Cell Biology Notes PDF

CELL BIOLOGY BY: EM C. DE PERALTA AGENDA: ⚫ HISTORY OF THE CELL ⚫ CELL THEORY ⚫ CELL FUNCTIONS ⚫ CELL STRUCTURES ⚫ TYPES OF CELLS – Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells – Plant and Animal Cells HISTORY OF THE CELL THE DISCOVERY OF THE CELL WAS MADE POSSIBLE...

CELL BIOLOGY BY: EM C. DE PERALTA AGENDA: ⚫ HISTORY OF THE CELL ⚫ CELL THEORY ⚫ CELL FUNCTIONS ⚫ CELL STRUCTURES ⚫ TYPES OF CELLS – Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells – Plant and Animal Cells HISTORY OF THE CELL THE DISCOVERY OF THE CELL WAS MADE POSSIBLE THROUGH THE INVENTION OF THE MICROSCOPE BY ROBERT HOOKE IN 1665. HE USED A CORK AS SPECIMEN AND VIEWED TINY ROWS OF BOXES AND NAMED IT CELL, BECAUSE HE WAS REMINDED OF SMALL ROOMS IN THE MONASTERY KNOWN AS CELLS  Antoni van Leeuwenhoek 1674-Although lacking basic scientific training, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek is credited with inventing the precursor to the modern microscope. Leeuwenhoek was the first to document the structure of red blood corpuscles and the nature of the circulatory system. In addition to describing animalcules (protozoans and bacteria), Leeuwenhoek also accurately described the life cycles of many types of insects. Microsoft ® Encarta ® Encyclopedia 2002. © 1993- 2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. OTHER IMPORTANT FACTS… ▪ 1665 – two physicians, Marcelo Malpighi in Italy and Hooke’s compatriot Nehemiah Grew in England along with Anton van Leeuwenhoek, reported the organization of cells in a variety of plant tissues. ▪ 1809 – Jean Baptiste de Lamarck, French biologist, concluded that all life forms are composed of cellular tissues. ▪ 1824 – Rene J.H. Dutrochet of France, reinforced the findings of Lamarck. ▪ 1831 – Robert Brown, (Scottish Botanist) discovered that all cells contain a relatively large body which he called the NUCLEUS. ▪ Shortly thereafter, Matthias Schleiden, a German botanist, observed a smaller body within the nucleus that he called the NUCLEOLUS. ▪ 1835 – Felix Dujardin, (French biologist) found out that living cells contain an internal substance which he called SARCODE. ▪ Jan Evangelista Purkinje (Bohemian physiologist), made a thorough investigation of the internal material which he later called it PROTOPLASM.  ▪ 1838-1839 Matthias THE CELL Schleiden & Theodor Schwann developed the THEORY CELL THEORY ▪ 1858 Rudolf Virchow added one statement on the cell theory 1.All living things are made up of cells. 2.Cells come from pre-existing cell. 3.Cells are the basic units of structure and functions of all organisms. CELL DISCOVERY TIMELINE THE CELL FUNCTIONS REPRO- DUCTION RESPIRATION MOVEMENT THE CELL EXCRETION DIGESTION SECRETION NUTRITION NUTRITION IT THE PROCESS BY WHICH CELLS OBTAIN FOOD MOLECULES TO SUPPORT THEIR OTHER ACTIVITIES. DIGESTION THE PROCESS OF BY WHICH FOOD PARTICLES ARE BROKEN DOWN INTO SMALLER, SOLUBLE UNITS SUITABLE FOR CELL USE WITH THE HELP OF ENZYMES. ABSORPTION THE PROCESS BY WHICH CELLS ABSORB WATER, MINERALS, AND OTHER MATERIALS ESSENTIAL TO LIFE FROM THEIR ENVIRONMENT. BIOSYNTHESIS THE PROCESS BY WHICH ALL CELLS ORGANIZE COMPLEX CHEMICALS FROM SIMPLE BUILDING UNITS OR SUBSTANCES. FOR EXAMPLE, ALL LIVING CELLS SYNTHESIZE AMINO ACIDS TO PRODUCE PROTEINS. EXCRETION THE PROCESS BY WHICH BY- PRODUCTS OF ALL CELL ACTIVITIES WHICH ARE NOT NEEDED FOR FURTHER CELL FUNCTIONING ARE ELIMINATED. EGESTION THE PROCESS BY WHICH INSOLUBLE, NONDIGESTED PARTICLES ARE ELIMINATED BY THE CELL. THESE EGESTED PARTICLES HAVE NOT BEEN A PART OF ANY CELLULAR METABOLISM. SECRETION THE PROCESS BY WHICH SUBSTANCES THAT ARE SYNTHESIZED BY THE CELLS ARE EXPELLED FROM THE MEMBRANE. THE ELIMINATION PROCESS AND EXTRACELLULAR ACTIVITIES HELP IN THE FUNCTIONING OF THE BODY. HORMONES, AND ENZYMES ARE EXAMPLES OF SECRETED SUBSTANCES. MOVEMENT A PROCESS WHICH INCLUDES THE LOCOMOTION OF CELLS BY MEANS OF SPECIAL STRUCTURES LIKE CILIA OR FLAGELLA. IRRITABILITY/EXCITIBILITY THE PROCESS BY WHICH CELLS RESPOND OR REACT TO EXTERNAL FACTORS OR CONDITIONS AROUND THEM. CELLS CAN ALTER THEIR FUNCTIONS IN RESPONSE TO CHANGES IN THEIR ENVIRONMENT. RESPIRATION THE PROCESS OF BREAKING DOWN FOOD MOLECULES INTO CHEMICAL ENERGY NEEDED BY ALL CELLS IN ORDER TO FUNCTION. REPRODUCTION A PROCESS BY WHICH A CELL COPIES OR REPLICATES ITS DNA AND INCREASES ITS NUMBER BY CELL DIVISION. IN REPRODUCTION, CELLS GIVE RISE TO NEW CELLS. AS A RESULT, ORGANISMS GROW. DINOFLAGELLATE RED BLOOD CELLS THE CELL STRUCTURE PLANT CELLS SPIROCHETE