Parts of Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells PDF

Parts of Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells CELL THEORY 1. All living things are made of ____________. cells 2. Cells are the basic unit of __________ structure & __________...

Parts of Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells CELL THEORY 1. All living things are made of ____________. cells 2. Cells are the basic unit of __________ structure & __________ function in an organism. 3. All cells come from the reproduction of ____________ pre-existing cells. CELL MEMBRANE MODEL Phospholipids and proteins move ____________ laterally or side to side for short distances. Proteins make a pattern on the surface known as the ___________ cell membrane __________ model. NUCLEUS and NUCLEOLUS NUCLEUS is: Surrounded by ________________ nuclear MEMBRANE called the NUCLEAR ___________________ envelope Serves as the __________________ control CENTER OF CELL Nuclear _________ pores allow molecules in and out CONTAINS CELL’S GENETIC MATERIAL ( __________) DNA Contains NUCLEOLUS (Dark spot) which makes _______________ ribosomes (RNA) DNA is scrunched up as _________________ chromosomes in DIVIDING CELLS DNA is spread out as__________________ chromatin in NON- DIVIDING CELLS 1 CYTOSKELETON Made of PROTEINS called _________________ microtubules and ____________________ microfilaments FUNCTION: _____________________________________ Gives structure to the cell and the internal organization of cell. It also ____________________________________________ helps move organelles around the cell. LYSOSOMES Sac containing _________________________ enzymes FUNCTION: Digests: _____________________________________________ molecules or wastes Plays a role in __________________ autolysis “programmed cell death” Cell suicide for the good of the ______________ organism VACUOLE STORAGE SPACE FOR: _______________________________________ water, nutrients, etc. Huge in ________________cells, plant small in ___________ animal cells, NOT in ______________________ bacteria cells. CENTRIOLES Made of PROTEINS called _________________________ microtubules Only seen in __________________ animal cells during cell division Function: _____________________________________ Moves pairs of chromosomes to the other side of the cell preventing them from sticking to one another. 2 CILIA & FLAGELLA Made of PROTEINS called _____________________ microtubules organized in a _________ 9+2 arrangement that help with ____________________________ movement of cells, fluids, or small particles. CILIA: ________________ numerous & _______________ short FUNCTION ___________________________________ moving cells, small particles and fluids FLAGELLA: _____________ less common & ________________ long FUNCTION ________________________________ moving cells, and fluids RIBOSOMES Can be ______________________in found the cytosol or _______________ attached to the surface of Rough ER MADE OF ______________ proteins & ________ rRNA FUNCTION: _____________________________ Produce proteins CELL MEMBRANE or PLASMA MEMBRANE Made mainly of _______________________ phospholipids and _____________________ proteins HYDROPHOBIC “tails” of phospholipids make molecules line up as a LIPID ________________ bilayer with POLAR heads facing _______ outward and NON-POLAR tails facing ________ and inward in between the heads. Proteins attached to surface (inside or outside)= ____________________ peripheral Proteins stuck into membrane = ___________________ integral (can go part way in or all the way through) Membranes are _________________ moving laterally ______________________ when they allow certain molecules to pass through; but keep others out. 3 ___________________is cytoplasm the “gel-like material + organelles” between nucleus and cell membrane OTHER MOLECULES: GLYCOPROTEINS with attached _______________ carbohydrates tails to recognize self Contain the steroid ______________ lipids to make membranes more flexible MITOCHONDRION (plural: MITOCHONDRIA) Surrounded by _____________ double membrane. Contains its own ___________. dna Called the ______________________ powerhouse of cell Burns ____________ glucose to release energy. Stores energy released as ________. ATP ___________ Smooth outer membrane Folded inner membrane = ________________ Cristae (increases _______________ surface area for more chemical reactions) GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY) Looks like a stack of flattened _____________. sacs FUNCTION: Modify, sort, and package substances from ER for _________________ export out of cell. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM(ER) Internal network of ____________________. hollow tubes Rough ER: Attached ribosomes make _____________ proteins which are modified & exported. 4 ROUGH ER / SMOOTH ER Rough ER has _____________ ribosomes on its surface, while ___________ smooth ER does not. FUNCTION ROUGH ER: ______________________________________ transport and modify proteins across the cell FUNCTION SMOOTH ER: ____________________________________ Produce lipids and fats CHLOROPLASTS Surrounded by ____________ double membrane Has its own ________ DNA Outer membrane __________ smooth ___________ Inner membrane sacs called ______________ thylakoids contain CHLOROPHYLL where _______________________ photosynthesis happens. Stacks of thylakoids called _____________. grana Gel like material around thylakoids called _________________. stroma FOUND ONLY IN _____________ plant CELLS CELL WALL Found OUTSIDE the ________________________. cell membrane Provides __________________ structure & ___________________. protection ___________________ Cellulose in the cell wall makes plant cells sturdy. Bacteria have cell walls made of ___________________ peptidoglycan instead of cellulose. PROKARYOTES ________ Bacteria are the most common prokaryotic cell. They do not have a ____________, nucleus but do contain a single ______________ chromosome made of DNA. Like all cells, bacteria are surrounded by a ___________________ cell membrane which contains the gel-like _______________ cytoplasm of the cell. 5 Prokaryote Centrioles Lysosomes Cell Wall(peptidoglycan) Contain DNA Cell membrane Ribosome Cytoskeleton Eukaryote Mitochondria Nucleus ER Golgi Body Cell Wall(Cellulose) Chloroplast 6  Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Do all cells have the same structure? Why? An efficiency apartment is a one-room apartment. This one room is where you sleep, eat, shower, and entertain your guests. It all happens in one room. It is a simple way of living in a small space. A mansion is a large, complex living space with many separate rooms. There are rooms for cooking, eating, sleeping, bathing, reading, watching TV, entertaining guests, exercising, and storage. The rooms in a mansion are constructed for the specific things you would like to be able to do. You can live in simple efficiency or complexity. In this activity we will be looking at cells that are as simple as a one-room efficiency apart- ment or as complex as a mansion. Model 1 – Three Types of Bacterial Cells Cytoplasm coccus bacillus Free-floating DNA Ribosomes Free-floating DNA Spirillum Cell wall Cell membrane Free-floating DNA Cell wall Ribosomes Cytoplasm Flagellum 1. The three bacterial shapes in Model 1 are referred to as coccus (sphere), spirillum, and bacillus (rod). Label the diagrams in Model 1 with the correct descriptions. 2. What is represented by the small dots found in each of the bacteria cells? Ribosomes 3. What is the name of the outermost layer that forms a boundary around the outside of each cell? Cell Wall 4. How is the DNA described and what does this mean? Free-floating and it means it is floating on the cytoplasm Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells 1 © 2012, Flinn Scientific, Inc. and HSPI—The POGIL Project. All Rights Reserved. Reproduced for one-time use with permission from Flinn Scientific, Inc. Batavia, Illinois, U.S.A. No part of this material may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including, but not limited to photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from Flinn Scientific, Inc.  5. All the internal structures are suspended (floating) in what substance? Cytoplasm 6. One of the bacteria in Model 1 has a tail-like structure. a. What is this structure called? Flaglellum b. What might be the purpose of this structure? It helps the cell with movement c. Based on your answer to the previous question, what might you infer about the absence of this structure in the other two bacteria cells? The cell wouldn't be able to move Model 2 – Animal and Plant Cells Animal Cell Plant Cell Cell membrane Temporary vacuole Nuclear membrane DNA Nucleolus Nucleus Chloroplast Cytoplasm Endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes (free or attached) Lysosome Mitochondria Vesicle Golgi apparatus Large permanent vacuole Cell wall 7. Looking at Model 2, list at least three structural differences (other than shape) between an animal and a plant cell. Animal cell doesn't have a plant wall, plant cells have a larger permanent vacuole while animal cells have a small temporary vacuole, and animal cells have organelles that plant cells don't and the other way around. (Ex. Chloroplast, lysosome) 8. Where do you find the DNA in each cell in Model 2? Nucleus 9. Do both cells in Model 2 have a nucleus? Yes 2 POGIL™ Activities for High School Biology © 2012, Flinn Scientific, Inc. and HSPI—The POGIL Project. All Rights Reserved. Reproduced for one-time use with permission from Flinn Scientific, Inc. Batavia, Illinois, U.S.A. No part of this material may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including, but not limited to photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from Flinn Scientific, Inc.  10. List the structure(s) that form the boundary between the inside and the outside of each cell in Model 2. For animal cell it is cell membrane and plant cell it is cell wall 11. What is different about the outermost boundary in a plant cell compared to an animal cell? Plant cell has a cell wall at its outermost layer while it is cell membrane for animal cell. 12. Decide as a group whether the cells in Model 1 or 2 are more complex and list at least three supporting reasons for your choice. Model 2 are more complex as they have a nucleus to store the DNA, they have more organelles, and they are larger. Model 3 – Structural Comparisons Word Part Meaning pro before karyon nucleus or kernel eu true 13. Use the chart in Model 3 to determine the meaning of the word prokaryote. Before nucleus or kernel or that there is no nucleus 14. What does the word eukaryote mean? True Nucleus or there is a nucleus 15. Based on the above word definitions, label the cells in Model 1 and Model 2 as prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Model 1 is prokaryotic while model 2 is eukaryotic 16. By comparing Model 1 and Model 2, what structures are the same in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Ribosomes, cytoplasm, cell membrane, 17. What differences are there between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell? Prokaryotic don't have membrane bound organelles, no nucleus, free floating DNA, smaller, and simpler Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells 3 © 2012, Flinn Scientific, Inc. and HSPI—The POGIL Project. All Rights Reserved. Reproduced for one-time use with permission from Flinn Scientific, Inc. Batavia, Illinois, U.S.A. No part of this material may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including, but not limited to photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from Flinn Scientific, Inc.  18. Refer to Models 1 and 2 to complete the chart below. Write yes or no in the box for each cell. Bacterial Cell Animal Cell Plant Cell All Cells Cell Membrane yes yes yes yes Ribosome yes yes yes yes Cytoplasm yes yes yes yes Mitochondria no no yes yes Nucleolus no yes no yes Nucleus no yes yes no DNA yes yes yes yes Cell Wall yes no yes no Prokaryotic yes no no no Eukaryotic no yes yes no 19. As a group, write a definition for a prokaryotic cell. A cell without a nucleus, membrane bound organelles, and Free floating DNA 20. As a group, write a definition for a eukaryotic cell. A cell with a nucleus, membrane bound organelles, and is much more complex than prokaryotic cell. 21. Complete the phrase below. Each member must contribute one complete sentence. The words prokaryotic and eukaryotic must be used: All cells are not the same because… Some are prokaryotic or eukaryotic 22. As a group, discuss the opening analogy of an efficiency apartment and a mansion as it relates to cells. Record your final consensus of how this analogy applies to cell structure. The apartment is referring to the Prokaryotic cell as it doesn't have many organelles to function it. The mansion referrs to the Eukaryotic cell as it has many organelles to function it. 4 POGIL™ Activities for High School Biology © 2012, Flinn Scientific, Inc. and HSPI—The POGIL Project. All Rights Reserved. Reproduced for one-time use with permission from Flinn Scientific, Inc. Batavia, Illinois, U.S.A. No part of this material may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including, but not limited to photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from Flinn Scientific, Inc. Extension Questions 23. What effect do you expect the structural differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes to have on their functions? Explain in detail. Since eukaryotic cells have more organelles to function them they can do more tasks and are more complex and larger. However, prokaryotes don't have membrane bound organelles making them simpler and smaller. 24. With as much detail as possible, give another example of an analogy for describing the difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. A cogless miner in the world of Transformers wouldn't have a cog not allowing them to transform giving them minimum capabilities of work to do. However, transformers with cogs could transform allowing them to do more functions including fighting ,producing energy, etc. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells 5 © 2012, Flinn Scientific, Inc. and HSPI—The POGIL Project. All Rights Reserved. Reproduced for one-time use with permission from Flinn Scientific, Inc. Batavia, Illinois, U.S.A. No part of this material may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including, but not limited to photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from Flinn Scientific, Inc.  25. Complete the chart by describing the function and structure in each cell. Structural adaptation(s) that enable Cell Type Function the cell to carry out its function. Root hair cell from a plant Root hair cells have long projections that increase the absorb nutrients and water Water surface area that the plant can use to absorb water and which are sent through the tip minerals. of the plant's root. Soil particles Muscle cell Specialized function of contraction The prescense of specialized protein filaments, actin, r myosin, le fibe Musc arranged in sacromeres SarcolemmaFasci culus Myofibril Nerve cell Receives and sends Dendrites with receptor proteins, an axo, myelin, messages from the body to synaptic, terminals, neurotransmitters. the brain and back to the body Sperm cell Provide half of the genetic A tail to move them towards an egg cell material to form a fertilized Nucleus Tail zygote or embryo upon fertilizing with an egg Coil of mitochondria Head 6 POGIL™ Activities for High School Biology © 2012, Flinn Scientific, Inc. and HSPI—The POGIL Project. All Rights Reserved. Reproduced for one-time use with permission from Flinn Scientific, Inc. Batavia, Illinois, U.S.A. No part of this material may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including, but not limited to photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from Flinn Scientific, Inc.  Basic Structure of a Cell ppt viewing questions Review List the main characteristics of living things​. Cells, require energy, reproduce, maintain homeostasis, organized, respond to stimulus, grow, develop, and evolve. Write the levels of organization (living & nonliving) in order beginning with the atom. Atom, molecule, organelles, cell, tissue, organ, organ systems, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere History & the Cell Theory 1. ​Robert ____________ Hooke was first to view and draw ____________ dead cells from plants in _________. cork Were these cells living? What was their shape? No, they looked like boxes. 2. Who coined the term "cells"? The place where monks prayed since cells looked like that. 3. ________________ Leeuwenhoek was the first to view living cells in _________. organisms Describe his microscope. a simple, handheld microscope. 4. What did Mathias Schleiden conclude about plants in 1838? That they were made of cells 5. What scientist concluded that all animals are made of cells in 1939? Theodore Schwann 6. a. What did Rudolph Virchow observe under the microscope in 1855? Cells dividing b. What conclusion did Virchow make from this observation? Cells come from preexisting cells 1 7. State the 3 parts of the cell theory. a. Cell is the basic unit of structure and function b. Cells come from preexisting cells c. Organisms are made from cells 8. The botanist _______________, discovered plants were made of cells the zoologist _______________, discovered animals were made of cells and the medical doctor discovered ________________ co founded the cell theory. that cells came from preexisting cells Discoveries Since the Cell Theory 9. a. In 1970, what did Lynn Margulis conclude about cells? Organelles within organisms were at one point free living cells. b. What was her supporting evidence? Some organelles had their own DNA 10. What 2 DNA-containing organelles support Margulis theory of ENDOSYMBIOSIS? Chloroplasts and mitochondria 11. What must be used to view most cells? Microscope Animal 12. ______________, plant ______________, and ______________ bacteria are three basic types of cells. 13. What is the difference between unicellular and multicellular organisms? Unicellular is made up of one cell, multicellular is multiple cells. 14. Arrange the following in order from smallest to largest --- virus, ant, atom, protein, animal cell, chloroplast, human, and human egg cell. atom, virus, proteins, chloroplast, cell, animal cell, human egg cell, ant, human. 15. Cells range from ________________ 5 - 50 micrometers in size. 16. Which is largest, a plant cell, an animal cell, or a bacterial cell? Plant cell 2 17. Which is smallest, a plant cell, an animal cell, or a bacterial cell? Bacterial 18. Cells in multicellular organisms often specialize. What does this mean? Take on different shapes and functions Specialized *xylem cells 19. Give several examples of specialized animal cells. plant cells Muscle, red blood, cheek cells *Guard cells *Pollen cells 20. How do cells specialize in multicellular organisms? What is another name for this process? Turning on genes on and off. This is called cell differentiation. Organization Levels of life 21. List the 3 nonliving levels of life in order from simplest to most complex. Atom, molecule, and organelle 22. At what level does life begin? Cells 23. What are tissues? Similar tissues working together 24. What are organs? Different tissues working together 25. What makes up an organ system? Different organs working together 26. Organ systems working together make up a ____________. organism Simple or Complex Cells 27. What is a prokaryote and give an example? Cell that lack a nucleus or membrane bound organelles. Bacteria. 28. Describe the hereditary material of a bacterial cell. Single, circular chromosome 29. DNA is located in the ___________ nucleoid region of a prokaryote, while the cell______________ membrane and cell _____________ wall surround the outside of the cell. 30. What makes up the cell wall of bacteria?Peptidoglycan 31. What organelle without a membrane is found in bacteria & what is its function? Ribsomes that make proteins. 32. What are eukaryotes and give 4 examples? Cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Protists, fungi, plants, and animals 3 33. Which is more complex --- prokaryotes or eukaryotes? Eukaryotes 34. Name the 3 basic parts of all eukaryotic cells. Nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm with organelles. Organelles 35. What are organelles and where are they found? Organelles perform various functions for a cell and are found in the cytoplasm. 36. Do all organelles have a membrane? No 37. What is another name for the cell membrane? Plasma membrane 38. The cell membranes made of a double layer of _________________ phospholipids and _____________. proteins 39. The cell membrane surrounds the outside of _________ all cells. 40. What is the function of the cell membrane? Controls what enters or leaves the cell living layer 41. Is the cell membrane living or nonliving? living 42. What makes up the head of a phospholipid? Glycerol and phosphate 43. What makes up the tails of a phospholipid? fatty acids 44. Phospholipids make up a ____________ bilayer with the ________ tails pointing ___________ inward toward each other. 45. Phospholipid heads attract water and are said to be _________________, hydrophillic while tails repel water and are said to be _________________. hydrophobic 46. Can phospholipids move? Explain. Yes, in the cell membrane they move laterally to allow small molecules 47. Name 4 small molecules that can move easily through the phospholipid bilayer. Molecular oxygen, water, carbon dioxide, ethanol(C2H5O) 48. What is the function(s) of membrane proteins? Help move large molecules or aid in cell recognition 49. What is the difference between peripheral and integral proteins? Peripheral proteins are on the surface of the cell membrane while integral proteins are in the cell membrane. 4 50. Sketch a phospholipid bilayer and label the phospholipids, integral proteins, and peripheral proteins. 51. What are glycoproteins & what is their purpose? Glycoproteins have carbohydrate tails to act as markers for cell recognition 52. Where is the cell membrane in plants found? It lies against the cell wall 53. If the cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall whenever the cell loses water, what happens to the plant cell? The cell will lose its shape 54. Is the cell wall a living or nonliving layer? Non-living 55. Name 3 types of cells with cell walls around them. Plants, fungi, and bacteria 56. What makes up the cell wall of (a) Plants? (b) Bacteria? (c) Fungi? a) Cellulose b) Peptidoglycan c)Chitin 57. The cell wall _______________ supports and _____________ ,protects the cell. 58. What is cytoplasm? Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane 59. What takes place inside the cytoplasm? Chemical reactions Organelles 60. _______________ are found inside the cytoplasm of a cell. 61. What type(s) of cells have cytoplasm? All cells 62. What is the function of the nucleus? Controls the normal activities of the cell and contains the DNA in chromosomes DNA 63. __________ makes up the chromosomes inside the ______________. Nucleus 64. What surrounds the nucleus? Nuclear envelope(membrane) 65. What is the purpose of nuclear pores? Nucleuar pores transport materials in and out the nucleus. 5 66. Why is the nucleus so easy to see through a microscope? It is the largest organelle 67. Chromosomes contain ____________ genes that control the characteristics of the cell. 68. Describe the nuclear envelope. The nuclear envelope has a membrane outside, a hollow space in between, and another membrane inside. It has nuclear pores. 69. The nuclear envelope is connected to the __________ rough ER of the cell. 70. In non-dividing cells, DNA is ______________ spread out and appears as a mass called _________________. chromatin 71. In dividing cells, DNA _______________ is condensed and wraps around ______________ proteins to form visible __________________. chromosomes 72. __________ DNA is the hereditary material of the cell. 73. Where is the nucleolus located? In the nucleus 74. Cells may have ___________ 1-3 nucleoli, but they ____________ disappear when the cell divides and then reappear later. 75. What is the job of the nucleolus? To make ribosomes 76. ________________ Ribosomes make proteins for the cell. 77. Give two functions of the cytoskeleton. Helps cell maintain cell shape and helps other organelles move around. 78. The cytoskeleton is made of ________________. proteins 79. ___________________ Microfilaments are threadlike proteins in the cytoskeleton, while Microtubules __________________ are tubelike proteins. 80. _____________ ACTIN is the protein in microfilaments, while ____________ TUBULIN is the protein in microtubules. 81. ____________ Centrioles are found only in animal cells. 82. Centrioles come in ______________ paired structures and are found near the _____________. nucleus 83. Centrioles are made of a bundle of ______________. microtubules What is their function? 6 To help with cell division, by pulling chromosome pairs apart to opposite ends of the cell.  mitochondria 84. The ______________ is the powerhouse of the cell and generates cellular ______________ energy or _________. ATP 85. do all cells have the same number of mitochondria? Explain. No, more active cells such as muscle cells have more mitochondria 86. Which cell(s) have mitochondria --- plant, animal, bacteria? Plant and Animal 87. What process takes place inside the mitochondria? What is being burned? Cellular 88. Mitochondria are surrounded by a ____________membrane double and has its ownrespriation ___________. DNA occurs where 89. Describe the inner membrane of the mitochondria. What is it called? glucose is The Inner membrane is folded which increases the surface area for burned more chemical reactions. It is called the crisate. 90. The _____________ Matrix is the interior compartment of the mitochondria. 91. From where do you get YOUR mitochondria? Your mom 92. ______________ Mitochondrion is singular for mitochondria (plural). 93. Name the energy produced when the mitochondria burn glucose. ATP 94. What does ER stand for? Endoplasmic reticulum 95. What is the ER? Network of hollow membrane tubules 96. ER is connected to what 2 other membranes? The nuclear envelope and cell membrane 97. ER functions in the _______________ synthesis of cell products & in _____________ transport of these products. 98. Name the 2 kinds of ER. Rough and Smooth 99. Why is rough ER rough? It has ribosomes on the surface 100. Proteins made by rough ER are for _____________ export out of the cell. 101. Proteins are made in ________________ ribosomes on the rough ER surface and then ______________ into the interior of the ER to be modified and transported. threaded 102. ______________ Smooth ER lacks ribosomes and is attached to the ends of the ______________________. rough ER 103. Cell products made by smooth ER are for use ______________ inside the cell. 7  104. Give 3 functions of smooth ER. Makes membrane lipids, regulates calcium, and destroys toxic. 105. What 3 things make up the Endomembrane transport system in a cell? Nuclear membrane, Er, cell membrane. 106. Ribosomes are made of _____________ proteins and __________ ribosomal RNA and function as ______________ protein factories. amino acids 107. Ribosomes join _________________ to make proteins though a process protein synthesis called ________________________. 108. Where are free ribosomes found in a cell? cYTOPLASM Golgi bodies 109. _____________ look like stacks of flattened sacs and have shipping or ___________face trans and a receiving or __________face. cis 110. Proteins that end up being modified inside the Golgi come from ________. ER 111. How do proteins get from the ER to Golgi and from Golgi to the cell membrane? They are created by ribosomes which then are transported along the ER, which then take some phospholipids when exiting the ER, making it a vesicle. Then they go to the golgi body and then to the cell memrbane. 112. Label the cis and trans faces and a transport vesicle in the picture. CIS Transport vesicle 113. What is found inside lysosomes? 114. Lysosomes break down ___________, ___________, and ______________________. 115. _______________ is programmed cell death. Which organelle is programmed TRANS for this destruction? Autolysis 116. What happens during apoptosis? The lysosme releases acidic enzymes to break down and recycle cell parts. 117. Digestion is the function of what organelle? Lysosome 118. Both cilia and flagella function in ___________________ moving cells, in moving fluids, or in small particles and are made of __________________. microtubules 119. What is the microtubule arrangement of cilia? Include a sketch. 9+2 arrangement 8 120. Give 3 functions for cilia and flagella. A. Moving cells B. Moving fluids C. moving small particles across the cell surface 121. Compare the number and length of cilia with that of flagella. Cilia is shorter and more common, while flagella is longer but there is typically 1-3 on cells. 122. Give an example of a body system that would use cilia for moving materials away from cells. Respiratory 123. ______________ Vacuoles are fluid-filled sacs for ______________. storage 124. Do animal cells have vacuoles? Explain. Yes, but they are small or absent in animal cells 125. Plants have a large ______________ permanent vacuole that takes up most of the room inside a plant cell. 126. Do bacterial cells have vacuoles? No 127. Where is cell sap found inside plants? The Vacuole 128. What is cell sap made of? Sugars, proteins, minerals, lipids, wastes, salts, water, and enzymes. 129. What organisms contain contractile vacuoles and what is their function? Protists like paramecia contain them. Their function is to regulate water intake by pumping out excess. 130. What would happen to a paramecium if the contractile vacuole STOPPED working? The cell would die as it wouldn't be able to maintain homeostasis. 131. What pigment is found inside chloroplasts? What is the function of chlorophyll? The pigment is chlorophyll. Chlorophyll absorbs sunlight. 132. Chloroplasts are found in what type of organisms? Producers 133. What serves as the ultimate energy for ALL life on earth? ENergy from the sun 9 134. Where is the energy of sunlight stored inside of sugars? Chemical bonds of sugars 135. How many membranes are around a chloroplast? Double membrane smooth 136. The outer membrane of the chloroplast is _____________, while the inner membrane is modified into sacs called ____________________. thylakoids 137. Thylakoids are in stacks called _____________ Grana that are ________________ interconnected to each other. What PIGMENT is inside the thylakoids? Chlorophyll 138. Where is the stroma? Describe it. Surrounding thylakoids. It is a gel like material 139. Chloroplasts contain their own __________ DNA like the mitochondria so they can reproduce themselves. 140. Beside pigments, what else is found inside the chloroplasts that is needed for photosynthesis? Enzymes 141. Which cells NEVER have chloroplasts --- animal, plant, bacteria, &/or fungi? Bacteria, animal, and fungi 142. Name the food making process that takes place inside of chloroplast. Photosynthesis. 143. Why are all cells about the same size? Cells are about the same size because when cells become too large to absorb nutrients they divide. 10