, and the interconnectedness of all living beings. Implementation Process: 10 The implementation of Project Cheetah involves several key steps, each carefully planned to ensure the success of the reintroduction program. o Habitat Assessment: A thorough assessment of potential habitats is conducted to ensure that the areas selected are conducive to the needs of cheetahs. This includes an evaluation of prey availability, water sources, and overall habitat suitability. o Prey Base Enhancement: To support the successful reintroduction of cheetahs, efforts are made to enhance the prey base in the selected habitats. This may involve conservation measures for herbivores and the creation of conditions conducive to their thriving. o Monitoring and Research: A robust monitoring and research framework is established to track the behavior, health, and adaptability of reintroduced cheetahs. This involves the use of advanced technology and on-the-ground observations by wildlife experts. o Community Engagement: Recognizing the importance of local communities in conservation efforts, Project Cheetah includes community engagement initiatives. These involve creating awareness, addressing concerns, and involving communities as stewards of the environment. Challenges and Concerns:  While Project Cheetah holds immense promise, it is not without challenges and concerns. These include habitat fragmentation, potential conflicts with human activities, and ensuring genetic diversity among the reintroduced cheetahs.  International Collaboration: In the spirit of global conservation, Project Cheetah emphasizes collaboration with international organizations, sharing knowledge, resources, and best practices. This collaborative approach enhances the project's effectiveness and contributes to the global conservation discourse. Conclusion:  Project Cheetah, with its ambitious goals and comprehensive approach, marks a significant stride in the realm of wildlife conservation in India.  The reintroduction of the cheetah not only promises to restore ecological balance but also stands as a testament to humanity's commitment to coexist harmoniously with the diverse species that share our planet.  As the project unfolds, it brings hope not just for the cheetah but for the entire ecosystem and the invaluable lessons it imparts to future generations. 6. HIT AND RUN LAW ISSUES Context India's recently introduced hit-and-run law, intended to deter fleeing after accidents, has sparked nationwide protests from truck drivers and transport associations. More in news:  The truck and tanker drivers have called for a three-day protest against a provision dealing with 'hit-and-run' accidents in the new set of criminal law namely Bhartiya Nyaya Sanhita.  As part of the protest, their trucks aren't operating  They have demanded the immediate withdrawal of the new law.  It is leading to fear of supply shortages, including that of diesel and petrol in several parts of the country. Hit and Run Law  The recently enacted Bharatiya Nyay Sanhita introduces stringent penalties for hit-and-run incidents in India.  The law specifies that an accused individual causing a fatal crash and fleeing the scene without reporting to authorities could face imprisonment for up to 10 years along with a fine.  Bharatiya Nyay Sanhita has established two distinct categories under the umbrella of "causing death by negligence."  Policy behind Hit and Run Law o In 2022, the National Crime Records Bureau documented 47,806 hit-and-run cases, leading to the fatalities of 50,815 individuals. Those responsible are legally obligated to report such road accidents to the police or magistrate, and there are legal measures in place to penalize the failure to fulfill this duty. 11 Key Changes in the Hit-and-Run Law:  Expanded Definition of Hit-and-Run:  Old Law: The definition primarily focused on accidents involving motor vehicles.  New Law: Encompasses a broader spectrum, including accidents involving any vehicle, animal-drawn vehicles, and even those caused by a person.  Increased Penalties for Offenders:  Old Law: Penalties were relatively lenient, often failing to act as a deterrent.  New Law: Imposes significantly higher fines and stricter punishment, reflecting a zero-tolerance approach towards hit-and-run incidents.  Mandatory Compensation for Victims:  Old Law: Compensation to victims was discretionary and often delayed.  New Law: Mandates immediate compensation for victims or their families, ensuring a more compassionate and responsive legal approach.  Holding Bystanders Accountable:  Old Law: Bystanders were rarely held accountable for not reporting hit-and-run incidents.  New Law: Introduces penalties for those who fail to report accidents promptly, fostering a sense of civic responsibility. Implications and Challenges:  Legal Clarity and Implementation:  Challenge: Ensuring consistent interpretation and implementation of the new provisions across jurisdictions.  Implication: Legal practitioners and law enforcement agencies need to align on the interpretation and application of the amended law.  Awareness and Education:  Challenge: Lack of awareness among the general public about the changes in the law.  Implication: Requires comprehensive awareness campaigns to educate the public about their rights, responsibilities, and the consequences of hit-and-run incidents.  Efficient Reporting Mechanisms:  Challenge: Establishing seamless reporting mechanisms for prompt action.  Implication: The success of the law relies on efficient reporting channels, requiring collaboration between law enforcement and technology. Comparative Analysis:  Old vs. New: Filling Legal Gaps:  Old Law: Limited scope and gaps in addressing diverse hit-and-run scenarios.  New Law: Comprehensive and inclusive, leaving little room for legal loopholes and ensuring a more holistic approach to hit-and-run cases.  Accountability and Deterrence:  Old Law: Limited deterrence due to lenient penalties.  New Law: Enhanced penalties and mandatory compensation act as a stronger deterrent, promoting accountability among motorists. Conclusion:  Truckers ended their strike after two days of protest after Union Home Secretary stated that the implementation of the new penal provision related to hit-and-run cases will only occur after consulting with the All India Motor Transport Congress (AIMTC).  The new hit-and-run law in India represents a significant step towards a more accountable and compassionate legal framework. However, its successful implementation hinges on collaborative efforts, awareness, and a commitment to upholding the principles of justice and responsibility 12 7. ANTI MICROBIAL RESISTANCE Context Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) is the resistance developed by microbes and bacteria against drugs, posing a threat to global health. WHO reports significant deaths attributed to AMR, with potential economic impacts and contributing factors including drug misuse, irresponsible waste treatment, and unsafe medicine disposal. Antimicrobial resistance  Antimicrobial resistance refers to the ability of microorganisms to adapt and survive the effects of drugs designed to kill them.  Overuse and misuse of antibiotics lead to the development of resistant strains, rendering standard treatments ineffective.  Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a critical and global health challenge  It threatens the effectiveness of antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, and other medications used to treat microbial infections.  The rise of AMR poses a significant threat to human health, animal health, agriculture, and the overall effectiveness of healthcare systems worldwide. o It claimed the lives of at least 1.27 million individuals worldwide and contributing to nearly 5 million deaths in 2019. o In the United States alone, more than 2.8 million cases of antimicrobial-resistant infections occur annually, resulting in over 35,000 fatalities, as reported in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) 2019 Antibiotic Resistance (AR) Threats Report. Scope and Impact of AMR  Global Reach: AMR knows no borders, affecting communities, hospitals, and industries worldwide.  Impact: Increased mortality rates, prolonged illnesses, and higher healthcare costs are direct consequences of the growing threat of AMR. Factors Contributing to Antimicrobial Resistance:  Overuse and Misuse: o Inappropriate Prescriptions: Overprescription of antibiotics without proper diagnosis contributes significantly. o Self-Medication: Unregulated access to antibiotics enables self-medication, further fueling resistance.  Agricultural Practices: o Excessive Use in Livestock: Widespread use of antibiotics in agriculture, particularly in livestock, contributes to the dissemination of resistant strains through the food chain.  Lack of New Drug Development: o Market Dynamics: Limited economic incentives for pharmaceutical companies to invest in the development of new antimicrobial drugs. o Research Gaps: The pipeline for new antibiotics is insufficient to address emerging resistance. Global Initiatives to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance:  World Health Organization (WHO): o Global Action Plan: WHO has developed a global action plan to tackle AMR, emphasizing awareness, surveillance, and research.  Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (GLASS): o Data Sharing: GLASS facilitates the sharing of data on antimicrobial consumption and resistance across countries. o Monitoring and Evaluation: It provides a framework for monitoring the global situation and evaluating the effectiveness of interventions.  One Health Approach: o Holistic Strategy: Recognizing the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health. o Collaboration: Encourages collaboration between health sectors, veterinarians, and environmental scientists to address AMR comprehensively. Challenges in Combating Antimicrobial Resistance:  Global Coordination: 13 o Lack of Uniformity: Varied approaches and standards in different countries hinder coordinated global efforts. o Political Commitment: The challenge requires sustained political commitment and collaboration.  Patient and Public Awareness: o Understanding the Issue: Many individuals lack awareness about the implications of AMR. o Behavioral Change: Promoting responsible use of antibiotics requires a shift in public behavior. Future Strategies and Recommendations:  Stewardship Programs: o Promoting Responsible Use: Implementation of antimicrobial stewardship programs in healthcare settings. o Education: Raising awareness among healthcare professionals and the public about the importance of proper antibiotic use.  Research and Development Incentives: o Financial Incentives: Encouraging investments in research and development of new antimicrobial drugs through financial incentives. o Global Collaboration: Facilitating international cooperation in research efforts to address gaps in the development pipeline.  Regulatory Measures: o Controlled Access: Implementing regulations to control access to antibiotics, ensuring prescription-only access. o Surveillance Systems: Strengthening surveillance systems to monitor the use and resistance patterns of antimicrobials 8. WARMEST YEAR ON RECORD 2023 Context 2023 was the planet’s warmest year on record, according to an analysis by scientists from NOAA’s National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI). More on news:  Many other agencies also confirmed the same. NASA and NOAA’s global temperature report confirms what billions of people around the world experienced last year. we are facing a climate crisis.  The announcement that 2023 has earned the unsettling distinction of being the warmest year on record serves as a stark reminder of the escalating challenges posed by climate change. Unprecedented Global Temperature Surge:  Record-Breaking Statistics: o Average Land and Ocean Temperature: NOAA's data reveals that the average land and ocean temperature in 2023 surpassed all previous records. o Marginal Increase: The increase, though seemingly marginal at 0.15 degrees Celsius, carries profound implications for the planet's climate systems.  Consistency with Climate Change Trends: o Long-Term Patterns: The report underscores the consistency of this warming trend with the broader context of climate change observed over the past decades. o Frequency of Record-Breaking Years: The increasing frequency of record-breaking warm years points to a concerning trajectory. Contributing Factors and Human Impact:  Greenhouse Gas Emissions: o Role of Anthropogenic Activities: Human-induced factors, primarily the emission of greenhouse gases, remain a leading driver of global warming. o Carbon Dioxide Levels: The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, a significant contributor, continues to rise.  Impact on Ecosystems: o Shifts in Biodiversity: The rising temperatures contribute to shifts in ecosystems and threaten the delicate balance of biodiversity. o Ocean Acidification: The warming trend has implications for ocean health, with acidification posing a threat to 14 marine life. Regional Disparities and Extreme Weather Events:  Regional Temperature Anomalies: o Disparate Impact: Certain regions experienced more pronounced temperature anomalies, exacerbating existing regional climate disparities. o Vulnerability of Arctic Regions: The Arctic, in particular, faced exceptional warming, with implications for ice melt and sea-level rise.  Intensification of Extreme Weather: o Heatwaves and Wildfires: The report highlights the intensification of heatwaves and their association with the surge in destructive wildfires witnessed globally. o Extreme Precipitation: Increased frequency of extreme precipitation events contributes to flooding and poses risks to vulnerable communities. Global Response and Climate Mitigation:  Urgency of Climate Action: o Catalyst for Global Cooperation: The findings underscore the urgency for nations to collaborate on climate action, acknowledging the shared responsibility in mitigating global warming. o Adherence to Paris Agreement: The report serves as a rallying call for nations to adhere to the commitments outlined in the Paris Agreement and strengthen their climate mitigation efforts.  Transition to Renewable Energy: o Renewable Solutions: The imperative of accelerating the transition to renewable energy sources is highlighted, with a focus on reducing dependence on fossil fuels. o Policy Interventions: Governments worldwide are urged to implement robust policies that incentivize sustainable practices and penalize carbon-intensive activities. Adaptation Strategies and Resilience Building:  Climate Resilience Measures: o Community-Level Adaptation: Localized adaptation strategies are emphasized, empowering communities to build resilience against the impacts of climate change. o Investment in Infrastructure: Governments are urged to invest in climate-resilient infrastructure, recognizing the need to prepare for and mitigate the consequences of extreme weather events.  Raising Public Awareness: o Education and Advocacy: Public awareness campaigns play a crucial role in fostering a collective sense of responsibility. o Individual Actions: The report calls for individual actions, emphasizing the role of conscious consumer choices and sustainable lifestyle practices in contributing to climate resilience. Conclusion:  The declaration of 2023 as the warmest year on record is not just a scientific observation but a clarion call for decisive action.  As nations grapple with the unfolding consequences of climate change, the urgency to adopt mitigation strategies, transition to sustainable practices, and prioritize resilience-building measures has never been more apparent.  The onus lies on global leaders, policymakers, and individuals alike to heed this warning and work collectively towards a sustainable and climate-resilient future. 9. WORLD ECONOMIC SITUATION PROSPECT REPORT,2024 Context United Nations has released a report recently titled World Economic Situation and Prospects report for 2024 that forecasts a decline in global inflation in 2024, but warns of a simultaneous rise in food inflation, particularly in developing nations. Highlights of World Economic Situation and Prospects Report A) The "World Economic Situation and Prospects Report 2024," published by the United Nations B) It offers a crucial insight into the global economic landscape. 15 C) This comprehensive report provides a detailed analysis of the current economic situation worldwide, outlining prospects, challenges, and potential pathways for sustainable development D) The World Economic Situation and Prospects 2024 presents an outlook for the global economy and underscores the importance of global cooperation and prudent policies to lift global growth and accelerate progress towards the SDGs. E) The 2024 edition of the United Nations’ World Economic Situation and Prospects report comes amid stark global economic inequalities and high geopolitical tensions. Overview of Global Economic Trends: A) Economic Growth and Contraction: a. Global Economic Outlook: The report delves into the projections for global economic growth, considering factors such as GDP expansion and contraction across different regions. b. Post-Pandemic Recovery: Insights are provided on the ongoing recovery from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and its varying effects on different economies. B) Regional Disparities: a. Inequality and Development: The report highlights regional disparities, addressing the challenges of economic inequality and the need for inclusive development strategies. b. Emerging Markets vs. Developed Economies: Comparative analysis sheds light on the performance of emerging markets versus developed economies, offering a nuanced understanding of global economic dynamics. Key Economic Indicators: C) Trade and Investment: a. Global Trade Trends: The report evaluates global trade dynamics, exploring the impact of trade agreements, tariffs, and geopolitical factors on international commerce. b. Investment Flows: Insights into trends in foreign direct investment (FDI) and portfolio investment provide a comprehensive picture of global capital movements. D) Employment and Labor Markets: a. Unemployment Rates: The report examines global unemployment rates, assessing the impact of economic shifts and technological advancements on labor markets. b. Informal Labor Sector: Special attention is given to the informal labor sector, acknowledging its significant role in many economies and addressing the challenges it poses. Sustainable Development Goals and Challenges: E) Environmental Sustainability: a. Climate Change and Economic Impact: The report discusses the intersection of climate change and economic activities, emphasizing the need for sustainable practices. b. Renewable Energy Transition: Insights into the progress and challenges associated with the global transition to renewable energy sources are provided. F) Social and Economic Inclusion: a. Gender Equality: The report assesses progress towards gender equality in economic participation and decision- making roles. b. Social Safety Nets: Challenges related to social safety nets and strategies for enhancing social and economic inclusion are outlined. Policy Recommendations and Frameworks: G) Macroeconomic Policies: a. Monetary and Fiscal Policies: The report offers recommendations on macroeconomic policies, including the role of monetary and fiscal measures in stabilizing economies. b. Inflation Targeting: Insights into inflation targeting strategies and their effectiveness in different economic contexts are discussed. H) Multilateral Cooperation: a. Global Governance: The report emphasizes the importance of multilateral cooperation in addressing global economic challenges, advocating for collaborative efforts among nations. b. International Trade Agreements: The role of international trade agreements and their impact on global economic 16 stability are explored, with an emphasis on fostering fair and inclusive trade practices. Future Outlook: I) Resilience and Adaptability: a. Building Resilient Economies: The report concludes with a call for building resilient economies capable of withstanding global shocks and uncertainties. b. Adapting to Technological Changes: Future outlooks consider the role of technology in shaping economic landscapes and the necessity of adaptive policies. J) Sustainable Development Imperative: a. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): The imperative of aligning economic policies with the SDGs is emphasized, underlining the significance of achieving economic growth in harmony with social and environmental sustainability. b. Human-Centric Approach: The report advocates for a human-centric approach to economic development, emphasizing the well-being and inclusivity of societies. 10. ATAL SETU Context Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the Mumbai Trans Harbour Link (MTHL), also known as Atal Setu, marking the country's longest sea bridge. Highlights of Atal Setu  The Atal Setu is built at a cost of about ₹17,840 crore.  It is the longest bridge in India and also the longest sea bridge in the country.  It establishes faster connectivity between the island city of Mumbai and the Navi Mumbai on the mainland, and decongesting the perennially choked metropolis as well as opening new vistas of development.  Spanning 22 km, with a 16.5 km extension into the sea, Atal Setu will shorten travel time between Mumbai and Navi Mumbai to 20 minutes from two hours.  It also set new benchmarks in the field of civil engineering. Inauguration and Significance:  Inauguration: o Historic Moment: The inauguration of Atal Setu marked a historic moment in India's infrastructure development journey. o Political and Cultural Significance: Named after the late Prime Minister, the bridge symbolizes a tribute to a visionary leader.  Connectivity Impact: o Mumbai Trans-Harbour Link (MTHL): Atal Setu is a crucial component of the MTHL project, linking Sewri in Mumbai to Nhava Sheva in Navi Mumbai. o Reducing Travel Time: The bridge significantly reduces travel time between Mumbai and Navi Mumbai, addressing longstanding connectivity challenges. Engineering Feats and Design:  Length and Span: o Longest Sea Bridge in India: Atal Setu holds the distinction of being the longest sea bridge in the country. o Impressive Span: The bridge's impressive span over the Arabian Sea showcases cutting-edge engineering techniques.  Cable-Stayed Architecture: o Architectural Innovation: Atal Setu features a cable-stayed design, providing both aesthetic appeal and structural stability. o Technical Complexity: The use of cable-stayed architecture demonstrates India's capability in handling technically intricate projects. Technological Advancements: 17  Technology used o Innovative Technologies: It incorporates various innovative technologies, such as Reverse Circulation Drilling (RCD) piling, Orthotropic Steel Deck (OSD) bridge girders, and Open Road Tolling (ORT) system.  Smart Infrastructure: o Integrated Technology: Atal Setu incorporates smart infrastructure elements, utilizing technology for enhanced safety and efficiency. o Traffic Management Systems: Advanced traffic management systems ensure smooth flow and control of vehicular movement.  Sustainable Practices: o Environmental Considerations: The project emphasizes sustainable practices, incorporating eco-friendly measures to minimize its ecological footprint. o Green Transportation: Atal Setu contributes to promoting greener modes of transportation, aligning with global sustainability goals. Economic and Social Impacts:  Economic Boost: o Regional Development: Atal Setu stimulates economic development in the Mumbai metropolitan region, promoting commerce and trade. o Employment Opportunities: The construction and operation of the bridge generate employment opportunities, contributing to local economies. o Real Estate: The enhanced connectivity is likely to push demand for affordable housing options  Social Connectivity: o Enhanced Social Integration: Improved connectivity fosters social integration between Mumbai and Navi Mumbai. o Accessibility for Residents: Atal Setu enhances accessibility for residents on both sides of the bridge, facilitating easier commutes. Challenges Overcome:  Geological Challenges: o Navigating the Arabian Sea: Building a bridge over the Arabian Sea posed unique geological challenges. o Seismic Considerations: The engineering team addressed seismic considerations to ensure the bridge's resilience in the event of natural disasters.  Project Delays and Financing: o Timely Completion: Atal Setu overcame project delays and was completed within a reasonable timeframe. o Financial Management: Effective financial planning and management were crucial in ensuring the project's successful execution. Future Prospects:  Potential for Urban Expansion: o Catalyst for Urban Growth: Atal Setu opens avenues for urban expansion and development along the Mumbai- Navi Mumbai corridor. o Integrated Transport Network: The bridge sets the stage for the development of an integrated transport network in the region.  Tourism and Cultural Exchange: o Tourist Attraction: Atal Setu becomes a potential tourist attraction, drawing visitors to marvel at its engineering brilliance. o Cultural Exchange: The bridge fosters cultural exchange between Mumbai and Navi Mumbai, encouraging people to explore both regions 11. GLOBAL RISK REPORT : 2024 Why in News? A) False and misleading information supercharged with cutting-edge artificial intelligence that threatens to erode democracy and polarize society is the top immediate risk to the global economy, the World Economic Forum said in a report Wednesday. In its latest Global Risks Report, the organization also said an array of environmental 18 risks pose the biggest threats in the longer term. The report was released ahead of the annual elite gathering of CEOs and world leaders in the Swiss ski resort town of Davos and is based on a survey of nearly 1,500 experts, industry leaders and policymakers. B) The report listed misinformation and disinformation as the most severe risk over the next two years, highlighting how rapid advances in technology also are creating new problems or making existing ones worse. C) The authors worry that the boom in generative AI chatbots like ChatGPT means that creating sophisticated synthetic content that can be used to manipulate groups of people won't be limited any longer to those with specialized skills. AI and Global Risk Report A) I-powered misinformation and disinformation is emerging as a risk just as a billions of people in a slew of countries, including large economies like the United States, Britain, Indonesia, India, Mexico, are set to head to the polls this year and next, the report said. B) “You can leverage AI to do deepfakes and to really impact large groups, which really drives misinformation,” said Carolina Klint, a risk management leader at Marsh, whose parent company Marsh McLennan co-authored the report with Zurich Insurance Group. "Societies could become further polarized” as people find it harder to verify facts, she said. Fake information also could be used to fuel questions about the legitimacy of elected governments, “which means that democratic processes could be eroded, and it would also drive societal polarization even further,” Klint said. C) The rise of AI brings a host of other risks, she said. It can empower “malicious actors” by making it easier to carry out cyberattacks, such as by automating phishing attempts or creating advanced malware. Climate Change and Risk Report A) The report found the top four most severe risks over the next ten years to be: extreme weather events, critical change to Earth systems, biodiversity loss and ecosystem collapse, and natural resource shortages. Pollution also features within the top ten most severe risks. Concerningly, the report argues that cooperation on urgent global issues could be in increasingly short supply, underlining the importance of concerted action and collaboration to address the climate and nature emergencies. B) “The interlinked crises of climate change and biodiversity loss are among the most severe risks the world has to contend with and cannot be tackled in isolation. We’ve just lived through the hottest year on record with lives and livelihoods devastated by searing heatwaves and catastrophic floods and storms. Unless we take urgent action, the threat is only set to intensify, pushing us closer to inflicting irreversible damage on society and ecosystems," said Kirsten Schuijt, Director General of WWF International. C) "These findings come on top of the scathing recent analysis by the EU Environment Agency showing that the EU is in danger of missing most of its 2030 environmental policy targets. Ahead of the EU elections, political parties must demonstrate their commitment to safeguarding our planet's future and fulfil the promise of the European Green Deal. This requires a fundamental redesign of our economy to more rapidly wean it off fossil fuels and make full use of healthy ecosystems as our strongest ally. Only then can the EU guarantee the safety and well-being of its people and increase its autonomy and resilience. More about Risk Report 2024 A) Business is instrumental in meeting the goals set by the Global Biodiversity Framework and the Paris Agreement. By using target setting frameworks, such as the Science Based Targets Initiative and Science Based Targets Network (SBTN), businesses can reduce negative impacts on climate and nature. The WWF Risk Filter Suite can help companies to assess and lessen their nature-related risks. So far over one million locations have been uploaded by more than 10,000 registered users. That’s over a million places in the world where businesses understand better their biodiversity and water impacts and dependencies. B) Ensuring that the climate and nature crises are tackled in an integrated way is essential to success. WWF's recent Breaking Silos report sets out how national governments can strengthen synergies between their national climate plans (NDCs) and NBSAPs. C) The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development adopted by UN member states in 2015 has the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) at its heart. The most recent UN evaluation found that, despite progress in some areas, the SDGs were “in peril” with half of the targets evaluated showing “moderate or severe deviations from the desired trajectory”. Science is clear that realising the promise of the SDGs relies on nature. 12. WORLD EMPLOYMENT AND SOCIAL OUTLOOK 2024 19 Why in News? A) Global unemployment rate is set to increase in 2024 while growing social inequalities remain a concern, said the International Labour Organisation’s (ILO) World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends 2024 report released in Vienna on Wednesday. Joblessness and the jobs gap have both fallen below pre-pandemic levels but global unemployment will rise in 2024, the report noted and maintained that growing inequalities and stagnant productivity are causes for concern. In India, real wages are “positive” compared to other G20 countries, according to the report. B) The report said the macroeconomic environment deteriorated significantly over 2023. “Ongoing geopolitical tensions as well as persistent and broadening inflation triggered frequent and aggressive moves by central banks,” it said. Monetary authorities in advanced and emerging economies implemented the fastest increase in interest rates since the 1980s, with significant global repercussions, it said. China, Türkiye and Brazil slowed down considerably, causing adverse impact on global industrial activity, investment and trade. About the Report A) On a positive note, the report said, despite the economic slowdown, global growth in 2023 was modestly higher than anticipated, and labour markets showed surprising resilience. “On the back of strong jobs growth, both the unemployment rate and the jobs gap have declined below pre-pandemic values. B) The global jobs gap also saw improvements in 2023, but, at close to 435 million, remained elevated,” the report said. The labour market participation rates had largely also recovered from their pandemic lows. “Although the imbalances eased somewhat in 2023, concerns are rising that these labour market imbalances are structural, rather than cyclical, in nature,” it warned. C) Real wages declined in the majority of G20 countries as wage increases failed to keep pace with inflation, the report noted. “Moreover, in 2023, the numbers of workers living in extreme poverty – earning less than US$2.15 per day per person in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms – grew by about one million globally,” it said. D) “Only China, the Russian Federation and Mexico enjoyed positive real wage growth in 2023. The strongest wages gains were in China and the Russian Federation, where labour productivity growth was among the highest in G20 countries in 2023. Real wage growth in India and Türkiye was also positive, but the available data refer to 2022 relative to 2021,” the report said. ILO on Unemployment 1. In its World Employment and Social Outlook Trends: 2024 report, released on Wednesday, the ILO said labour markets have shown surprising resilience despite deteriorating economic conditions, but recovery from the pandemic remains uneven as new vulnerabilities and multiple crises are eroding prospects for greater social justice. 2. According to the report, both the unemployment rate and the jobs gap rate, which is the number of persons without employment who are interested in finding a job, have fallen below pre-pandemic levels with the unemployment rate. 3. “However, beneath these numbers fragility is starting to emerge,” it said, projecting that both the labour market outlook and global unemployment will worsen. “In 2024 an extra two million workers are expected to be looking for jobs, raising the global unemployment rate. 4. As per the report, disposable incomes have declined in the majority of G20 countries and, generally, the erosion of living standards resulting from inflation is, “unlikely to be compensated quickly”. Long-Term Policy Priorities A) As transitory crisis impacts stabilize but entrenched issues persist, governments must prioritize quality job creation and fortifying social safety nets to prevent greater inequality. B) Nations should also invest in workforce training, job matching programs, and unemployment schemes to ease structural displacement from technological and climate change-driven disruption. C) Proactive reforms strengthening worker protections can help temper the coming rise in joblessness while laying foundations for an equitable, inclusive future of work as the global economy enters a complicated new chapter. 13. 150 years of imd Why in News? A) India's home and agriculture ministries, along with other agencies, are calling for improved forecasts of extreme weather events as climate change impacts become more pronounced. The agencies highlighted the need for better predictions of heatwaves, lightning strikes, and glacial lake outburst floods, among other events. B) They stressed that extreme weather is one of the biggest challenges facing the country and that accurate and localized forecasts are necessary for farmers and disaster management. The India Meteorological Department 20 also launched a National Framework of Climate Services to reduce losses from climate hazards. C) The home and agriculture ministries, the national disaster management authority, and other agencies need improved forecasts of extreme weather, particularly heat waves, lightning strikes and glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs), as climate change impacts become more pronounced on India, heads of these agencies said on Monday. Contributions of IMD A) Presenting their wish lists during a panel discussion on the occasion of a function marking to mark the beginning of the 150th year celebrations of the India Meteorological Department or IMD, the top bureaucrats in these ministries and agencies underlined that extreme weather is one of the biggest challenges facing the country, one that manifests itself in several ways. B) For instance, last year’s monsoon was normal on the whole but spatially and temporally, it was far from that, according to Manoj Ahuja, secretary, agriculture. In 2022 the spring heat wave was so severe that the wheat crop was impacted. Without early forecasts, its very difficult for farmers to take investment decisions because 50% of the crop area is rain-fed, he added: “Our real challenge is to get information on a very localised level to farmers... an interdepartmental model on improved estimation of yield will be very useful.” C) Any department dealing with such events and their fallout will need five things, said Kamal Kishore, a member of the National Disaster Management Authority: better forecasts of heatwaves; tracking the seasonality of heatwaves; understanding the urban heat island effect; monitoring glacial lakes; and better forecasts of rainfall in the wake of cyclones. History of IMD A) The climate crisis poses a huge risk for India, said Kiren Rijiju, the minister for earth sciences. “It is visible in the form of melting of ice and glaciers in the polar region as well as the great hill ranges like the Himalayas. There is sea level rise and increase in frequency and severity of extreme weather events. Climate change is impacting the socio-economic and political life. India faces great risk from climate change. The poor and developing countries are suffering more. We have to become more resilient.” B) India has some of the oldest meteorological observatories of the world. The instrumental era of science and meteorology in India commenced with the establishment of the first Meteorological and Astronomical Observatory in Madras in 1793. While the first war of independence was being fought by the Indians, a group of Scientists in Asiatic Society of Bengal was working to establish a national meteorological committee for standardising instruments, exchanging data and utilising data for cyclone and flood disaster management and finding out the relationship between the diseases and weather in India. C) This was followed by the formation of a sanitation committee in 1860 and finally, the meteorological committee at the provincial level. But the Asiatic society of Bengal again reiterated the need of National Meteorological Committee, pointing to the limitations of provincial committees. Finally, Governor General Council agreed to form a national committee, which eventually became IMD. 14. NITI AAYOG – MPI Why in News? A) As many as 24.82 crore people moved out of multidimensional poverty in nine years to 2022-23, with Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh registering the largest decline, NITI Aayog said in a report on Monday. B) According to the NITI discussion paper, multidimensional poverty in India declined from 29.17 per cent in 2013-14 to 11.28 per cent in 2022-23, showing a reduction of 17.89 percentage points, with about 24.82 crore people moving out of the bracket during this period. Prime Minister Narendra Modi in a tweet on X said, "Very encouraging, reflecting our commitment towards furthering inclusive growth and focussing on transformative changes to our economy. We will continue to work towards all-round development and to ensure a prosperous future for every Indian." C) The national multidimensional poverty measures simultaneous deprivations across three equally weighted dimensions of health, education, and standard of living that are represented by 12 sustainable development goals- aligned indicators, according to NITI Aayog. D) These include nutrition, child and adolescent mortality, maternal health, years of schooling, school attendance, cooking fuel, sanitation, drinking water, electricity, housing, assets, and bank accounts. The National Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) by Niti Aayog uses the Alkire Foster methodology to assess the decline in 21 poverty rates. However, the National MPI covers 12 indicators while global MPI covers 10 indicators. Significance of Report  As many as 24.82 crore people moved out of multidimensional poverty in nine years to 2022-23, with Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh registering the largest decline, Niti Aayog said in a report on January 15. According to the NITI discussion paper, multidimensional poverty in India declined from 29.17% in 2013-14 to 11.28% in 2022-23, with about 24.82 crore people moving out of this bracket during this period.  The national multidimensional poverty measures simultaneous deprivations across three equally weighted dimensions of health, education, and standard of living that are represented by 12 sustainable development goals- aligned indicators, according to NITI Aayog.  These include nutrition, child and adolescent mortality, maternal health, years of schooling, school attendance, cooking fuel, sanitation, drinking water, electricity, housing, assets, and bank accounts. The National Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) by Niti Aayog uses the Alkire Foster methodology to assess the decline in poverty rates. However, the National MPI covers 12 indicators while global MPI covers 10 indicators. At the State level, Uttar Pradesh topped the list with 5.94 crore people escaping poverty followed by Bihar at 3.77 crore and Madhya Pradesh at 2.30 crore. 15. SWACHH SARVEKSHAN – 2023 Why in News? A) [X] and [Y] were on Thursday jointly declared cleanest cities of the country at the annual clean city awards 2023 of the Union Urban Affairs Ministry. Navi Mumbai bagged the third spot. The Swachh Survekshan awards were given away by President Droupadi Murmu here. The list of top 10 cleanest cities with a population of more than one lakh also includes Greater Visakhapatnam, Bhopal, Vijayawada, New Delhi, Tirupati, Greater Hyderabad and Pune. B) As far as the States were concerned, [Z] came first, followed by Madhya Pradesh and then Chhattisgarh. Odisha is ranked fourth, followed by Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Sikkim, Karnataka, Goa, Haryana and Bihar. Cities in News C) In the category of cities with a population of less than one lakh, Sasvad and Lonavala in Maharashtra as well as Patan in Chhattisgarh secured the top three spots, while the Mhow Cantonment Board in Madhya Pradesh was adjudged the cleanest cantonment board. D) Varanasi and Prayagraj, both in Uttar Pradesh, won the top two awards amongst the cleanest Ganga towns. Chandigarh walked away with the award for the Best Safaimitra Surakshit Sheher (safest city for sanitation workers). Twenty zonal awards were bestowed upon medium and small cities. E) Madhyamgram, Kalyani and Haora – all cities from West Bengal – had the dubious distinction of being placed at the bottom, while the States at the end of the list were Rajasthan, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh. Survey Observations A) “Only by eliminating manholes through mechanised cleaning and achieving the goal of sanitation through machine-holes, we will be able to establish our true identity as a sensitive society,” Ms. Murmu said in her address. She noted that the circular economy’s methods of recycling and reusing more and more goods were proving helpful for sustainable development. She expressed confidence that such a system will prove to be very useful in the field of waste management also. B) Union Urban Affairs Minister Hardeep Singh Puri said: “Today every city in India is ODF (open defecation free). This became possible because the Swachh Bharat Mission went from being a government programme to becoming a Jan Andolan (people’s movement).” C) Mr. Puri said that in 2014, there was only 15-16% scientific processing of waste, while today the number is almost 76%; in the next two to three years, 100% will be achieved. “By the end of this mission, we would have fully transitioned from manhole to machine hole”. D) The Swachh Survekshan, which began with a modest evaluation of 73 major cities in 2016, now covers 4,477 cities. The evaluation this year was done by a team of over 3,000 assessors. A total of 4,477 urban local bodies, 61 cantonment boards, 88 Ganga towns and 18,980 commercial areas participated in the survey. Around 12 crore citizen responses were received. Inception of the Survey 1. The number of cities covered in the annual ranking has increased over the years. The 2023 round covered 4,416 urban local bodies, 61 cantonments and 88 Ganga towns. According to the ministry, 1.58 crore online citizen 22 feedback and 19.82 lakh face-to-face views were received as a part of the ranking. 2. Distributing the awards at a ceremony here, President Droupadi Murmu highlighted the importance of creating wealth from waste. She said a large amount of urban land was buried under mountains of garbage, which had a harmful impact on health. She noted that the Swachh Bharat Mission was working to eliminate such legacy dumpsites. 16. Ugram rifle Why in News? A) An indigenous rifle, named 'Ugram', developed in less than 100 days, was unveiled by India's (DRDO). The [Y], which is a unit of Hyderabad-based private firm [X] and DRDO, has developed the 'Ugram' rifle. B) The rifle will be able to deploy rounds of 7.62 mm calibre, which will make it more ferocious compared to rifles which use 5.62 mm calibre rounds. An example of a rifle using 5.62 mm calibre rounds is the INSAS rifle, which is used popularly by the armed forces in India, including paramilitary forces. C) The 'Ugram' rifle was developed by the DRDO keeping in mind the operational requirements of military, paramilitary and police forces, reported the Indian Express. The newly-created rifle weighs four kg and will have an effective range of 500 metres, which is nearly five football fields. The rifle has been developed in accordance with the General Staff Qualitative Requirements (GSQR) of the army. D) GQSR is among the initial processes in capital procurement. This also outlines the requirement of the equipment, its physical and operational details along with its maintainability and quality requirements. The rifle has 20 rounds and fires both single and automatic modes. About the Gun A) "This was a mission-mode project taken up two years ago. After the [X] designed the rifle, we started looking for a private industry partner for development and manufacturing," said [X] Director Ankathi Raju. B) "We have followed the concept of Development cum Production Partner, DcPP for the speedy progress of the project. Under this, the vendor is associated with us during the design and production too. After the product is made by the vendor, it will undergo acceptance trials. We placed the order for the assault rifle to the Hyderabad- based firm. The rifle will soon go for trials," said the [X] director. 17. DISPUTE OVER MINORITY STATUS OF AMU Why in News? A) The Centre on Tuesday told the Supreme Court that an institution like Aligarh Muslim University (AMU) which is recognised as an institution of national importance by the Constitution “must reflect the national structure”. B) Solicitor General Tushar Mehta, appearing for the Centre, told a CJI D Y Chandrachud-led seven-judge Constitution bench that is hearing a reference on AMU’s minority status that declaring it to be a minority institution would mean no reservation for those belonging to Scheduled Caste (SC), Scheduled Tribe (ST), and Socially and Educationally Backward Class (SEBC). He said that the court therefore “would also examine (the issue) from the point of view of social justice and equality”. C) The bench also comprised Justices Sanjiv Khanna, Surya Kant, J B Pardiwala, Dipankar Datta, Manoj Misra and Satish Chandra Sharma. The CJI pointed out that the provision exempting minority educational institutions from the application of reservation to SC, ST and SEBC was provided by the 93rd amendment to the Constitution. Development of the issue A) Senior Advocate Rakesh Dwivedi, who appeared for some parties opposing AMU’s claim to minority status, said Article 30 rights, which deals with the right of religious and linguistic minorities to establish and administer educational institutions, cannot be stretched back in time so much as to confer minority rights on groups before the Constitution came into existence without first determining whether such group was a minority at that point in time. B) Dwivedi referred to the 1967 decision of a five-judge SC Constitution bench in the case ‘S Azeez Basha vs Union of India’ in wherein it was held that AMU was not entitled to minority education status as it “was neither established nor administered by the Muslim minority” and said the SC, however, proceeded in the case on a wrong assumption that Muslims were a minority in 1920 when AMU was established. 23 C) To a query from the CJI whether the minority rights would not continue to operate upon the coming into being of the Constitution, Dwivedi said only those rights which existed would continue. Legal issues A) A seven-judge Bench headed by Chief Justice of India D.Y. Chandrachud on Tuesday observed that an educational institution does not lose its minority status merely on the ground that its administration is regulated by a statute. “Being regulated by a statute does not detract it [an educational institution] from having a minority status. If the right of administration is regulated by statute, there is no bar to minority status,” Chief Justice Chandrachud observed. B) The court noted that an educational institution need not offer just religious courses. Article 30 (the right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions) of the Constitution does not envisage that the administration of the educational institution ought to be absolutely by the members of a minority community. The administration could be secular and students from any community could get admission, the Bench noted. C) The Bench was hearing a case related to the minority status of the Aligarh Muslim University. Senior advocate Rajeev Dhavan, appearing for Aligarh Muslim University, said private and minority institutions were at the heart of education in India. They are the very soul of secularism in a country filled with diversity, he noted. He said standards of examination and curricula were regulated by the state for all universities, whether they be minority-run or not. D) The court is considering a reference on questions about the indices for treating an educational institution as a minority educational institution. One of the questions before the Constitution Bench is whether an institution could be regarded as a minority educational institution for the reason that it was “established by a person(s) belonging to a religious or linguistic minority or its being administered by a person(s) belonging to a religious or linguistic minority”. E) The points of reference in the case stemmed from a 1967 judgment by a five-judge Bench of the court in S. Azeez Basha vs Union of India, which validated amendments made to the Aligarh Muslim University Act of 1920. The Basha judgment had concluded that the varsity was a central university and minority status cannot be conferred on it. 18. UCC IN UTTARAKHAND Why in News? A) On February 5, the Uttarakhand Assembly will convene to pass the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) Bill. After multiple extensions, the five-member committee led by former Supreme Court Justice Ranjana Prakash Desai is expected to hand over its report to the government a couple of days before the assembly convenes. B) The introduction of the UCC was a key campaign promise made by the BJP in the lead-up to the 2014 general elections. The party promised to create a uniform set of personal laws, regardless of religion, to govern subjects like marriage, inheritance, divorce, and adoption. C) The UCC was met with opposition from rival political parties. Congress representatives from the state, such as MLA Pritam Singh, accused the BJP of ignoring its development agenda and instead focusing on disturbing communal harmony and polarising society. All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen (AIMIM) leader Asaduddin Owaisi and AIMIM Member of Parliament Syed Imtiaz Jaleel have also made statements against the UCC. D) The report was initially meant to be submitted in November 2022. However, the deadline was extended multiple times, despite the Chief Minister announcing in June 2023 that the committee had completed its work. Now, with the 2024 general elections approaching, the UCC is finally ready to be submitted. E) Since the committee’s formation, it has received over 2.5 lakh suggestions from the public, most of which were received through letters, registered posts, emails, and written suggestions through its online portal. By September of last year, the committee had also held 38 public meetings across the state and received suggestions through public interactions. UCC in Uttarakhand 1. The Uttarakhand government and the committee have stated that gender equality was one of the key considerations when preparing the report. Along with uniform personal laws for all people residing in the state, the UCC will 24 introduce provisions that treat men and women equally in issues relating to inheritance. 2. The UCC will also reportedly reject the practices of polygamy, iddat, and halal in response to strong demands from Muslim women in the state. However, the minimum age for marriage for both men and women will likely remain the same as it was previously (18 years for women and 21 years for men). The UCC will also regulate live-in relationships and require a mandatory declaration to start and terminate live-in relationships. 3. Following the enactment of the UCC in Uttarakhand, similar bills are expected to be placed before the assemblies in Gujarat and Assam as well. The Gujarat government constituted a committee in 2022 to look into various aspects of the UCC. Assam Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma, speaking at the Hindu Ekta Yatra in Karimnagar last year, also spoke strongly in favour of the UCC. Notably, Goa was the first state in the country to implement the UCC. Understanding likelihood of Passing UCC A) A four-day-long session of the Uttarakhand Assembly will likely see the passage of the State’s Uniform Civil Code (UCC) Bill. Speaking with The Hindu, State Finance Minister Prem Chand Aggarwal said that an Assembly session has been called in starting February 5 till February 8. Mr. Aggarwal added that this is not a special Assembly session but rather a continuation of an earlier session which was adjourned sine die on September 8, 2023. B) Mr. Aggarwal stressed that the government is not planning to table the State budget in this session and will call a fresh session for the same in days to come. “The session starting on February 5 is primarily to table a couple of important Bills. One is the 10% horizontal reservation for Statehood agitators and their dependents. The government might also table the UCC Bill if the committee will submit it final report before or during the session,” he added. C) The Bharatiya Janata Party-led Uttarakhand government in June 2022 formed a committee to examine ways and means for the implementation of a UCC. The committee, which in June 2023 had claimed that a draft UCC was ready, is headed by Justice Desai, who is also the current head of the delimitation commission. Justice Pramod Kohli (retd.), social worker Manu Gaur who heads the Taxpayers Association of Bharat, IAS officer Shatrughan Singh (retd.) and Vice Chancellor of Doon University Surekha Dangwal are other members of the committee. D) The committee, which started its work in May 2022, stated that it received around 2.15 lakh written submissions, which includes submissions with multiple signatories. The committee has also met over 20,000 people in person via public outreach programs. The final UCC draft has focused on array of issues, be it gender equality to elimination of arbitrariness and discrimination, from uniform laws on property rights to adoption rules, said a member of the committee. E) The State has given four extensions to the committee since May 2022 to finalise the draft which is presently in the printing stage. 19. ONE VEHICLE ONE FASTAG Why in News? A) To enhance efficiency of the electronic toll collection system and provide seamless movement at the toll plazas, NHAI has taken ‘One Vehicle, One FASTag’ initiative that aims to discourage user behaviour of using single FASTag for multiple vehicles or linking multiple FASTags to a particular vehicle. The highway developer is also encouraging FASTag users to complete ‘Know Your Customer’ (KYC) process of their latest FASTag by updating KYC as per RBI guidelines. B) This is being done as FASTags with valid balance but with incomplete KYC will get deactivated or blacklisted by banks after post 31 January. To avoid inconvenience, users must ensure that KYC of their latest FASTag is completed, a ministry of road transport and highways statement said. C) FASTag users must also comply with ‘One Vehicle, One FASTag’ and discard all the earlier issued FASTags through their respective banks. Only the latest FASTag account shall remain active as previous tags will be deactivated/blacklisted after 31st January 2024, the statement added. About the initiative A) NHAI has taken this initiative after the recent reports of multiple FASTags being issued for a particular vehicle and FASTags being issued without KYC in violation of RBI’s mandate. Apart from this, FASTags are sometimes deliberately not fixed on the windscreen of the vehicle, resulting in unnecessary delays at the toll plazas and causing inconvenience to fellow National Highway users. B) With penetration rate of around 98% and over 8 crore users, FASTag has revolutionized the Electronic Toll 25 Collection system in the country. The ‘One Vehicle, One FASTag’ initiative will help to make toll operations more efficient and ensure seamless & comfortable journeys for the National Highway users, the ministry said. Why this scheme? A) Almost a decade after its launch in 2014, the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) has started the ‘One Vehicle, One FASTag‘ initiative. It aims to ensure no vehicle uses multiple FASTags. B) The initiative will also make sure that the owners of multiple vehicles do not use the same FASTag, thereby making the Electronic Toll Collection system work efficiently. “FASTags are sometimes deliberately not fixed on the windscreen of the vehicle, resulting in unnecessary delays at the toll plazas and causing inconvenience to fellow National Highway users,” the NHAI said on Monday. C) “With a penetration rate of around 98 per cent and over 8 crore users, FASTag has revolutionized the Electronic Toll Collection system in the country” it added. All vehicle owners are now required to update the KYC attached to their FASTags. If they fail to update their details, their FASTag will be deactivated post-January 31 even if it has sufficient balance. 20. WHO ARE SHANKASRACHARYA ? Who are the shankaracharyas? 1. Shankaracharya, literally ‘teacher of the way of Shankara’, is a religious title used by the heads of the four cardinal mathas or peeths believed to have been established by Adi Shankara. According to tradition, they are religious teachers who belong to a line of teachers going back all the way to Adi Shankara himself. 2. However, there is little historical evidence for the existence of these mathas prior to the 14th century CE, when the Vijayanagara kingdom began to patronise the Sringeri matha. Indologist Paul Hacker noted that prior to 1386, “the timespan of the directors of Sringeri Math are unrealistically long,” spanning over 60 years each, and peaking with Vidyashankara, who headed the matha for 105 years. 3. This indicates that the lineage was probably only retrospectively established to trace back to Adi Shankara — and thus provide legitimacy to these monasteries, which would become centres of knowledge and learning. Today, these mathas comprise religious shrines and temples, as well as libraries and residences. They are fairly complex and spread-out organisations that are geared towards preserving and furthering Shankara’s tradition. And who was Adi Shankara? A) According to the most popular versions of Adi Shankara’s life-story, he was born in Kalady village on the bank of the River Periyar in what is today Kerala’s Ernakulam district. B) According to a popular legend, a crocodile caught hold of the young Shankara, and told his mother that it would let him go only if she allowed him to take sanyas. After she reluctantly agreed, Shankara swam ashore — and subsequently left home and became a sanyasi (ascetic). C) Shankara’s many hagiographies paint a picture of a remarkable scholar-monk who, after being initiated into studies by Govindacharya, was constantly on the move, visiting important spiritual centres, challenging prevalent philosophical traditions, and establishing mathas and organising monastic orders. D) From Kanchi in Tamil Nadu to Kamrup in Assam, from Kashmir and the Kedar and Badri dhams in the Himalayas to Kashi (Varanasi) on the bank of the Ganga and Puri on the Bay of Bengal, Adi Shankara is said to have traversed the length and breadth of the Indian landmass preaching Advaita Vedanta. E) He is also popularly identified as the author of 116 works, including celebrated commentaries (or bhashyas) on 10 Upanishads, the Brahmasutra, and the Bhagavad Gita. However, the authorship of many works attributed to Shankara remains disputed. What is Advaita Vedanta? A) Advaita Vedanta articulates an ontological position of radical nondualism — it posits that all that we perceive is ultimately illusory (maya), and that the principle of brahman (not to be confused with the caste Brahmin) is the only true reality of all things, transcending empirical plurality. The fundamental thrust of Advaita Vedanta lies in the unity of atman or individual consciousness, and brahman or the ultimate reality. B) This philosophical tradition found its most sustained early articulation in the works of Shankara, who “endeavoured to communicate nonduality through systematised theories of metaphysics, language, and epistemology”, and whose “philosophy and methods comprise a teaching tradition intended to culminate in a direct liberating recognition of nonduality that is synonymous with liberation or freedom (moksha)” (Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy). 26 21. DRAFT INDIAN STAMP BILL, 2023 Why in news The Finance Ministry invited public comments on the draft Indian Stamp Bill, 2023. The Bill aims to modernize stamp duty provisions and replace the 1899 Indian Stamp Act. Need of the law: The Indian Stamp Act, 1899 (2 of 1899) is a fiscal statute laying down the law relating to tax levied in the form of stamps on instruments recording transactions. Stamp duties are levied by the Central Government, but within the States are collected and appropriated by the concerned States in terms of provisions of Article 268 of the Constitution. The Indian Stamp Act, 1899, a pre-Constitution Act, has been amended from time to time to enable a more modern Stamp Duty regime. However, a number of provisions contained in the Indian Stamp Act, 1899 have become redundant/ inoperative and hence, there is a need to re-orient the Indian Stamp Act, 1899. Accordingly, it has been proposed that the Indian Stamp Act, 1899 is repealed and a new legislation is enacted to reflect the present realities and objectives. The Law Commission in its 67th report submitted in 1976 made extensive recommendations for reforms. Features of Draft Indian Stamp Bill, 2023 A) The proposed Indian Stamp Bill 2023 will align the stamp duty regime to current realities and objectives. This necessitates repealing the 1899 Stamp Act in its entirety and enacting fresh legislation for the contemporary context. B) Proposed legislative changes in the new Indian Stamp Bill will likely ease payment modes and access. Introduction of consolidated duty slabs across states could provide uniformity. Digital property registration may also facilitate convenience. C) The Bill may curb tactics used to avoid duty like undervaluing property sales. It could mandate links between sale prices and circle rates to prevent under-reporting. Strong anti-evasion measures will safeguard revenue. D) An updated all-digital stamp duty system will propel India’s digital economy. Electronic documentation and registration via a single portal or platform will enhance transparency and efficiency. E) The new law will equip India for a seamless digital era as it has a provision of e-stamping digitally. The draft Indian Stamp Bill defines an electronic stamp or e-stamp as an electronically generated impression denoting the payment of stamp duty by electronic means or otherwise. F) According to new act no stamp duty shall be chargeable for instruments executed by or on behalf of or in favour of the Developer or Unit in connection with the purposes of the Special Economic Zone. What are Stamp Duties? Stamp duties are levied by the central government, but within the states are collected and appropriated by the concerned states in terms of provisions of Article 268 of the Constitution. The Stamp duties on documents specified in Entry 91 of the Union List of the Seventh Schedule (viz. Bills of Exchange, cheques, promissory notes, bills of lading, letters of credit, policies of insurance, transfer of shares, debentures, proxies and receipts) are levied by the Union. Stamp duties on documents other than those mentioned above are levied and collected by the States by virtue of the legislative Entry 63 of the State List of the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution. 22. DGCA GUIDELINES (IN LIGHT OF RECENT UNRULY PASSENGER BEHAVIOR) Why in News? Indian airline IndiGo has initiated the process of adding a passenger to the no-fly list. The person attacked a pilot because of erratic behavior after the flight experienced lengthy delays because of dense fog in Delhi. The passenger was deemed "unruly" by the airline, and any subsequent actions will be in accordance with the Civil Aviation Regulations (CAR) on "Handling of unruly passengers," which were released by the aviation watchdog, the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA). The Minister of Civil Aviation of India, Jyotiraditya Scindia, has directed Delhi Airport to promptly expedite the operationalisation of the CAT III-enabled 4th runway, in addition to the existing CAT III-enabled runway, to obtain the 27 required approvals. What is unruly behaviour: Unruly behavior can involve, but is not limited to, smoking, drinking alcohol or taking drugs that cause you to act out, disobeying the pilot's directions, and using foul or threatening language to the crew or other passengers, physically intimidating and abusive behavior; purposeful disruption of the crew's work; and putting the passengers' and the aircraft's safety in jeopardy. Should the plane remain on the ground, the passenger will be turned over right away to airport security. When a passenger exhibits unruly behavior while in the air, the pilot must determine fast if the cabin crew can manage the disruptive passenger and notify the airline's ground-based central control as necessary. Pilots and airline central control must land as soon as feasible at the closest airport and turn over the disruptive passenger to security after filing a formal complaint if they feel that the cabin staff is unable to handle them. What are the categories of cases of unruly behaviour? a) Level 1: Disruptive conduct (verbal abuse, violent gestures, disorderly intoxication, etc.) b) Level 2: Physical abuse includes acts such as kicking, hitting, grasping, shoving, inappropriate touching, sexual harassment, and so forth. c) Level 3: Behavior that poses a risk to life, such as causing harm to the aircraft's operating system, committing violent crimes including choking, eye gouging, murderous assaults, or actually breaking into the flight crew compartment. All about no-fly list Airlines are required to keep a database of passengers on the no-fly list and provide it to other airlines as well as the aviation authority. Airlines may choose to prohibit the disruptive passenger from travelling on flights to, from, or within India for the durations listed below. a) Level 1 – upto three months. b) Level 2 – upto six months. c) Level 3 – for a minimum period of 2 years or more without limit. d) Those identified as threats to national security will be barred till the time they continue to be perceived as ‘national security risk’ by the Ministry of Home Affairs. For every subsequent offence, the person will be banned for twice the period of previous ban. Procedure post incident Airline companies are required to forward complaints to an internal committee, chaired by a retired district and session judge, as well as representatives from other airlines, passenger associations, consumer associations, and retired officers of consumer disputes redressal forums. The internal committee must make a decision on the topic and assign the occurrence to one of three predetermined category levels within a 30-day period. The committee will also determine how long the disruptive passenger's flight prohibition will last. The airline must abide by the committee's ruling. What Are the Regulations Controlling the Disorderly Conduct? The Aircraft Rules, 1937: The 1934 Aircraft Act led to the creation of the 1937 Aircraft Rules. This Act and the Indian Penal Code, 1860 were both applied to the disruptive passengers. This law establishes the standards for acceptable passenger behavior. Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA): The main regulatory agency that oversees civil aviation in India is the Directorate General of Civil Aviation. It is in charge of handling matters pertaining to safety, controlling air transportation services, upholding civil aviation laws, and performing other related duties. Moreover, it works with the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) to coordinate its operations. This body's primary responsibility is to uphold airworthiness and safety regulations. Montreal Protocol, 2014: The Tokyo Convention of 1963 was amended by the Montreal Protocol of 2014. It focuses on the problem of disruptive behavior on airplanes. By enhancing the legal framework