MIS 180 Midterm Study Guide PDF
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This document is a study guide for a midterm exam, likely for a business or management information systems course at a university. It covers topics like information literacy, the difference between data, information, and knowledge, different types of decisions, and business intelligence topics such as data analytics and predictive analytics. It also has a brief introduction to Excel.
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MIS 180 Midterm Study Guide Information Literacy: What is the difference between data, information, business intelligence, and knowledge in the context of a business? Know the definitions and two examples of each. Data:Raw facts that describe the characteris...
MIS 180 Midterm Study Guide Information Literacy: What is the difference between data, information, business intelligence, and knowledge in the context of a business? Know the definitions and two examples of each. Data:Raw facts that describe the characteristics of of an event or object. Ex: ○ the sky is blue ○ this class has 70 registered students Information:Data converted into a meaningful and useful context. Ex: ○ negative reviews kill sales when there's more than two of them ○ so how do we avoid getting more than 2? Business Intelligence: ○ data analytics: the science of fact-based decision making predictive analytics - extracts info from data and uses it to predict future trends. ○ behavioral analytics: uses data about people's behavior to understand intent & predict future actions Knowledge:The skills, experience, and expertise, coupled with information an intelligence, that create a person’s intellectual resources ○ Ex: ○ Choosing not to fire a sales representative who in underperforming knowing that person is experiencing family problems ○ Listing products that are about to expire first on the menu or creating them as a daily special to move the product What is a fact? What qualities does a fact have? ○ Fact:a type of data ○ Qualities: A piece of information used as evidence or as part of a report or news article. A statement that is consistent with objective reality or can be proven with evidence What is the difference between a “true/useful fact” and a “false/misleading fact” ○ true/useful fact": actually applies to what your'e doing or looking ○ "false/misleading fact" :states something that is a fact, but is used just to make you think crazy things and make you lose sight of the point. Know an example of “triangulation” and “corroboration” when you see it. ○ triangulation:taking a "read" from different sources ○ corroboration:checking one's sources story against another When you say you are “information literate”, what do you mean? ○ ability to locate, evaluate, and effectively use information Intro to Excel What’s the difference between a relative address and an absolute address? How do you make each in Excel? ○ relative:changes when you copy it down/across ○ absolute:stays the same as you copy it down/across ○ A1, $A1, A$1, $A$1 What is the proper format for a calculation if you want to add, subtract, divide, or multiply two numbers by referencing their cell reference? ○ + - / * What is the proper format/syntax for the IF function? ○ = IF (logical test, value if true, value if false) Which function would you use if you wanted to sum a column or row of 50 numbers? If I give you a range, what is the proper format of this calculation? Be able to do this also for finding the average, maximum, and minimum. ○ = SUM B4:B54 System Theory: What are the differences between “system” and “process”? ○ all processes are systems, but not all systems are processes. ○ system: can't measure & not always 1 specific end ○ process: can measure the performance What are the 6 parts of any system? ○ Hardware ○ Software ○ Data ○ Procedures ○ People ○ Networks Know how the following relate to each other: supersystem, system, subsystem, processes. ○ (supersystem (system (subsystem) ) ) Know what the following mean and be able to recognize examples of each: interdependence, synergy, entropy/obsolescence, sub-optimization. ○ Interdependence:parts depend on each other ○ Synergy:cooperative effort of complementary parts > sum of individual parts ○ Entropy/ Obsolescences:all systems fall apart overtime if they don't adapt ○ Sub-optimization: subsystems often must sub-optimize to get system (or supersystem) to optimize What are open vs closed systems? ○ Open: Some, but not all inputs are predictable Interacts with itts environment. ○ Closed: Inputs predictable Dont adapt to outside world What are the functional parts of any enterprise? And what does each do? For this exam, just know those in Lecture Slides “Internal View of an Enterprise”. ○ all enterprises have business functions, either in-house or out-house, that enable the business decision makers to make decisions. ○ Functions may or may not be called "departments". Ex:Accounting, Finance, HR, Marketing, Sales, & Operation Management What do we mean by “stakeholders”, and who are they for most enterprises? From External View of an enterprise. ○ "stakeholders" benefit in some way from the operation of that company. Ex:customers, suppliers, & shareholders What’s the difference between a stakeholder and a shareholder? ○ allshareholders are stakeholders, but not all stakeholders are shareholders. ○ shareholder simply owns shares of stock. What are the parts of a Business Information Systems and how do they work together? Be able to recognize examples of each part. ○ business information systems capture, create, stores, transforms, & delivers data that helps the enterprise members make decisions & do their jobs it includes the people, policies, & culture. parts: data, hardware, software, media, procedures, & people How To Evaluate Information What are the 3 main problems we face in evaluating information? Be able to give an example of each. ○ 1.Information Overload Ex: average american sees 5,000 ads per day ○ 2.More Variability in Info Quality Ex:committees to ensure high quality info was published but now whoever can post whatever ○ 3.Information Evaluation is Hard Ex:we are "cognitive misers" = subconscious evaluating What do we mean by these two positions: Pro Concentration vs Pro Distribution ○ pro concentration-making sure info is high quality ○ pro-distribution-making sure the info is of the liking of the viewer What is a “cognitive miser”? What does it mean as a way of describing how humans make decisions about information? ○ Cognitive miser: someone who doesn't like to think hard about something. ○ We as humans make simple and easy decisions about information because we don't want to think too hard about anything. What’s the difference between “bias” and “perspective”? How might you evaluate information differently if you knew it was biased vs if it came from a perspective? ○ Bias:a view that someone has that is against the opposing view. ○ Perspective:a view that someone has that they see something a certain way and don't really have an opposing view. ○ If i knew it was biased I would view it with less respect than is the view was a perspective because it doesn't belittle anything else. (news outlets are bias, but their input and output are their perspective. What is “information overload”? What are some of the ways humans deal with overload? ○ Information overload:having too much information in the world today that you don't even know where to look or what is true. ○ Dealing with it:filtering (focusing on specific tasks), withdrawal (getting disconnected from sources to take a break. How would you evaluate information in terms of its “usefulness” and “believability”? ○ Information that is both useful and believable is information that is accurate, complete, consistent, timely, unique, relevant, meaningful, accessible. What is “disinformation”? Be able to recognize and define examples. ○ Disinformation: the intentional creation and transmission of known false information. ○ Ex: (fake ads and fake accounts everywhere spilling crazy and wrong information. How to Do Good Research Know the state of the search engine market, such as who are the biggest players. ○ General search engine:used for a general purpose (ex:google, bing, yahoo) ○ Vertical search engine: more specific or focused purpose (ex.Amazon-product, youtube-videos, zillow-houses) Know the state of the internet, such as the volume of websites and webpages. ○ Know how a search engine works with these parts: spider/bot, database, user. How does a search engine populate its database? When a user conducts a search, what is the user actually doing – accessing the web or something else? ○ spider/bot:purpose is to find content on the web. The spider moves around the surface web retrieving URLs (links) or data based on what the site is about. Then they place the info into the database. ○ database:(owned by a company) ie. google, bing etc. takes the information form the "spiders/bots" and gives it to the user ○ user:the person trying to find information on the computer and uses a search engine that is connected to a database. ○ Part 2:populates data how: the spider/bot does ○ User conducts search:the user is actually just searching a specific database, we do not have access to the real web. we only access "surface web" not deep or dark webs Why is the job of a search engine difficult? ○ What is the difference between a general search engine and a vertical search engine? ○ General:can search for anything ○ Vertical: focused, search for a specific category of things What do we mean, in business, by “vertical”? ○ Vertical search engine:more specific or focused purpose (ex.Amazon-product, youtube-videos, zillow-houses) What is a URL? Know the difference between the surface web, the deep web, and the dark web ○ Surface web: sites & pages the search engine knows about & index for users to find ○ Deep web:sites & pages behind firewalls, aka not indexed by search engines ○ Dark web:encrypted pages that aren't visible for anyone to see unless they have special access Computer Hardware If given a set of specs for a new laptop computer, you should be able to know what these parts are and how they work: CPU/Processor, Clock Speed/GHz, Primary Storage (RAM, Registers, Cache), Secondary Storage (Hard Drive, external drive), ROM, Input/Output Devices. ○ CPu/ Processor:computer chip ○ Clock Speed/GHz:how many pulses per second it takes to complete 1 cpu command ○ Primary storage (RAM, Registers, Cache):inside CPU - goes away when you turn off your computer ○ Secondary Storage (Hard Drive, external drive):not inside CPU - does not go away when you turn off your computer ○ ROM:non-volatile (comp doesn't have to be on) memory used to store the basic input/output systems in a computer. ○ Input/Output Devices: input devices bring info into computer:camera, microphone, track ball output devices take stuff out of computer:headphones, speakers, printer When should you spend more money on a computer, and when do you not need to spend more money on a computer? For example, if I say “when would you choose to spend the extra money on a graphics processor?,” you should be able to give me the answer. ○ When you are looking for good quality photographs or videos. When you want your computer to run really fast (in emergency companies, large companies, doing lots of programing on your computer) Computer Software Know the difference between bit and byte ○ Bit (BInary digiT): smallest element of data ○ Byte: 8 bits in a byte = 1 character Know what these mean and which is bigger than the other: KB, MB, GB, TB, PB ○ KB= 1 thousand bytes ○ MB= 1 million bytes ○ GB= 1 billion bytes ○ TB= 1 trillion bytes ○ PB= 1 quadrillion bytes What’s the difference between an Operating System and an Application? ○ operating system: "OS" or "system" or "platform" - works between hardware & apps ex: MacOS, iOS ○ application :"apps" or "programs" - does things user wants ex: excel, venmo, etc. How do humans create applications? Know that these are programming languages: Java, Python, C# and VisualBasic. ○ all software is created w/programming languageslike Java, Python, C# and VisualBasic What’s the difference between “source code” and “object code”? ○ Source code:humans can read, write, edit, delete it(IF GRADE >= 4.0) ○ Object code:humans CAN'T read, write, edit it -> only way that computers can run anything(1100101001001100) What does “open source” refer to? Why would a company choose an open source application over a proprietary application? ○ mostly finished software product delivered as source code not object code, your company has control over the source code someone else developed ○ you don't want to have full control over it & have to build & manage it Why would a company choose a proprietary application over an open source application? ○ What’s the difference between a General Purpose Application and a Functional Application for businesses? (this means you need to know the functional business areas) ○ GPA :anyone can use them for what they're doing (excel) ○ FA :tailored to your business function (HR system) What are three ways businesses acquire software, and why would a business choose one way over another? ○ build it (want full power over it) ○ buy it (no time or $) ○ rent it (pay as you go) How Businesses Use Info Systems Know the difference between a business strategy and a business tactic ○ Strategy:goal, planning to do it, large scale ○ Tactic:how are we going to actually do it, ways to complete a strategy Know these forms of performance metrics, what they are, why businesses use them, and how they relate to each other: ROI, KPI, CSF, benchmarking. ○ CSF (Critical Success Factors):areas/processes we need to so well to complete without strategy (advertise, low prices, inventory) ○ KPI (Key Performance Indicators):metrics that measure our progress in those CSF, compares to strategic or tactical goals (comparing for low prices, surveying) ○ Benchmarking:metrics that compare a performance to a baseline measure, such as how well a computer is doing.(compares to competitors) ○ ROI (Return of Investment):a specific KPI What does the value chain mean, and why is it useful for business analysis? ○ Big arrow with functional business areas on the top & overall activities a company needs to do on bottom. ○ Used to increase production efficiency & get maximum value for least possible cost. What does SWOT stand for, and what do managers use it for? ○ strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, & threats. ○ use it to make the most with what you have. What is the difference between a customer facing process and a business facing process? ○ Processes customers see ○ Processes the customer doesn't see but are necessary for the business to run Know the Functional Business Areas: Sales, Marketing, Accounting, Finance, Operations / Manufacturing, Human Resources, and IT. Know what they do, in general. ○ Sales:in charge of getting people to buy the product ○ Marking:in charge of making the product appealing to customers ○ Accounting: keeping track of the day to day numbers ○ Finance:keeping track of the track money wise that the company is on ○ Operations/Manufacturing:making the product ○ Human Resources:keep good relationships within the company and with customers ○ IT:in charge of all the tech related things Data Management What is the difference between structured and unstructured data? Know a few examples of each. Which is easier for businesses to process, and why? ○ Structured data:clearly defined (facts, numbers, dates, specific) and can therefore be easily organized and searchable. ○ Unstructured data:is essentially "everything else. Ex: " It includes formats like audio, video, and social media postings. It has an internal structure but not structured via predefined data models or schema. ○ It's easier for businesses to process structured data because of how much easier it is to organize and search/retrieve. What do people mean when they refer to “Big Data”? What are the “5 V’s” that describe it? Know what each “V” means and be able to recognize examples of each. ○ Big Data:is the increasingly HUGE collection of data captured from the world. It has grown beyond the capabilities of traditional data processing tools and applications. ○ The "5 V's" are: 1. Volume- sheet qty of data being gathered and stored 2. Velocity- speed at which new data are gathered and stored 3. Variety- variety of the kinds of new data 4. Veracity- the quality (accuracy, credibility) of data 5. Value- what you can do with the data What are a few of the challenges that Big Data presents to businesses? ○ The vast amount of growing data is a bit of a challenge in itself, but the unstructured portion of Big Data makes it difficult to manage. ○ We still don't have good techniques for indexing and analyzing it. Why should we, in a business, avoid using spreadsheets to store important data and instead use a database management system? Know at least 3 reasons. ○ Data redundancy:unnecessary duplication ○ Data inconsistency:inconsistent data ○ Data isolation:difficult to do efficient data retrieval and search ○ Data insecurity:easy to get access to it ○ Data errors:easy to make errors ○ Poor data integrity:result of all the the above ○ *Spreadsheets are good for analyzing and displaying information visually Know what these characteristics of high-quality Information mean: accurate, complete, consistent, timely, accessible. Know that businesses spend lots of money on to ensure their data has these qualities. You only need to know about these 5 qualities for this exam. ○ Consistent: info the same ○ Complete ○ Accessible ○ Accurate:truth of info ○ Timely:get info before u need it What do these qualities of poor data management mean: data redundancy, data inconsistency, data isolation, data insecurity. ○ Redundancy:same data in several places, occurs when data should not be duplicated but is accidentally ○ Inconsistency: some data is not synched up, same data stored in diff formats ○ Isolation:data in silos (unable to operate with other systems), hard to access or operate ○ Insecurity:lots of access points and users, making security tricky In designing a database, what is the name of the activity or technique that clients and IT staff do together to create an understanding of the data requirements for the database? ○ Data modeling:to design a database for a business or a business process from and for the data used buy that business Know what these mean with respect to storage and memory, and which is bigger than the other: KB, MB, GB, TB, PB ○ Petabyte-1024 terabytes ○ Terabyte -1000 gigabyte ○ Gigabyte- 1000 megabyte ○ Megabyte- 1000 kilobyte ○ Kilobyte- smallest unit(1000 bytes) All of the following refer to a relational database. ○ What is the difference between a database and a database management system? What are the parts of a database management system? database:is a collection of related, logically coherent, data used by the application programs in an organization Database management system (DBMS): defines, creates, and maintains a database. The DBMS also allows controlled access to data in the database. Parts of the database management system: ○ 1. Hardware. ○ 2. Software. ○ 3. Data. ○ 4. Users. ○ 5. Procedures. ○ Why are these advantages of having a database management system: data are located centrally, data quality is controlled, data is accessible, data are easier to maintain. Data are located centrally:All files are located on one hard drive and can be accessed by anyone in that ONE place Data quality is controlled:Team of people can work to ensure characteristics of quality information Data is accessible:The book states that "it is relatively easy to extract data from a database and import them into a spreadsheet for analysis."Databases are used to store a lot of info, and spreadsheets can be used to make sense of the info. Data are easier to maintain:It is easier to add large amounts of info to a database as it quickly increases. After a large amount of info is in the database, then it can easily be taken and put into a spreadsheet. ○ In a relational data base, what do these terms mean: data value, field, record, file/table, database, SQL? Data value:is an actual piece of information, at the smallest level. (First and Last Name) Field:is the smallest meaningful type of data, (Zip Code, Price, Product Name). Record:is the set of fields containing all info known about one entity, each record contains the same fields in the same sequence, (All Name/Address Info About One Customer). File/Table:is a collection of related records, (customer/financial/inventory info). Database:is the collection of all files and tables. ○ What do we mean by “populating” a database? Populating a databasemeans you are filling it with data values, creating an instance. ○ What is a primary key in a relational database? How do we use it? What is a foreign key? How do we use it? Primary key:is a field (or combination of fields) that uniquely identifies a given record in a table. It is important because it lets you retrieve every single piece of data put into a database no matter which file it is in. Foreign key:is a primary key of one table that appears as a field in another file and serves as a logical link between the two files. ○ Be able to look at a picture of a data base schema (like the Lorenzo Shipping example we used in lecture) and name the different parts. Intro to SQL What does a basic correctly formed SQL query look like? How do primary and foreign keys work together to link data from different tables? ○ The primary key and the foreign key formthe common field between tables that allow the relationship between two tables to be formed. Decisions and Decision Making Know the difference between a structured, unstructured, and semi structured decision. ○ Structured Decisions:Routine decisions that follow established procedures. ○ Semi-Structured Decisions:Decisions with some structure but also require judgment and creativity. ○ Unstructured Decisions:Decisions that lack a predefined structure and are complex. Be able to identify, from examples, all of the main types of “decisions” we talked about in lecture: decision, problem, opportunity, paradox, dilemma. ○ Decision: a conclusion or resolution reached after consideration, ○ ("What college should I choose?") ○ Problem:a matter or situation regarded as unwelcome or harmful and needing to be dealt with an overcome, ○ (we are losing sales and we need to change that) ○ Opportunity:A set of circumstances that makes it possible to do something ○ ("If I do this now and not wait, I'll get rewarded") ○ Paradox:a seemingly absurd or self-contradictory statement or proposition that when investigated or explained may prove to be well founded or true ○ "the less you study the better your grades become" ○ Dilemma:A situation in which a difficult choice has to be made between two or more alternatives, especially equally undesirable ones ○ "If I don't pay a bribe, I might not get the business. But if I do, I might get fired." Know the steps of the Rational Decision-Making process well. ○ identify the problem or opportunity ○ thinking of alternative solutions ○ evaluate alternative and select a solution ○ implement and evaluate the solution chosen Know what the Sensemaking approach is and when you would use it. ○ Sensemaking: is a process of creating meaning when there is no single meaning available, happens when there are multiple interpretations of what's going on, leads one to decide if a situation is a problem, a decision, a predicament, an opportunity etc. ○ Steps: Action ○ ex. doctors prod to see where the pain is Triangulation (take different readings from different sources) Affiliation (share our "sense" with others) ○ ex. crowdsourcing Contextualization (relate to something we know) ○ ex. Cost accountant comparing Julys surprising sales to last July's sales Deliberation (reflection, ponder, muse,) ○ ex. Simply need time to let things work through your mind "Always Try Aggressive Cat Dates" What is a DSS? What does the acronym stand for and what kind of app is it? ○ A decision support system:is computer program application that analyzes business data and presents it so that users can make business decisions more easily. What’s the difference between a decision matrix and a weighted decision matrix? Be able to identify both from examples. ○ Decision matrix:list your options as rows on a table, and factors as columns, then you score the combination, weight the score as importance, then ADD scores up for overall score ○ Weighted decision matrix: tool that can be used when making complicated decisions, AVERAGE OF POINTS (each factor is ranked by importance, businesses use more ) What is a business decision making model? Be able to know the difference among the four models we talked about in lecture from examples: what-if, sensitivity, goal-seeking, and optimization. ○ "What if"- answers questions such as what if interest rate is 6% or 6.5%. Shown on excel sheet. ○ "Sensitivity"- Two product designs: A has less flubber than B. Depending on the price of flubber, how much profit will each design produce? Shown as line graph. ○ "Goal-seeking"- If I want my monthly payment to be $400, what down payment do I need to make? Shown as excel spreadsheets being compared. What makes a good model vs a bad model? ○ A good model:is one which makes good predictions if high-quality inputs are given to the model ○ A bad model:is one in which even the correct inputs doesn't result in good predictions What are data visualization tools and when are they most useful? ○ Data visualization tools:are a visual representation of data with the goal of clearly communicating or better understanding the meaning of the data. ○ They are useful in uncovering trends and relationships in data that might be less apparent when viewing the data in tables. What is a definition of Artificial Intelligence? What are an “expert system” and “intelligent agent” and why are they considered examples of AI? ○ Computer programs that mimic human cognition. ○ A programmer writes a program that uses the same rules as human experts (after interviews and observations) ○ app that does specific tasks on behalf of its users, (such as shopping, stock picking, or spamming). ○ They are considered examples of AI as these tasks can all be done by humans, but are done by AI who are programmed to mimic human cognition. Know the difference between supervised and unsupervised learning in machine learning applications. Know, very generally, how a generative AI application like ChatGPT works. ○ Supervised machine:learning involves training a model on labeled data, where the correct output is known, with the goal of making accurate predictions on new, unseen data. The model learns to recognize patterns and relationships between the input features and output labels. ○ Unsupervised machine:learning involves training a model on unlabeled data, with the goal of discovering patterns and relationships in the data without prior knowledge of the correct output. Data Networks and the Internet What’s the difference between a LAN and a WAN? Is an intranet a LAN or WAN? ○ A Local Area Network (LAN):is a network that connects devices in a limited geographical area.(hard/software is owned by a single company) ○ A Wide Area Network (WAN):is a network that connects devices over a large geographic area, which can span any distances you can imagine, from city-wide to continent-wide to world-wide.(hard/software is owned by several companies) ○ An intranet is a LAN. The Internet is a WAN. What is an ISP? ○ An Internet Service Provider (ISP):is an organization that enables individuals and businesses to connect to the Internet. Know that the IEEE 802.11 (and its other name, Wifi 6) protocol is for WiFi and the 4G, 5G protocols are for mobile / Cell phones. ○ The protocol for WiFi: is IEEE 802.11. ○ The protocols for cell phones: are CDMA and GSM. How do we measure data transmission speed? How is that different from how we measure data storage capacity? ○ Data transmission speed is measured by bandwidth. ○ Data transmission is talked about in bits, while data storage is talked about in terms of Bytes. What does bandwidth mean? How do we measure bandwidth? ○ Bandwidth:is the amount of data that can be transmitted over a channel per unit of time. It is measured in "bits per second" (bps). There are kilobits (kbps-thousand), megabits (mbps-million), gigabits (gbps-million Mb) and terabits (tbps- million Gb) Which has lower/higher bandwidth among these: Bluetooth, WiFi, Ethernet ○ Bluetooth has the lowest bandwidth (800 kbps) ○ WiFi has the second lowest (600 Mbps) ○ and Ethernet has the highest (1 Gbps). Know what TCP and IP each do and how they work together to make the Internet work. ○ Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP):define the internet. ○ TCPbreaks data into packets and rebuilds them at the receiving end. ○ IPsends these packets along the best route to their destination, and does addresses. (TCP breaks it down, puts it back together. IP envelopes, addresses, and sends the packet.) Know that the TCP/IP protocol is the foundation of the Internet. What is the network protocol for the Web? ○ HTTP What is the difference between the Internet, an intranet, and an extranet for a given company? ○ The internet:is a collection of computers around the world that agree to speak the same "language". Two types of internet include intranet and extranet. ○ Intranet:is designed to be open and secure, it has internal networks that use internet technologies and are accessible through web browsers. All employees of a particular company can use the company's intranet, outside people cannot. ○ Extranets:connect some of a company's resources with external organizations such as customers, suppliers, and consultants. They typically create a VPN using internet as a backbone and relying on firewalls for security. Extranets allow certain outside stakeholders access to some insider information. What do we mean by “packet switching”? What is a packet? What routes do individual packets travel on the Internet? How is circuit switching different? ○ Packet switching:is a way to transmit a signal. The path of the signal is digital, and is neither dedicated nor exclusive. A file is broken into smaller blocks (packets). ○ A packet is the basic unit of communication over a TCP/IP network. Every packet goes down a different path. Which is a super / peer level / sub system to the others: Internet, FTP, email, web ○ Why are we talking about moving from IPv4 to IPv6? Why do we need to move to IPv6? ○ IPv4is outdated because it has run out of addresses to allocate to businesses, organizations, and countries. ○ IPv6expands the IP adress size from the current 4 bytes to 16 bytes Who “owns” the Internet? ○ No one "owns" the internet. People just follow the rules because the benefit from doing so. The internet is basically a big, voluntary cooperative and different countries can use it differently. Know what these three terms mean and how we all use them: URL, IP Address, DNS. ○ A Uniform Resource Locator (URL):has a hypertext transfer protocol, domain name, path and html doc name. ○ An Internet Protocol (IP):address has a network, host, subnet, and device address. ○ ADomain Name Service:is the webs "phone book". The user enters an URL for the DNS entry, which is the IP address. What are.com or.net. or.edu called? ○ They are calledinternet domains. .c omis reserved for commercial organizations and business, .netis open to any person or entity, and .eduis reserved for accredited postsecondary institutions. How is the Internet of Things different from just the Internet? ○ The Internet of Things:is a reference to how goods are increasingly bought and sold online, ○ Internet of Everything:considers the exchange of both goods and services. What is a firewall in a network? ○ a software or hardware based network security system that allows or denies network traffic to a set of rules. Why does the Internet use packet switching instead of circuit switching? ○ makes much more efficient use of the communications capacity of a network than did circuit-switching. Know what these organizations are and what they do for the Internet/Web: IETF, W3 Consortium, FCC, IEEE ○ Internet Engineering Task Force(IETF) ○ World Wide Web Consortium(W3) ○ Legal regulations: USA- (FCC) ○ wifi protocols(IEEE)
