IM_Midterm_Reviewer.pdf

IM MIDTERM 頑 張 って ! —‘ u ’— M1 Introduction to Information Management Scott Andrews - explains Information Continuum as follows: Inform...

IM MIDTERM 頑 張 って ! —‘ u ’— M1 Introduction to Information Management Scott Andrews - explains Information Continuum as follows: Information - meaningfully interpreted data Data - fact or piece of information; or a series thereof Information System - system that gathers data and Information - knowledge discerned from data disseminates information; sole purpose of providing Business Intelligence - information Management information to its users pertaining to an organization's policy or decision- Management Information System - information system that making; particularly tied to strategic or operational evaluates, analyzes, and processes an organization's objectives data; ↳ to produce meaningful and useful information based Information/Data Collection Techniques on which the management can take right decisions The most popular data collection techniques: Surveys 1 Information Definition According to Wikipedia questionnaires are prepared to collect data Information – can be recorded as signs, or Secondary data sources transmitted as signals 2 or archival data; data is collected through old records, magazines, company website etc. ↳ any kind of event that affects the state of a Objective measures dynamic system that can interpret the information 3 or tests; an experimental test is conducted on ↳ the message (utterance or expression) being the subject and data is collected conveyed Interviews ↳ knowledge communicated or received; data is collected by the system analyst; by concerning a particular fact or circumstance 4 following rigid procedure and collecting answers to a set of pre-conceived questions through ↳ cannot be predicted and resolves uncertainty personal interviews Information Vs. Data Classification by Characteristic Data - unprocessed facts and figures Based on Anthony's classification of Management ↳ plain collected data as raw facts cannot help in ↳ information used in business for decision-making; decision-making generally categorized into three types: ↳ raw material that is organized, structured, and Strategic Information - long term policy decisions; that interpreted to create useful information systems defines the objectives of business and checks how ↳ groups of non-random symbols in the form of text, well these objectives are met images, voice representing quantities, action and Ex. acquiring a new plant, a new product, objects diversification of business Tactical Information - information needed for exercising Information - interpreted data; created from organized, control over business resources structured, and processed data in a particular context Ex. budgeting, quality control, service level, inventory level, productivity level Information, Knowledge and Business Intelligence Operational Information - plant/business level information; Professor Ray R. Larson (School of Information / used to ensure proper conduction of specific University of California, Berkeley) operational tasks as planned/intended ↳ provides an Information Hierarchy: Ex. manual, various operator specific, machine specific and shift specific jobs for quality control Data - raw material of information Information - data organized and presented by someone Knowledge - information read, heard, or seen, and understood Wisdom - distilled and integrated knowledge and understanding Page 1  IM MIDTERM Classification by Application Various authors propose various lists of metrics for assessing in terms of applications, information can be the quality of information: categorized as: Reliability - verifiable and dependable Planning information information needed for establishing standard norms Timely - must be current and reach the users well in time and specifications in an organization; Relevant - should be current, valid information and ↳ used in strategic, tactical, and operation planning of should reduce uncertainties any activity Accurate - free of errors and mistakes, true, and Control Information not deceptive information is needed for establishing control over all Sufficient - adequate in quantity business activities through feedback mechanism ↳ used for controlling attainment, nature and Unambiguous - expressed in clear terms, comprehensive utilization of important processes in a system Complete - meet all the needs in current context Knowledge Information Unbiased - impartial, free from any bias, integrity knowledge is defined as information about information; Explicit - not need any further explanation ↳ acquired through experience and learning, and Comparable - uniform collection, analysis, content collected from archival data and research studies and format Organizational Information Reproducible - could be used by documented methods deals with an organization's environment, culture in on the same data set to achieve a consistent result the light of its objectives. ↳ Introduction to Database and Database used by everybody in the organization; M3 Ex. employee and payroll information System Functional/Operational Information Database operation specific information shared, integrated computer structure that stores a Ex. daily schedules in a manufacturing plant is refers collection of: to the detailed assignment of jobs to machines or End-user data - raw facts of interest to the end user machines to operators Metadata - or data about data; through which the Database Information end-user data are integrated and managed large quantities of information; has multiple usage and application ↳ provide a description of the data and link the data found within the database ↳ stored, retrieved and managed to create databases Database Management System (DBMS) Ex. material specification or supplier information is collection of programs that manages the database; stored for multiple users ↳ controls access to the data stored in the database Good Quality Information - quality is a value that would Importance of Database Design vary according to the users and uses of the information Database Design - activities that focus on the design of the database structure Elements of Information Quality ↳ crucial aspect of working with databases According to Wang and Strong ↳ proper database design requires the designer to Intrinsic - accuracy, objectivity, believability, identify precisely the database's expected use reputation ↳ well-designed database facilitates data management Contextual - relevancy, value-added, timeliness, and generates accurate and valuable information completeness, amount of information ↳ poorly designed database is a ground for difficult-to- Representational - interpretability, format, coherence, trace errors; that may lead to bad decision making and compatibility bad decision making can lead to the failure of an Accessibility - accessibility, access security organization Page 2  IM MIDTERM File and File Systems File system - traditionally composed of a collection of file folders, each properly tagged and kept in a filing cabinet Software ↳ manual system served its role well as data 2 make the database system function fully, three types of software are needed: repository Operating System (MS Windows, Linux, Mac ↳ as organization become more complex, keeping OS, UNIX) track of data in a manual file system became more DBMS Software - manages the database within difficult the database system ↳ finding and using data in growing collections of file (MS SQL Server, Oracle, MySQL, DB2) folders turned into such time-consuming and Application Programs and Utility Programs cumbersome task that it became unlikely that such used to access and manipulate data in the data could generate useful information DBMS and to manage the computer environment in which data access and Necessity called for the design of a computer-based manipulation take place system that would track data and produce required People reports 3 includes all users of the database system System Administrator – oversee the database Limitations of File System Data Management system’s general operations 1 It requires extensive programming Database Administrator – also known as DBA, 2 It cannot perform ad hoc queries manage the DBMS and ensure database is System administration can be complex and functioning properly 3 difficult Database Designers – design the database It is difficult to make changes to existing structure 4 structures System Analysts And Programmers – design 5 Security features are likely to be inadequate and create; the data entry screens, reports, and procedures through which end users access and M4 Database And Database System manipulate the database’s data End Users – people who use the application Database Systems programs to run organization’s daily operations consists of logically related data stored in a single Procedures logical data repository 4 instructions and rules that govern the design ↳ organization of components; that define and and use of the database system regulate the collection, storage, management, and use Data of data within a database environment 5 covers the collection of facts stored in the ↳ this concept involves raw facts of interest to end database users and data about data, integrated and managed in a shared computer structure Five Components of Database System Environment Hardware 1 refers to all of the system’s physical devices Computers (microcomputers, workstations, servers, and supercomputers) Storage devices Printers Network devices (hubs, switches, routers, fiber optics) Page 3  IM MIDTERM DBMS Functions Types of Database and Actors on the M5 1 Data dictionary management – stores definitions of the Scene data elements and their relationships (metadata) in a data dictionary Types of Databases ↳ uses the data dictionary to look up required data DBMS can support many different types of databases component structures and relationships ↳ Databases can be classified according to: 2 Data storage management – creates and manages the - number of users complex structures required for data storage - database location(s) ↳ modern DBMS provides storage not only for the - expected type and extent of use data, but also for related data entry forms or screen definitions, report definitions, data validation rules, According to Number of Users procedural code, and so on 1 Single-user Database 3 Data transformation and presentation – transforms runs on personal computer called desktop entered data to conform to required data structures database 4 2 Multiuser Database Security Management – creates a security system that supports multiple users at the same time enforces user security and data privacy 5 Multiuser Access Control – uses sophisticated A ↳ Workgroup Database (fewer than 50) multiuser database supports relatively small algorithms to ensure that multiple users can access number of users or specific department the database concurrently without compromising within organization the integrity of the database 6 Backup And Recovery Management – provides backup ↳ Enterprise Database (more than 50) and data recovery to ensure data safety and used by organization and supports many integrity users across many departments 7 Data Integrity Management – promotes and enforces According to Location integrity rules, thus minimizing data redundancy 1 Centralized Database and maximizing data consistency database that supports data located at a 8 B single site Database Access Languages and Application Programming 2 Distributed Database Interface – provides data access through a query supports data distributed across several language different sites 9 Database Communication Interfaces – current- According to the Extent of Use generation DBMSs accept end-user requests via 1 Operational Database multiple, different network environments database designed primarily to support company’s day-to-day operations C 2 Data Warehouse focuses primarily on storing data used to generate information required to make tactical or strategic decisions Page 4  IM MIDTERM Actors on the Scene Categories of End-Users (ranked) Database Administrators (DBA) Sophisticated End-Users sadada administers database environment such as thoroughly familiarize themselves with the database itself and DBMS and related software 1 facilities of DBMS ↳ responsible for: ↳ include engineers, scientists, business analysts - authorizing access to the database Naïve/Parametric End-Users – 1 make up a sizeable portion of database - coordinating and monitoring its use - acquiring software and hardware resources end-user their 2 ↳ main job revolves around constantly querying ↳ accountable for problems such as: and updating the database - breach of security - poor system response time Example: bank tellers, reservation clerks for Database Designers airlines, hotels and car rentals responsible for identifying the data to be Casual End-Users 2 stored in the database; and choosing occasionally access the database; need appropriate structures to represent and store 3 different information each time this data ↳ typically middle or high-level managers or End-users other occasional browsers people whose jobs require access to the Stand-Alone Users 3 maintain personal databases by using ready- database for querying, updating, and 4 generating reports made program packages; that provide easy-to- System Analysts and Application Programmer use menu- or graphics-based interfaces (software engineers) System Analysts - determine the requirements of end-users; and develop specifications for canned transactions (using standard types of 4 queries and updates) Application Programmers - implement these specifications as programs ↳ they test, debug, document and maintain the canned transactions 092924 4:49AM Disclamer This document might have some typos If you see one, tell Drew :> Some information here could be incorrect, if you suspect one, please do double-check Page End