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# Brief Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology ## Chapter Outline * Anatomy and Physiology - A Brief Introduction * Language of Anatomy * Anatomical Positions * Anatomical Planes * Body Cavities * Anatomical Terms ### Terms Related to Body Movements * Terms Used in Relation to the Neck Movements...

# Brief Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology ## Chapter Outline * Anatomy and Physiology - A Brief Introduction * Language of Anatomy * Anatomical Positions * Anatomical Planes * Body Cavities * Anatomical Terms ### Terms Related to Body Movements * Terms Used in Relation to the Neck Movements * Terms Used in Relation to the Trunk Movements * Terms Used in Relation to the Upper Limb Movements * Terms Used in Relation to the Lower Limb Movements * Terms Used in Relation to the Foot Movements ## Key Terminology * **Anatomical position:** Person standing erect, eyes looking forward, feet together and forearms supinated with palms facing forward. * **Supine position:** Person is lying on his/her back with hands on the sides and feet together. * **Prone position:** Person lies on his/her abdomen with hands on sides and feet together. * **Lithotomy position:** Person lies on the back. Legs are strapped up so that perineal area is well visualized for delivery of the baby or surgery in the perineal area. * **Midsagittal plane:** Divides the body into exactly right and left halves from anterior to posterior sides. * **Coronal plane:** Divides the body into anterior and posterior halves. * **Transverse plane:** Divides the body or limb into upper/proximal and lower/distal parts * **Supination:** When the palm faces forwards and upwards * **Pronation:** When the palm faces backwards or downwards * **Protraction:** Lower jaw/mandible is pulled forward beyond the upper jaw * **Retraction:** Lower jaw pulled backward behind and below the maxilla * **Inversion:** When foot is moved so that sole faces inward and medial border of foot is raised * **Eversion:** When foot is moved to face the sole outward and its lateral border is moved upward ## Anatomy and Physiology - A Brief Introduction Human body is unique, comprised of various organs and systems, which work both independently and interdependently according to its needs. The human body has to be studied from both its normal structural and functional point of view. Once the normal structure and functions are understood, it is easy to comprehend the diseased state and the necessary treatment to bring the status back to normal. Anatomy is the science of learning the normal structure of the human. Physiology deals with learning and understanding the functions of the body. Physiology is focused on the body's functions at the level of cells in the organ systems. It describes how organs of systems work together. Thus anatomy and physiology are the two sides of the same coin. Physiology is the enacting of various scenes in anatomy hall/theatre. These two branches of medical science are intimately related.