الفصل الأول. مدخل للفكر والحضارة PDF

# الفصل الأول. مدخل للفكر والحضارة ## د. أمجد الزعبي ### أولا. مفاهيم أساسية: * **الفكر:** مفهوم شائع متداول يردده الكثيرون مفردًا وموصوفًا ومضافًا. ورد هذا المفهوم في كتاب الله بألفاظ عديدة، يغلب أن تكون من الأفعال (يتفكرون، تتفكرون، فكر). قال جل شأنه: {أَوَلَمْ يَتَفَكَّرُوا فِي أَنْفُسِهِمْ مَ...

# الفصل الأول. مدخل للفكر والحضارة ## د. أمجد الزعبي ### أولا. مفاهيم أساسية: * **الفكر:** مفهوم شائع متداول يردده الكثيرون مفردًا وموصوفًا ومضافًا. ورد هذا المفهوم في كتاب الله بألفاظ عديدة، يغلب أن تكون من الأفعال (يتفكرون، تتفكرون، فكر). قال جل شأنه: {أَوَلَمْ يَتَفَكَّرُوا فِي أَنْفُسِهِمْ مَا خَلَقَ اللَّهُ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضَ وَمَا بَيْنَهُمَا إِلَّا بِالْحَقِّ وَأَجَلٍ مُسَمًّى وَإِنَّ كَثِيرًا مِنَ النَّاسِ بِلِقَاءِ رَبِّهِمْ لَكَافِرُونَ (8)}. [الروم: 8] * **التفكر:** * بمعنى التعريف لغة: "إعمال العقل في الشيء، وترتيب ما يعلم ليصل به إلى مجهول". * بمعنى: "إعمال العقل في المعلوم للوصول إلى معرفة مجهول". ### تعريف الفكر: * **لغة:** "إعمال النظر في الشيء كالفكرة". * **الراغب الأصفهاني:** "الفكرة قوة مطرقة للعلم إلى المعلوم، والتفكّر جولان تلك القوة بحسب نظر العقل، وذلك للإنسان دون الحيوان، ولا يقال إلا فيما يمكن أن يحصل له صورة في القلب". * **اصطلاحا:** هو عبارة عن مجموعة كبيرة من العمليات الذهنية والعقلية التي يقوم بها العقل البشري. تجعله قادراً على تكوين شكلاً مميزاً للعالم الذي يعيش فيه الإنسان، وبناءً على ذلك يصبح عالماً به، وقادراً على التعامل معه بفاعلية أكبر، وذلك من أجل الوصول إلى الأهداف والخطط والرغبات المراد تحقيقها. ### تعريفات أخرى للفكر: * **أيديولوجيا:** مضمون الفكر ومحتواه، أي جمله الآراء والأفكار التي يعبر بواسطتها هذا الشعب أو ذاك عن مشاكله واهتماماته، عن مثله الأخلاقية ومعتقداته المذهبية وطموحاته السياسية والاجتماعية، وأيضاً عن رؤيته للإنسان والعالم". * **أداة:** "أداة لإنتاج الأفكار سواء منها تلك التي تصنف داخل دائرة الأيديولوجيا أو داخل دائرة العلم، هو أداة بمعنى أنه جملة مبادئ ومفاهيم وآليات تنتظم وتترسخ في ذهن الطفل الصغير منذ ابتداء تفتحه على الحياة لتشكل فيما بعد "العقل" الذي به يفكر ، أي الجهاز الذي به يفهم ويؤول ويحاكم، ويعترض، وهي عبارة عن عناصر متداخلة ومتشابكة بصورة تجعل منها بنية: أي منظومة من العلاقات الثابتة في إطار بعض التحولات، الأمر التي يعني أن الفكر أداة تعمل بثوابت معينة وأن عملها ذاك لا يخترق حدوداً معينة كذلك، هي الحدود التي تنتهي عندها التحولات والتغيرات التي تقبلها تلك الثوابت، أي التي لا تمسها في ثباتها وتماسكها". * **محتوى:** "جملة من الأفكار والآراء والنظريات تنظمها عناصر ترتبط بعلاقات بنيوية، علاقات تجعل منها أجزاء تستقي دلالتها ووظيفتها من الكل الذي تنتمي إليه، وهي بنية من التصورات، ومن الآراء والأفكار والنظريات". #### المصطلحات المرتبطة بمفهوم الفكر: * **الإدراك** * **الوعي** * **شدة الإحساس** * **الأفكار** * **الخيال** ويتراوح الفكر ما بين المحسوس والمجرد. #### أفكار البشر: * **ليبرالي** * **ماركسي** * **لينيني الماركسي** * **شيوعي** * **ديني** * **إسلامي** * **إلحادي** * **رأسمالي** * **ميكافيلي** * **وطني** ### (2) مفهوم الحضارة مفهوم "الحضارة" مفهوم إشكالي فيه من الصعوبة الكثير بحيث لا يمكن أن نقول هذا هو مفهوم الحضارة. * يتداخل مع مجموعة من المفاهيم الأخرى فيها ذات الإشكالية، مثل: التاريخ، الإنسان، التقدم، الرقي، الثقافة، التمدن، المدنية، الهمجية، التخلف، الاستقرار والترف. * تباين في اللغات والمعاجم والكتابات القديمة والحديثة، والمفكرين أنفسهم اختلفوا. ### تعريف الحضارة لغة: * **الحضارة** (بفتح الحاء المهملة وكسرها): الإقامة في الحضر، وسكنى المدن والقرى. * **البدوة** (بفتح الباء المعجمة وكسرها): يعني السكن في البادية. * **حضر**: يحضر حضوراً وحضارة، القائم على الاستقرار ### Definition of culture in Arabic: **ثقف:** **من باب ظرف**: صار حاذقاً فطنا خفيفاً. **من باب فهم**: غالبه فغلبه في الحذق. * تربط اصطلاحا بالقدر المعرفي في كافة الأشكال المتكونة لدى الأفراد متأثرة بالنظريات الغربية ومفاهيم الغرب حول المفهوم * في اللغات الغربية هي أساس تداخل المدارس الفكرية المتعددة ### Defining culture in Western languages: * *Culture*: Latin word meaning "to cultivate". * **Shiṣerōn**: Used it metaphorically to define philosophy as the cultivation of the mind. * **Modern languages**: It has been given the meaning of development, including intellectual and aesthetic development. * **Gustav Klem**: Used the word to mean the elements of life and their forms and manifestations in a community. * **Germany, USA, France and Britain**: Used it to mean individual culture and culture in general. * **Edward B. Tylor (1832-1917)**: Said "Culture" is the complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law ,custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. * **K. Right**: Said it is the cumulative growth of technologies, habits, and beliefs of the people who live in a state of continuous contact among themselves, and this cumulative growth is passed on to the next generation by parents and through the educative process. **Civilization**: Comes from the Latin word "Civitas" (city) and "Civis" (citizen, or “civilis"= civilian. * implies the establishment of cities and towns, accompanied by the aggregation and organization of people. The word "civilization" is usually considered a stage of development that follows the nomadic or tribal stages. It is normally associated with the emergence of cities, with its complexity of interactions in government, industry, and trade. The term sometimes is used to speak of a period marked by refinement in the arts, literature, and aesthetics. It may also refer to a system of cultural norms that value order and stability. ### Different understandings of “Civilization” * **Spengler**: He used the word culture to mean the essential unit for human society and history. The greater cultures are periods of youthfulness, strength , and vitality. In contrast, "Civilization" is the second stage of human society and is a period of decline and decay. * **Anthropologist**: He uses the word "culture" to include many aspects of society including the ways people live, their beliefs, social customs, and the arts. **The ongoing debate about the relationship between culture and civilization** There is ongoing discussion and debate about the relationship between culture and civilization. Some people see them as distinct categories. Others think of civilization as a particular form of culture that focuses on urbanism, institutionalization, and technological advancement. The difficulty comes from the fact that both terms are complex and multi-faceted. This is compounded by the fact that there is a tendency to attach notions of advancement and progress to the term “civilization” in a way that is not universally accepted. # Ibn Khaldûn on Civilization ## (1) The Importance of Social Organization: Ibn Khaldûn is considered the first sociologist and is known for his work, *The Muqaddimah*. * Ibn Khaldûn states that the first principle of society's existence is that people live in groups. * He says the need for social organization is natural, writing "A man's need for society and his natural inclination to make that need felt are essential for his very existence." ## (2) Civilized Society: * Ibn Khaldûn believed that a civilized society is, in many ways, in contrast with nomadic society. * He argues that life in the city is natural. He says, "man is naturally inclined to social life. His need for society and his natural inclination for such a need are essential for his very existence." * He believed that civilization requires the development of agriculture. He wrote, "The nomad...has no need for agriculture, and he does not give it any thought. ..He acquires it by chance, from his neighbors or from others in the vicinity of the land he roams. Thus, the sedentary life, together with all its effects, has to be acquired by men, or at least... they have to apply themselves to the cultivation of the fields and the raising of cattle." ## (3) The Importance of Cooperation for Progress: * Ibn Khaldûn believed that civilization is a product of social cooperation, writing about "The establishment of villages and towns....[is] a measure of the progress and civilization of the people who dwell there" in his *Muqaddimah*. ## (4) Language and Writing: * Ibn Khaldûn recognized the importance of language and writing as tools that help people to cooperate and build a society. ## (5) The Role of a State: * He believed that the existence of a state, or a political system, is also necessary for the development of civilization. * This doesn't mean that he believed in absolute rule. He recognized that the best kind of state is a government that is balanced and just. ## (6) The Role of Belief: * Ibn Khaldûn believed that people's beliefs can have a profound impact on the kind of civilization they build. * He maintained that a society that is governed by a strong sense of religion is more likely to be stable and prosperous. * However, he did not believe that all religions are alike. He believed in the truth of Islam and viewed it as a source of great progress in the world. # The Characteristics of Civilization: Ibn Khaldûn’s analysis of civilization suggests it is marked by: 1. **It is a product of human effort.** Civilization is something that people create through their social interactions, their labor, their ideas, and their institutions. 2. **It is cumulative and progressive.** Civilization builds upon the achievements of earlier eras. It involves continual advancement and improvement. 3. **It is based on cooperation and interdependence.** People live in communities and need to cooperate with one another to create and maintain a civilization. 4. **It is characterized by a division of labor.** 5. **It is marked by a sense of progress and development.** 6. **It is subject to change and transformation.** Civilization is not static, but constantly in a state of flux. ## The Enduring Legacy of Ibn Khaldûn Ibn Khaldûn's work is a testament to his brilliance as a scholar and observer. * He laid the foundations for the field of sociology by offering a deep and penetrating analysis of the nature of civilization and how societies evolve. * He is recognized as one of the most important thinkers of the Middle Ages, his ideas have influenced numerous scholars in the West and the East. # The Role of Technology in the Development of Civilization The development of technology plays a crucial role in the evolution of civilizations. * Its invention and development have made it easier for people to solve problems, increase productivity, and extend their influence. **Examples:** * The development of tools enabled early humans to hunt and gather more food. * The invention of agriculture allowed civilizations to become more settled, more organized, and more populous. * This, in turn, led to the development of cities, trade, and empires. * The invention of the printing press enabled the dissemination of knowledge and ideas, leading to the Renaissance. * More recent advancements, such as the internet, have led to a globalized society with increased communication and information flow. # The Importance of Culture in Shaping Civilization * Culture is the foundation of civilization. * It influences how people think, behave, and interact with their world. * It is the sum total of a society’s knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, law, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. * Culture is dynamic and constantly evolving. New ideas, technologies, and interactions lead to changes in a culture. ## The Stages of Cultural Development * **The Primitive Stage**: This stage is characterized by the use of simple technology, nomadic lifestyles, and small, close-knit communities. People rely heavily on their instincts and traditions to survive. * **The Agrarian Stage**: The invention of agriculture and the development of settled societies. This stage is associated with the creation of villages, towns, and cities. * **The Industrial Stage**: The Industrial Revolution led to major technological advancements, mass production, and urbanization. It also resulted in new forms of social organization, with the emergence of classes and factories. * **The Post-Industrial Stage**: Characterized by the rise of information technologies, globalization, and the service economy. This stage has brought both opportunities and challenges, such as income inequality, environmental concerns, and the rapid spread of information. # A Comprehensive View of the Relationship Between Civilization and Culture Culture and civilization are closely intertwined elements that influence how human societies develop and function.. ## They can be viewed on two distinct levels: * **Level 1**: Culture forms the basis of civilization. It shapes the values, beliefs, and practices that drive human behavior. * **Level 2**: Civilization is the outward manifestation of culture. It is the physical and social structures that humans create to express their culture. ## The Importance of Diversity in Civilization * The world’s civilizations are diverse, representing a rich tapestry of human history, cultures, and experiences. * **Diversity** is a source of strength and vibrancy. It enriches our lives and provides opportunities for learning and understanding. # Key Principles of Intercultural Understanding: * **Respect for Difference**: It’s essential to acknowledge and appreciate the unique customs, traditions, and perspectives of different cultures. * **Openness to New Ideas**: Embracing diverse perspectives and being willing to step outside our comfort zone can lead to personal and societal growth. * **Empathy**: Understanding the experiences and viewpoints of others through empathy is crucial for effective communication and peaceful coexistence. * **Collaboration**: Working together with people from different cultures fosters a sense of community, and creates opportunities for mutual learning and progress. **Conclusion:** Civilization and culture are complex, interconnected concepts that have shaped human history. * Civilization is the product of human ingenuity and organization. * Civilization is a dynamic system, constantly evolving in response to changing circumstances. * The preservation and celebration of cultural diversity contribute to the richness and vibrancy of our world. **As we strive to understand and appreciate the diversity of civilizations, it is critical to be open-minded, respectful, and empathetic. By celebrating our common humanity and fostering intercultual understanding, we can contribute to a more peaceful and harmonious world.**