Anatomy Study Guide PDF

Okay, here is the conversion of the image to a structured markdown format: ### Unit 1 Study Guide #### Directional terms * **Superior:** Towards the top * **Inferior:** Away from the top of head(down) * **Proximal:** Closer to torso * **Distal:** Away from body * **Deep:** (goes into mu...

Okay, here is the conversion of the image to a structured markdown format: ### Unit 1 Study Guide #### Directional terms * **Superior:** Towards the top * **Inferior:** Away from the top of head(down) * **Proximal:** Closer to torso * **Distal:** Away from body * **Deep:** (goes into muscle) * **Superficial:** (does not go into muscle) * **Anterior/Ventral:** (front) * **Posterior/Dorsal:** (back) * **Medial:** (towards midline) * **Lateral:** (away from midline) #### Regional Terms * **Cephalic:** (head) * **Orbital:** (eye) * **Nasal:** (Nose) * **Oral:** (mouth) * **Buccal:** (inside of mouth) * **Sternal:** (sternum) * **Axillary:** (armpit) * **Antebrachial:** (forearm) * **Abdominal:** (abdomen) * **Coxal:** (leg) * **Inguinal:** (groin) * **Patellar:** (kneecap) * **Pedal:** (foot) * **Cervical:** (Neck region) * **Occipital:** (back of head) * **Scapular:** (shoulder blade region) * **Thoracic:** (chest region) * **Lumbar:** (lower back) * **Antecubital:** (cheek of elbow) * **Carpal:** (wrist) * **Digital:** (finger) * **Femoral:** (femur) * **Gluteal:** (Buttocks) * **Popliteal:** (back of knee) * **Calcaneal:** (heel) * **Saccral:** (posterior region between hip bones) * **Tarsal:** (ankle) #### 4 Main Body Planes * **Coronal Plane** - divides body vertically into anterior & posterior portions * **Sagittal Plane** - divides body vertically into unequal right and left portions * **Transverse Plane** - divides body horizontally into superior and inferior portions * **Median Plane** - divides body vertically in equal left and right portions #### Body Cavities Here is a list of body cavities and the areas they consist of * Cranial * Vertebral * Thoracic * Abdominal * Pelvic * Abdomino-pelvic #### 4 Major Tissue Types * **Nervous Tissue** - made up of neurons, work to receive, interpret, and respond to signals, examples are the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. * **Epithelial Tissue** - composed of epithelial ,cells aligned in sheets and connect to one another, live outer isurface of all organs and blood vessels, work to absorb, secrete, protect and sense for us, outer layer of skin and lining of respiratory tract are examples of this tissue. * **Muscle Tissue** -makes up muscles of body, can be striated, smooth or cardiac. Striated/Skeletal muscle tissue, attached to bones. Smooth muscle tissue found in walls of internal organs, cardiac muscle tissue is in wall of heart. * **Connective Tissue** - supports and connects other tissue types in body. Different types of connective tissue work to hold organs in place, attach muscle to bone, link bone with joints, enable other tissues to stretch. Is attached to and in between other tissue types in the body. Adipose tissue is a type of connective tissue. * **2. legged US 4 legged animals interm of anterior, posterior, ventral, dorsal** * **4 legged** - anterior refers to front ventral is underside (belly) dorsal as back and posterior is tail end #### Anatomical position Image of 4 legged vs animal anatomy. * Anatomical position - position of body when its standing upright * Facing forward with each arm hanging on either side of body and westor Rams facing foward #### Skeletal system functions * Provides support of body * Provides protection for internal organs * Create blood cells * Allows for movement * Stores minerals #### Parts of Long Bone * Diaphysis (bone shaft) * Epiphysis * Metaphysis * Spongy bone * Compact bone * Medullary cavity * Yellow bone marrow * Periosteum * Blood vessels #### Temporalis * Located within temporal fossa of Skull * Function * muscle moves mandible up, back and side to side * Injury to muscle * can cause to shrink due to nerve damage, poor blood supply, direct injury to muscle fibers #### Orbicularis oris * Located around lips of mouth * Function * contributes to form and shape of lips * Damage to muscle * can cause trouble closing lips, leading to drooling speech difficulties and problems eating or drinking, may effect facial sympathy #### Orbicularis oculi * Located beneath eyelid skin * Function * close upper and lower lids * Paralysis of muscle * Can make it hard for patients to close eyes, exposing cornea, leading to irritation and symptoms like redress and discomfort of eye #### Types of Joints * Fibrous Joint * fixed immovable Joint connects to bones, Primariy made of a) collagen en sutures betwer bones of Scull * Cartilaginous Joints * Joint with some motion Wwith hyaline cartilage priset in space between articulating bones. Example; vertebre & between Pubic bone and pelvis * Synovial Joint * movable Joint, Cantales synovial fruuta, most common FORM of Joint in body, example: (ball and sochal), hing Joint (Kare) #### Sliding filament theory 1. Action potential crosses newo muscular junction 2. Calcium channels open 3. Actin myosin binding sides exposed 4. Myosin heads bind with actir Myosin binding sides (actin myosin Cross-brages) 5. ATP is converted into ADP+Pi A enzyme ATP AydroLase activated 6. Actin is pulled Rast Myocin (pune) 7. Actin -myocin cross- bridge breaks 8. Myocin mad Mattaches to difprvent actin -myocin binding site ycle repeated #### Types of Synovial Joints * Pivot Joint - (neck between top two vertebrae) * hinge joint (elbow) * Ball and socket joint- shoulders + hip * Saddle Joint (thumb han) * Candyloid joints (wrist) * Picne Joints (Joints betuer ankle bous) #### Three types of muscle tissue * Skeletal muscle - Striated, voluntary located throughout body attached to bones via tendons , supports weigh move you * Smooth muscle * not striated,not voluntary, found in wall of hollow internal argans, moves food reguales blood pressure,helps lungs expand * Cardiac muscle- * striatted, not involuntary,found in walls of heart, Alps with contracting/pupping of heart * Tendons-connect muscle to bone * Logaments one to bour A muscle Cantraction is triggued when an action potential travels Along nerves to muscles #### Levels of organazation * Cells -Tissues- organ- System -organism #### Four types of knee ligament tests * Varus stress test -LCL * Posterior Diaver test -PCL * vargus stress test-mcL * Anterior draw test - ACL #### Anatomy of femur: * Trochanteric region * Femoral Head * Femoral neck * Shaft * Extra-articular * Intra-articular * Lateral condyle * Medial condyle #### Repairing a bone Fracture * Plating-bone is placed in proper positions and screws, pins or plates are attached to or in the bam temporary or permanently. * nailiny-metal rod inserted into bore to keep it in place. * Casting-cast use to immobilize injured bones, promote waling, Reduce pain and swilling while bone heals. #### 4 Stages of fracture healing 1. formation of hematoma at break 2. formation of fibro cartilaginous Callus 3. formation of bony Calims 4. remodeling and addition of compert bons #### Types of Connective tissul * Tloose connective tissue, dense convective tissue, cartilage, bore, blood and adipose tissue Let me know if you would like me to make any changes or additions!