Anatomy and Physiology Quiz

• Unit 1 Study Guide offers an overview of key anatomical terms and concepts.

Directional Terms

• Superior refers to being above.
• Inferior refers to being below.
• Proximal is nearest to the point of attachment or a central point.
• Distal is away from the point of attachment or a central point.
• Deep means away from the surface or further into the body.
• Superficial means towards the surface of the skin.
• Anterior (ventral) is the front.
• Posterior (dorsal) is the back.
• Medial is towards the midline.
• Lateral is away from the midline.

Regional Terms

• Cephalic refers to the head region.
• Orbital refers to the eye region.
• Nasal refers to the nose.
• Oral refers to the mouth.
• Buccal relates to the inside of the mouth.
• Cervical pertains to the neck region.
• Sternal refers to the sternum or breastbone area.
• Axillary refers to the armpit area.
• Abdominal relates to the abdomen.
• Umbilical refers to the navel or belly button area.
• Pelvic refers to the pelvis.
• Inguinal refers to the groin area.
• Femoral relates to the thigh.
• Patellar refers to the kneecap.
• Vertebral refers to the vertebral column.
• Acromial relates to the point of the shoulder.
• Scapular refers to the shoulder blade region.
• Thoracic refers to the chest region.
• Lumbar refers to the lower back.
• Antecubital pertains to the front of the elbow.
• Carpal relates to the wrist.
• Digital refers to the fingers or toes.
• Coxal refers to the hip.
• Gluteal refers to the buttocks.
• Popliteal refers to the back of the knee.
• Sacral is the area between the hip bones.
• Tarsal relates to the ankle.
• Calcaneal refers to the heel of the foot.

Main Body Planes

• The coronal plane divides the body vertically into anterior and posterior sections.
• The sagittal plane divides the body vertically into unequal right and left portions.
• The transverse plane divides the body horizontally into superior and inferior portions.
• The median plane divides the body vertically into equal left and right portions.

Body Cavities

• Cranial cavity houses the brain.
• Vertebral cavity contains the spinal cord.
• Thoracic cavity contains the heart and lungs.
• Abdominal cavity contains the digestive organs.
• Pelvic cavity contains the reproductive organs and bladder.
• Dorsal body cavity includes the cranial and vertebral cavities.
• Ventral body cavity includes the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities.
• The abdominopelvic cavity is a combination of the abdominal and pelvic cavities.

Major Tissue Types

• Nervous tissue is responsible for receiving, interpreting, and responding to signals; examples include the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
• Epithelial tissue is composed of cells in sheets, lining organs and vessels, and functions in absorption, secretion, protection, and sensing. The outer layer of skin and the lining of the respiratory tract are examples.
• Muscle tissue makes up the muscles of the body and can be striated (skeletal), smooth, or cardiac.
• Connective tissue supports and connects other tissues and organs; adipose tissue is a type of connective tissue.

Anatomical Position

• The anatomical position is when the body is standing upright.
• Facing forward, with arms hanging at the sides and palms facing forward.

Two-Legged vs Four-Legged Animals

• For 4-legged animals, anterior refers to the front, ventral to the underside (belly).
• Dorsal to the back, and posterior to the tail end.

Skeletal System Functions

• Provides support for the body.
• Provides protection for internal organs.
• Creates blood cells.
• Allows for movement.
• Stores minerals.

Parts of a Long Bone

• Includes the epiphysis, metaphysis, diaphysis, spongy bone, compact bone, periosteum, medullary cavity, and blood vessels.

Temporalis

• Located within the temporal fossa of the skull.
• Functions to move the mandible up, back, and side to side.
• Injury to the muscle can cause it to shrink due to nerve damage, poor blood supply, or direct injury to muscle fibers.

Orbicularis Oris

• Located around the lips of the mouth.
• Contributes to the shape of lips.
• Damage can cause trouble closing lips, leading to drooling, speech difficulties, and problems eating or drinking, affecting facial symmetry.

Orbicularis Oculi

• Located beneath the eyelid skin.
• Functions to close the upper and lower eyelids.
• Paralysis can make it hard for patients to close eyes, leading to irritation and discomfort.

Axial and Appendicular Skeleton

• Axial skeleton: bones in head, neck, back, and chest.
• Appendicular skeleton: everything else/ bones that attach to axial skeleton.
• Bones of the skeletal system include the temporal, zygomatic, sphenoid, frontal, maxilla, mandible, occipital, clavicle, scapula, sternum, rib cage, vertebral column, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, phalanges, pelvic girdle, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals and metatarsals.

Types of Joints

• Fibrous joint: fixed, immovable joint, primarily made of collagen, such as sutures between skull bones.
• Cartilaginous joint: allows some motion with hyaline cartilage present, examples include vertebrae and the pubic bone in the pelvis.
• Synovial joint: movable joint, contains synovial fluid, most common type in the body, such as the ball and socket joint and hinge joint.

Sliding Filament Theory

• Action potential crosses the neuromuscular junction.
• Calcium channels open.
• Actin-myosin binding sites get exposed.
• Myosin heads bind with actin binding sites to form actin-myosin cross bridges.
• ATP is converted into ADP+Pi by activation of the enzyme ATP hydrolase.
• Actin is pulled past myosin (power stroke).
• Actin-myosin cross-bridge breaks.
• Myosin reattaches to a different actin-myosin binding site and the cycle repeats.

Types of Synovial Joints and Allowed Motion

• Pivot joint (neck between top two vertebrae).
• Hinge joint (elbow).
• Ball and socket joint (shoulder and hip).
• Saddle joint (thumb).
• Condyloid joint (wrist).
• Plane joint (joints between ankle bones).

Three Types of Muscle Tissue

• Skeletal: striated, voluntary, attached to bones via tendons, supports weight, and facilitates movement.
• Smooth: non-striated, involuntary, found in walls of hollow internal organs, moves food, regulates blood pressure, and helps lungs expand.
• Cardiac: striated, involuntary, found in walls of heart, helps with pumping of heart.

Tendons And Ligaments

• Tendons connect muscle to bone (TMB).
• Ligaments connect bone to bone (BB).
• Muscle contraction triggers when an action potential travels along nerves to muscles.

Levels of Organization

• Cells, tissues, organs, system, organism.

Knee Ligament Tests

• Include varus stress test (LCL), posterior drawer test (PCL).
• Valgus stress test (MCL), and anterior draw test (ACL).

Anatomy of the Knee

• Includes the femur, patella, PCL, LCL, tibia, MCL, ACL.

Anatomy of the Femur

• Includes the trochanteric region, femoral head, femoral neck, medial and lateral condyles, and shaft and both intra and extra-articular features.

Repairing A Bone Fracture

• Plating: a bone is placed in proper positions. Screws, pins, or plates are attached to or in the bone temporarily or permanently.
• Nailing: a metal rod inserted into the bone to keep it in place.
• Casting: casts used to immobilize injured bones, promote healing. Reduces pain and swelling while bone heals.

Stages of Fracture Healing

• Formation of hematoma at break.
• Formation of fibrocartilaginous callus.
• Formation of bony callus.
• Remodeling and addition of compact bone.

Types of Connective Tissue

• Loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, cartilage, bone, blood, and adipose tissue.