Anatomy & Physiology PDF

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY / / / WEEK 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Anatomy Study of the body or any living organism’s internal and external structure “ To cut apart “ in Greek Specializations of Anatomy Macroscopic or Gross Anatomy - studies larger structures of the body...

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY / / / WEEK 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Anatomy Study of the body or any living organism’s internal and external structure “ To cut apart “ in Greek Specializations of Anatomy Macroscopic or Gross Anatomy - studies larger structures of the body Microscopic Anatomy - studies small structures of the body General Approaches in Studying Anatomy Regional Anatomy - studies specific regions in the body Systematic Anatomy - studies group of structures that work together to perform body functions Anatomy vs Physiology Anatomy - internal & external structure Physiology - about function Homeostasis Homeostasis - state of steady internal conditions Structural Organization of the Human Body ( SPAMOCTOOOB ) Chemical Level Subatomic Particles Atoms Molecules Organelles Cell, Tissue, & Organ Level Cell - smallest independently functioning unit of an organism Tissue - group of cells that work together as a unit Organ - composed of two or more tissue types Organ System - group of organs that work together Organism - highest level of organization Biosphere Functions of Organism Organization - trillions of cells that maintain distinct compartments Metabolism - Ingest food to sustain energy ○ Anabolism - uses energy to build small molecules to large ○ Catabolism - uses energy to break down large molecules to small & simple Responsiveness - ability to adjust to changes in internal & external environments Movement - actions at the joints ; individual movement of cells Development, Growth, & Reproduction ○ Development - the changes the body goes through ○ Growth - increase in body size ○ Reproduction - formation of a new organism Requirements of Human Life Oxygen - Chemical reaction that keeps us alive Nutrients - Substance in food & beverage that is essential to our survival ○ 3 Basic Classes - Vitamins & Minerals, Carbs, & Protein Narrow Range of Temperature - below or just above 37 degrees Homeostasis - steady internal conditions THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Skeletal System Structure that gives us shape Provides protection for our internal organs Supportive framework for the attachment of muscles Facilitates movement Musco-Skeletal System The skeletal and muscular systems are very closely linked Sports require the skeletal and muscular systems of our bodies to work together Parts of the Skeletal System Skeleton - bony framework ; provides attachments for the muscular system ; carries and protects the cardiovascular and respiratory systems Skeletal Muscle - attaches to and moves the skeleton. Known as ; o Striated Muscle - has stripes on it caused by the long muscle fibers o Voluntary Muscle - it is the only type of muscle under our conscious control Joints - place on the body where two or more bones meet o Diarthrosis ( Synovial ) - freely movable o Ampiarthrosis ( Cartilaginous ) - slightly movable o Synarthrosis ( Fibrous ) - immovable Ligament - tough band of fibrous, slightly elastic connective tissue that attaches one b one to another. Fasciculi - individual bundles of muscle & skeletal muscle Tendon - very strong connective tissue that attaches skeletal muscle to bone. Sections of the Skeletal System The average human adult has 206 bones that are divided into two different parts, the Axial and the Appendicular Skeleton Axial Skeleton - forms the long axis of the body and includes the bones of the skull, spine, sternum and rib cage. o Axial skeleton includes: ▪ Head Skull - protects the brain and supports facial structure ▪ Neck ▪ Spine ( Vertebral Column ) ▪ Chest Rib Cage (Thoracic) - which surrounds and protects the organs within the chest (including heart and lungs) ▪ Trunk Appendicular Skeleton - consists of the upper and lower limbs and the girdles that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton. o Appendicular skeleton consists of: ▪ Shoulders ( pectoral girdle ) ▪ Arms and Legs ( upper and lower limbs )  ▪ Hip Bones ( pelvic girdle ) ▪ Pelvis ▪ Collar Bone ( clavicle ) ▪ Shoulder Blade ( scapula ) Basic Structure of the Skeletal System Skull - structurally supportive and protective ; protect its inner contents: the cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, and orbits. Mandible - largest bone in the human skull. holds lower teeth in place, assists in mastication and forms the lower jawline. Cervical Vertebrae - the first seven vertebrae in your spine ; provides support for the weight of your head, surrounds and protects your spinal cord Thoracic Vertebrae - supports the chest and abdomen and stabilize ribcage Lumbar Vertebrae - provide stability in back and spinal column Pelvis - plays a role in locomotion and childbirth Sacrum - shield-shaped bony structure ; connected to the pelvis ; forms the posterior pelvic wall and strengthens and stabilizes the pelvis. Coccyx - insertion site for multiple ML&T ; serves as one leg of the tripod ; provides weight-bearing support to a person in the seated position Carpals - allow the wrist to move and rotate vertically. Metacarpals - five metacarpals are flat at the back of the hand and bowed on the palmar side; allowing the fingertips and thumb to be brought together for manipulation. Femur - longest, strongest bone in your body ; critical part of your ability to stand and move. Patella - improve th4e effective extension capacity of the quadriceps muscle by increasing the moment arm of the patellar ligament. Tibia - second-largest bone in the body ; bears weight with the medial aspect of the tibia bearing the majority of the weight