History and Culture of Britain Lecture 6: The Plantagenets part 1 - PDF

1 HISTORY AND CULTURE OF BRITAIN Lecture 6: The Plantagenets part 1  2 From the House of Normandy to the early Plantagenets William the Conqueror (1066-87): William Rufus (1087-1100) Hen...

1 HISTORY AND CULTURE OF BRITAIN Lecture 6: The Plantagenets part 1  2 From the House of Normandy to the early Plantagenets William the Conqueror (1066-87): William Rufus (1087-1100) Henry I (1100-1135):  William (died)  Matilda disputed succession between Stephen (Henry’s nephew) and Matilda. anarchy during the reign of Stephen de Blois (1135 – 1154) Finally, the son of Matilda and Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, crowned as Henry A 12th century Plantagenet, Henry II (reign: portrayal of Henry and his mother 1154 – 1189) Matilda  3 The early Plantagenets (House of Anjou): Henry II Henry II: French, from Anjou (central France) married to Eleanor of Aquitane throuh his marriage gained vast territories ruled both England and western France, up to the Pyrenees (England was his largest province) 4  5 Henry's claims over lands in France (in orange and yellow) at their peak  6 The early Plantagenets: Henry II Changes: 1. Knights were no longer called out to feudal military service (which was possible only for 40 days) Instead “shield-money” and mercenaries were introduced Some knights became mercenaries themselves Other knights lost interest in warfare altogether, turning instead to agriculture: predecessors of English country gentlemen  7 The early Plantagenets: Henry II 2. primogeniture adopted for land: all goes to the eldest son (the younger sons were sent to Europe to seek fortunes). growth of a leisured class – the lords’ wealth increased, they could spend the surplus on comforts and amenities in manor- houses, on arts and minstrels in the hall the wealth of the feudal class caused the rise of towns (middle class: manufacture and trade)  8 The early Plantagenets: Henry II Henry II’s conflict with Thomas Beckett: 1164: the Constitutions of Clarendon which aimed to: - subject churchmen to royal courts, - forbid the church to excommunicate people without king’s permission - forbid the clergy to appeal to Rome. Henry appointed Thomas Beckett Archbishop of Canterbury, to have control over the church through him. Becket refused to accept the Constitutions and excommunicated the king’s anti-Rome supporters.  9 MURDER IN CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL 29 December, 1170  10 The early Plantagenets: Henry II Three years later, on Ash Wednesday, 1173, the Archbishop was canonized by Pope Alexander III Becket became a martyr; pilgrimages to Canterbury began Fuelled literary imagination: for example Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, (1387), T.S. Eliot: Murder in the Cathedral (1935)  11 The early Plantagenets: Henry II Henry’s legacy: 1. a quiet re-confirmation of Rome’s power 2. legal reform: Old Anglo-Danish tradition of Common Law, not Roman Law, recognised as a basis for legal system abolished barbarous methods of trial: “compurgation” (person who was accused of crime could bring friends and family to support his oath), “trial by ordeal” by hot iron (originally pagan but later performed by priests), instead: he introduced trial by jury: established the Central Court of Justice and the Appeal Court precedents 3. development of strong monarchy 4. consolidated feudalism (primogeniture)  12 The Crusades Crusades – religious wars fought by Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslims (11-13th c.). 1095: Pope Urban II proclaimed the First crusade: thousands decided to join an expedition aimed at recovering Jerusalem 14th-century miniature from William of Tyre's Histoire d'Outremer of a battle during the Second Crusade, National Library of France  13 The First Crusade The First Crusade (1095-1099) with little involvement of the English  14 The Second Crusade The Second Crusade (1147-1149)  15 The Third Crusade (1189-1192) Richard Coeur de Lion (1157 – 1199) (the Lionheart) reigned 1189 - 1199 legend made Richard a model of chivalry (Scott’s Ivanhoe)  16 The Crusades Richard Coeur de Lion: not a successful king: negligent, absent; imposed heavy taxation fought in the Holy Land (1190- 92) but on his way back was imprisoned near Vienna; high ransom had to be paid for him soon left England again and died wounded a few years later during his reign (1189-1199) he spent only six months in England (Aug.-Dec. 1189 & March-May 1194)  17 John king of England (1199- 1216) His brother John became Richard’s successor: not a successful king, his reign: the time of the movement of constitutional resistance; first only demands of the Barons, then also all classes  18 John Lackland war with the French king Philip II led to the loss of Normandy; by 1206: the Channel Islands were the only inheritance of the Norman kings in English hands it resulted in gradual loss of connections with France King John needed money for his unsuccessful attempts to defend his French inheritance against the rising power of kings of France: raised taxes.  19 King John: Magna Carta 1215: the Barons, the bishops (led by Archbishop Stephen Langton) and the thanes combined and forced king John to sign Magna Carta Libertatum (the Great Charter of Liberties), considered to be the first document of the Constitution: 1. it gave the church freedom of electing bishops 2. the barons and the towns were granted participation in fixing the amount of taxes 3. no freeman could be imprisoned (or persecuted) unless tried by his peers and found guilty – individual liberty 4. a council of 25 barons was to be appointed to see that the points of charter were obeyed  20 Magna Charta Libertatum  History and Culture of Britain LEC TUR E 7 : THE PLANTAGENETS part 2  Henry III: Provisions of Oxford King John was succeeded by Henry III, associated with: “The struggle for the Charter” – a period of civil war and constitution -making 1258: a group of barons led by Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, forced Henry III to accept a new form of government: power: placed in the hands of a council of 15 members who were to supervise ministerial appointments, local administration and the custody of royal castles. Parliament, which was to meet 3 times a year, would monitor the performance of this council 2 Provisions of Oxford written in French, Latin and English. Henry III broke the agreement in 1261 – civil war broke out. Simon de Montfort: his army defeated the royal forces at the Battle of Lewes in 1264. In 1265 he became the leader of the Parliament: it summoned not only knights but also representatives from other social classes → beginning of the idea of the Commons. killed in Battle of Evesham in 1265, soon his short-lived Parliament dissolved 3  The House of Plantagenet Henry II: the first Plantagenet king; the murder of Thomas Beckett Richard I: Richard Coeur de Lion, the Crusade King John Lackland: Magna Carta, 1215 Henry III: Provisions of Oxford 1258; Civil war with Simon de Montfort when the King breaks the agreements Edward I; Edward II; Edward III 4 Edwardian Times Edward I (1272-1307, b.1229), Edward II, Edward III Four new institutions were born during their reign: 1. Parliament 2. Universities 3. Orders of friars (travelling monks) 4. Lawyers incorporated in the Inns of Court 5 1. Parliament English Parliament – result of a gradual development During the times of the three Edwards who followed Henry III the Parliament acquired something like the present form After the experiences of de Montfort’s rebellion, Edward I: treated frequent national gatherings as the essence of government wanted to keep in touch with the life of the governed representative knights of the shire and burgesses (a citizen of a borough) from the towns to Parliament were needed to give consent to taxation 6 1. Parliament Around 1295 Edward I accepted: “Model Parliament” (“the complete image of the nation”): barons, bishops, 2 knights from each county, 2 citizens from each city. at first this pariament is not divided into 2 houses the motto: “no taxation without representation” purposes: to collect money for wars, to check the errors of local officials yet, the beginning of the move from the pope to ‘the people.’ 7  2. Universities The importance of the church in the sphere of education in the early Middle Ages Later: universities as we know them was the invention of Middle Ages Bologna (1088), Paris (1150), Padua (1222), Cracow (1364) Universities spread in Europe in 12th & 13th centuries. 8 2. Universities Partly because of the trouble between Henry II and the king of France, English students were forbidden by the king to study at the University of Paris (1167); they founded a university at Oxford (exact date unknown). However, following the murder of two students accused of rape in 1209, the University was disbanded (leading to the foundation of the University of Cambridge). In 1214 the University returned to Oxford. Scottish people went to study to Paris & Padua until they founded their own university at St. Andrews (1410), later Glasgow, Aberdeen, Edinburgh. 9 2. Universities Medieval Oxford and Cambridge were not for the upper classes – barons & knights considered themselves „above” this education A typical student: middle-class; a yeomen (a farmer who owned land), craftsmen, tradesmen; he studied from the age of 14 to 21. University education opened the path to promotion in the church, civil service, administration, medicine, architecture, law. The organization of Universities depended on Colleges. 10  3. Friars came from the continent in the 13th c. two orders: Dominicans & Franciscans: great religious revival among the poor before the friars, religion was addressed to more well-off, esp. sacraments; friars made them more available. in theory, friars were not allowed to hold any property; in practice, they had some libraries and churches; with time amassed immense property 14th c.: considered enemies by the parish churches. 11 Attitudes towards the Jews Jews came to England after William the Conqueror; the king & barons needed them to borrow money (usury: a practice of lending money at a high interest); this practice was forbidden by the Christian church anti-Semitic prejudice Edward I: 1275 law forbidding the Jews from usury; 1290 expulsion of the Jews Money-lending business passed into the hands of the Flemish and Italians 12 4. Legal reform Edward I: called “the English Justinian” his civil legislation amended the unwritten common law, remained for centuries as the basic statute law passed many Statutes through his Parliament; responsible for defining the law courts; Law began to emerge as a profession; courts of Common Law mere manned by secular people, a new class of people, educated at universities 13 4. Legal reform universities developed Colleges; the lawyers built their Inns of Court; grouped their halls, libraries and dwelling places in one place, halfway between the commercial the political centre of London 14  History and Culture of Britain LEC TUR E 8 : IRELAND, WALES AND SCOTLAND 1  Ireland Beginnings of Christianity: St. Patrick’s mission around mid-5th-century Monasticism: St. Columba active in Scotland and in Anglo-Saxon England Lindisfarne Gospels The Book of Kells (the Book of Columba) 2 The Book of Kells is housed in the Old Library, Trinity College Dublin 3  Ireland The invasions of the Vikings & the Danes (from around 790s) conquered some land and founded ports (e.g. Dublin, Cork, Limerick, Waterford, Wexford) 4  Ireland Viking invasions: interrupted the golden age of Christian Irish culture and marked the beginning of two hundred years of intermittent warfare 5  Ireland Christian propaganda emerged in England: the Irish, not controlled by the Pope, were depicted as savages 1155: Adrian IV (the only English Pope) gave Henry II the right to conquer Ireland – to bring it to Roman Christianity 1169: the Norman invasion of Ireland began Henry II was too busy on the continent, so the conquest was begun by private adventurers led by Richard de Clare, Earl of Pembroke, nicknamed Strongbow (from Wales) 1171: Henry II landed with a large fleet negative stereotyping of the Irish: the Norman chronicler Giraldus Cambrensis (Gerald of Wales) … although they are richly endowed with the gifts of nature, their want of civilisation, shown both in their dress and mental culture makes them a barbarous people. For they wear but little woollen, and nearly all they use is black, that being the colour of the sheep in all this country. Their clothes are also made after a barbarous fashion. 6  Ireland during the Reign of Henry II: the conquest continued slowly but effectively Anglo-Norman rule in Ireland: the building of stone castles Trim Castle Kilkenny Castle 7  Ireland 13th century: the natives: weak, not united; lived in tribes the policy of the English Kings: to weaken the power of the Norman Lords in Ireland 8  Ireland 1348: Black Death the English and Norman inhabitants suffered more than the native Irish considerable shrinking of the English-controlled territory 9 Ireland the presence of the English: prevented the forming of a state; the claims of the English kings prevented the union of the country under Anglo-Irish barons; there was no strong national unity among the Irish; 15th century: unsuccessful attempts to form an independent government in Ireland England: was too weak to conquer and govern Ireland but strong enough to prevent her from governing herself 10 Wales not conquered by the Anglo-Saxons “Marcher Lords”: Norman-English barons who held lands on the Welsh borders and in Wales, formed a barrier between Norman England and the warlike Welsh had their own private armies 11 Wales Anglo-Norman Marcher Lords (territories held by them are marked red on the map) meant progress: permanent houses, market-towns, etc. the remaining Welsh were tribal, pastoral people. the Welsh had: distinct language, customs and laws. 12 Wales Early 13th c.: Welsh national revival: some territories were re- conquered from Marcher Lords – forces led by Llewelyn princes. Edward I defeated the Welsh (peace treaty signed in 1284); in 1301 he gave to his son the title of Prince of Wales (Principality established). The principality was part of Wales (and it retained some Welsh customs) the rest were territories of Anglo-Norman Marcher Lords, the "March of Wales" which remained outside of the Principality 13 Wales In 14th & 15th c. Wales saw many tribal feuds, wars meant to reconquer Wales by the Welsh, as well as wars between Marcher Lords. Henry VIII: Acts of Union of 1536-43 Wales became a full part of the Kingdom of England; English legal system and English administration introduced English became the official language 14  Scotland before 10th c. Scotland – a Celtic Kingdom, bordering with Anglo-Saxon England. one state after the union of the Picts & the Scots under Kenneth MacAlpin (844). Lothian (northern part of Saxon Northumbria, south of Edinburgh) integrated with Scotland, as a result of the dissolution of Northumbria (1018). Lothian: a rich agricultural land with rock-fortress of Edinburgh, helped develop feudal system of Anglo- Norman monarchy of Scotland (English language adopted). 15  Scotland Malcolm III and Margaret (1058-93) a period of English influence, esp. after the battle of Hastings. David I: Norman feudal monarchy, disputed territories on the border with England 12th & 13th c. development of the church flourishing of architecture the old Celtic tribal organization shrank, concentrating only in the northern highlands. 16  Scotland Late 13th century: after the death of Alexander III dispute over the Scottish throne began; 1296: Edward I pronounced himself King of Scotland Stone of Scone [ˈskuːn] removed to Westminster Abbey 1297: an uprising with William Wallace as a leader Scottish aristocracy supported the English king support for Wallace: among peasants & small gentry guerrilla war 17  Scotland Mel Gibson’s Braveheart (1995) depicts with the struggle of William Wallace against King Edward I of England In the end he was captured, tried, stripped naked, dragged through the city of London. Finally, he was strangled by hanging, but released while he was still alive, emasculated, eviscerated and his bowels burned before him, beheaded, then quartered 18  Scotland Robert the Bruce, King of Scots from 1306 until his death in 1329 victory of Bannockburn (1314) – finally gave Scotland independence. poor country of feudal anarchy, private wars, corrupt Church, no flourishing cities and weak institutions. film: Outlaw King (2018) 19  1 HISTORY AND CULTURE OF BRITAIN Lecture 9: The Hunded Years’ War The Black Death The Peasants’ Revolt Lollardy  2 The Hundred Years’ War After Norman conquest: England – a rising power: strong monarchy French possessions: The Plantagenets: Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine: large territories in France John Lackland lost all these French possessions with the exception of the Channel Islands 1337: Edward III declared war on France to regain territories lost under king John: the beginning of The Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453)  3 The Hundred Years’ War Reasons: 1. Genealogical 2. France supported Scotland’s resistance to Edward III 3. Economic English merchants were more willing to support an army to fight in rich France than poor Scotland it was a national matter, supported by Parliament France was at that time a loose alliance of lords, not a monolithic nation state  4 The Hundred Years’ War England’s advantage: better social organization the French peasant serfs were strongly exploited and often rebelled; the English had a larger proportion of freemen, from whom Edward organized a trained army.  5 The Hundred Years’ War The 14th c.: the age of the longbow as a preferred weapon, practised by the English since early years Edward III banned other sports: handball, football, hockey infantry  6 The Hundred Years’ War The French were defeated: at Crécy (1346): 12,000 English against 30-40,000 French; at Poitiers (1356) In both battles, the English were led by Edward, the Black Prince (Edward III’s son)  7 Black Death 1347-51  8 Black Death In England from 1348: in 16 months the population fell from 4 million to 2.5 million. The war in France was not stopped. The Dance of Death, Nuremberg Chronicle, by Hartmann Schedel (1440-1514)  9 Black Death Economic consequences: rise in the value of labour force free labourers demanded more for their work, villeins requested full freedom no people to work on their farmland the Parliament passed the Statute of Labourers (1351): set maximum wages at the levels of the pre-Black Death years.  10 Richard II Richard II (reigned: 1377-99) born in 1367, succeeded to the throne at the age of ten when his father, Edward, the Black Prince. Government was in the hands of a series of councils. Richard’s uncle, John of Gaunt became very influential  11 The Peasants’ Revolt (1381) result of the social tension caused by the adjustments needed after the epidemic first great popular rebellion in English history. direct cause: the imposition of the poll tax for the war in France free labourers went on strike, villeins often left their land, the leaders of the revolt: John Ball (a priest) and Wat Tyler.  12 The Peasants’ Revolt The peasants organized into an army and marched on London. King Richard II and the Mayor of London gave them a lot of promises. Wat Tyler: treacherously killed After the rebels dispersed, the promises were never kept, and the participants of the revolt were persecuted.  13 Wat Tyler’s death Richard II watches Wat Tyler's death and addresses the peasants in the background 1381 Peasants’ Revolt: London's Mayor, Walworth, kills Wat Tyler.  14 Emancipation of the villeins very important for the later process of emancipation of the villeins, who mostly bought their freedom; the process took place in the 15th c. and finished under the Tudors. the emancipated villein changed into a small farmer called yeoman (the emerging social stratum of land-owning commoners). the emancipation gave basis for modern economy, growth of trade, manufacture and colonization.  15 Situation in the Church 14th and 15th centuries: saw the loss of moral and intellectual leadership of the Church; unfair distribution of ecclesiastical wealth among priests choosing Pope’s favourites, often from foreign countries, to occupy main posts in the church sale of pardons and relics persecution: an integral part of medieval Christianity the church in England was in no position to reform itself – all officials were subject not to English bishops but directly to Rome.  16 John Wycliffe Dissatisfaction with the institution of the church: basis for the movement started by John Wycliffe, an Oxford don. the movement he started was called Lollardy. Wycliffe found a theoretic basis for denying the Papal authority: “theory of dominion” – the Pope’s power was derived from caesars of Rome, not from Christ and Peter; he equated the pope with Antichrist Wycliffe was involved in politics, in the contest between the state and the church; he demanded the service in English and in 1382 produced the first full English translation of the Bible.  17 Lollardy Wycliffe was charged with heresy considered the precursor of the Protestant Reformation; 1401: the first English statute was passed for the burning of heretics 1500 a Lollard revival began, and Lollard tradition facilitated the spread of Protestantism in England  1 HISTORY AND CULTURE OF BRITAIN Lecture 10: The Hundred Years’ War Wars of the Roses  2 Richard II → Henry IV Richard II (the son of Edward the Black Prince, grandson of Edward III, inherited the throne as a young boy, the government was in the hands of a series of councils, Richard’s uncle, John of Gaunt, was especially influential) 1399: John of Gaunt’s son, Henry of Bolingbroke (Richard’s cousin), deposed Richard and was crowned as Henry IV (1399). Henry IV, a manuscript Richard II died in captivity in 1400 illumination from Jean Froissart's Chronicles, This opens the period of the Lancasters on 15th century the English throne (descendants of John of Gaunt), and of the Yorks (descendants of the Duke of York, Gaunt’s brother). 3  4 Henry V → Henry VI Henry IV’s son: Henry V (1413–22) revived Edward III’s claims to the French crown. victory at Agincourt (1415): 5,900 English against 35,000 French (!) Henry V 1420: Henry V was acknowledged heir to the French Crown by the Treaty of Henry VI Troyes, but the French king’s son didn’t agree 1422 Henry V died, leaving his inheritance to his son, Henry VI (1422- 61, 1470-71)  5 The Hundred Years’ War Jeanne d’Arc (1412-1431) (Joan of Arc, nicknamed ‘The Maid of Orléans’), a 17-year-old shepherdess who claimed to hear the voice of God. the uncrowned King Charles VII sent Joan to the siege of Orléans (1429). the French victory at Orléans was a major turning point for the French in the Hundred Years’ War. Joan of Arc, painted between 1450 and 1500 Centre Historique des Archives Nationales, Paris  6 The Hundred Years’ War Jeanne d’Arc was captured by the Burgundians and turned over to the English, who found her innocent of witchcraft but guilty of schism (going against the Papacy and Church dogma by following the voice of God directly), and executed her. Later: more victories of the French, but it took them more than 20 years to drive the English away. Entrance of Joan of Arc into Reims in 1429, painting by Jan Matejko (1886)  7 The Hundred Years’ War Results of the war: gaining the port of Calais for 100 years after the war; growth of national self-consciousness; new patriotic feeling raised as racial hatred against the French grew 1362 (six years after Poitiers): a statute was passed through the Parliament that all judgements of English courts should be given in English & Latin (to replace French); English became the language taught at schools to the upper class; it prepared the way for English-tongue literature: Chaucer, Shakespeare, Milton.  8 Parliamentary development The Hundred Years’ War (1337 - 1453): Parliament’s agreement was needed to support taxation, result: increase in its powers Parliament in medieval England o 1. voted taxes; o 2. made laws (statutes); o 3. had a judiciary function: “the High Court of Parliament” The king: was subject to law and was not an absolute monarch. 1399 (the overthrow of Richard II by Henry of Bolingbroke and the beginning of the Lancasterian period with Henry IV) gave more powers to the two Houses of Parliament: the Lancaster kings ruled by Parliamentary title; the powers & privileges of both Houses had to be respected.  9 Parliamentary development 1422: premature death of Henry V his son, Henry VI (1421-1471) becomes king at infancy - The Council – falls into the hands of the nobles; - England - ruled by regency government until Henry was 16.  10 Henry VI (1422-61, 1470-71) Henry VI (1421-1471): unable to rule in his own right until 1437 1445: married Margaret of Anjou 1450 – 1461: suffered two bouts of mental illness. Richard, 3rd Duke of York, ruled the kingdom as protector.  11 Henry VI c. All Souls College, Oxford Henry VI founded: a. Eton College b. King's College, Cambridge  12 Henry VI (1422-61, 1470-71) his power was taken by his strong wife Margaret of Anjou The nobles fell into 2 groups: one supported the House of Lancaster; the other, the House of York result: the Wars of the Roses 13  14 Wars of the Roses The Wars of the Roses: civil war fought over the throne of England between the House of Lancaster and the House of York, both branches of the Plantagenet royal house. The badges chosen by the two houses: - the Red Rose of Lancaster and - the White Rose of York. Cause of the conflict: struggle for power, wealth and the Crown.  15 Wars of the Roses on each side: a group of great nobles changing the sides / remaining neutral: very popular although society suffered little (trade went on as before), the fighting nobles were savage in their treatment of one another. for some time the war was between the Lancastrian Henry VI, or rather his wife, Margaret, and the Yorkist Edward, the son of Richard, 3rd Duke of York.  16 Wars of the Roses Henry VI: deposed in 1461 after the Battle of Towton by Edward, who crowned hismelf as Edward IV, the Battle of Towton: reputedly the bloodiest battle ever fought on English soil Henry VI: captured and imprisoned in the Tower of London. 1470: briefly restored to the throne 1471: Henry VI’s son was killed in the Battle of Tewkesbury Edward IV (House of York) re-crowned the morning following Henry's death. - died suddenly in 1483, - political & dynastic turmoil erupted again - his heir, Edward V, was only 12 years old.  17 Wars of the Roses Edward V and his brother Richard - kept in the Tower of London by their uncle, Richard (the brother of Edward IV) Parliament - gave the throne to Richard And in 1483 he was crowned as Richard III (also York).  18 Wars of the Roses The “Princes in the Tower” Edward, 12, and Richard, 9 disappeared and were possibly murdered (though the mystery was never solved). The Two Princes Edward and Richard in the Tower, 1483 by John Everett Millais, 1878  19 Wars of the Roses Lancastrian hopes - centred on Henry Tudor, whose father had been an illegitimate half- brother of Henry VI. Henry Tudor’s forces defeated Richard’s at the Battle of Bosworth Field (1485). Henry Tudor became King Henry VII of England.  20 WARS OF THE ROSES white rose red rose the Tudor rose (House of York) (House of Lancaster)  1 HISTORY AND CULTURE OF BRITAIN Lecture 11: The Tudors: Henry VII and Henry VIII  2 Wars of the Roses Henry hired chroniclers to portray his reign favourably; the Battle of Bosworth was popularized to represent the Tudor dynasty as the start of a new age Shakespeare’s play Richard III (“A horse, a horse! My kingdom for a horse!”) Henry married Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV and the best surviving Yorkist claimant  3 The Tudors Henry VII: - made the nation wealthy - kept England out of wars - kept no standing army; - preserved old medieval institutions (King’s Council, Parliament, Common Law, Justices of the Peace, jury) but made them instruments of royal power  4 The Tudors The centre of new constitutional power: King’s Council (Privy Council). Members of Privy Council under Henry VII: middle-class clergy, new civil servants, after Henry VIII the clergy were replaced by lawyers, coming from the middle class but with aristocratic aspirations, devoted to the King; they had university legal education and experience from foreign travels – loyal & efficient.  5 The Tudors The Council had legislative power: indirectly – suggesting Statutes & Bills to the Parliament. - a sub-committee of its own members, for judicial matters: “Star Chamber,” the highest court in the state, - Henry VII’s chief instrument of controlling illegal riots and similar activities. - Through the Star Chamber local courts regained their independence;  6 The Tudors political changes of the Tudor rule: - limited role of aristocracy (consequence of the War of the Roses, many aristocrats died and some of their wealth was confiscated by the crown) Henry VII: closer in ideas to the new class of merchants and gentlemen farmers than to the old ideas of kingship. Medieval world is breaking up, the future lay in trade, agriculture, manufacturing, which thrived best in times of peace 7  8 The Tudors The restoration of peace & order under the Tudors: favourable for intellectual revival. Revival of Lolladry o pre-Protestant religious movement o started by John Wycliffe o anti-clerical, stress on Bible-reading  9 Renaissance in England Beginning of Renaissance: interest in Greek & Roman literature & culture; changing the medieval attitude to learning; English Renaissance was more closely connected with religion than Italian or French  10 Renaissance in England The roots of the changes to be found in 14th & 15th c.: dissolving the fabric of medieval society in England: - emancipation of villeins, - growth of London (& other cities), - rise of educated classes, - spread of cloth manufacture, - rise and then strengthening of the importance of Parliament, - adoption of English by educated classes  11 Renaissance Invention of the printing press (Johannes Gutenberg): shattering churchmen’s monopoly of learning. William Caxton: the first printing press in England (1476) the first book printed book: an edition of Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales  12 Renaissance Discovery of ocean trade routes and of America (the New World). - 1492: trying to reach the East Indies by sailing westward, Christopher Columbus landed in the Bahamas archipelago, on an island he named San Salvador  13 Renaissance The age of sea voyage: Columbus, Magellan, Amerigo Vespucci In Henry VII’s reign: the Cabots (John [Giovanni Caboto] & his son Sebastian) sailed to Labrador, Newfoundland & Nova Scotia.  14 The Tudors Henry VIII: - founded a Royal Navy, an effective fleet of royal fighting ships - Trinity House  15 Henry VIII King Henry VIII (1491 – 1547) by Hans Holbein the Younger  16 Henry VIII Henry VIII became king in 1509, at the age of 18 – because his elder brother, Arthur, had died in 1502. Henry married his late brother’s widow, Catherine of Aragon.  1 HISTORY AND CULTURE OF BRITAIN Lecture 12: The Tudors: Henry VIII  2 Henry VIII the Church – seen as corrupt, worldly, more interested in comfort and wealth than in God; immensely rich, paid taxes and allegiance to Rome, not to the King Europe: the Protestant Reformation 1518: anti-Papal revolution of Martin Luther in Germany; John Calvin’s revolt in Geneva. England: tradition of John Wycliffe and the Lollards  3 Henry VIII wanted the church in England to obey him, not the Pope, yet, he was critical of Luther’s teaching. 1521: Henry VIII wrote a theological treatise The Defence of the Seven Sacraments, in which he defended the sacramental nature of marriage, the supremacy of the Pope, and accused Martin Luther of heresy. was given the title “Fidei defensor” (Defender of the Faith) by Pope Leo X in 1521, later revoked by Pope Paul III in 1530 when Henry was excommunicated.  4 Henry VIII – Fidei Defensor 5  6 Henry VIII Personal reasons for Henry’s break with Rome: Catherine of Aragon: married Henry in 1509; by 1526, Henry and Catherine had only one surviving child, Princess Mary Henry desperately wanted to secure the throne to a male heir to avoid conflicts; determined to marry Anne Boleyn, his court mistress. legal basis for Henry’s claim for divorce: Henry’s marriage with Catherine had been founded on the Pope’s dispensation to marry his brother’s widow. Henry insisted to consider the Pope’s decision illegitimate  7 Henry VIII Catherine of Aragon: the daughter of the powerful Isabella, Queen of Castile, and Ferdinand II of Aragon, the aunt of Charles V, king of Spain The Pope did not want to grant a divorce to the aunt of a powerful monarch  8 Reformation Cardinal Wolsey Lord Chancellor chief minister to Henry VIII gave his palace, Hampton Court, to the monarch arrested, died before being executed  9 Reformation The clergy accepted being subjected to the King they retained most of their privileges. Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy in 1534: Henry VIII was “the only supreme head in earth of the Church of England” obeying the Pope was an act of treason – punishable by death the Reformation was not a cause of a religious war in England. Henry was free to marry Anne Boleyn.  10 Reformation after the break with Rome Catholicism was still popular with ordinary people in England also Henry VIII remained loyal to his old faith the beginnings of English Reformation under Henry VIII meant Catholicism without a Pope England: Protestantism will always be different from that of Northern or Continental Europe  11 The Dissolution of the Monasteries In 1534 Henry authorized Thomas Cromwell, to “visit” all the monasteries (“Visitation of the Monasteries”). purpose: to assess their wealth result: statement that monks were “sinful” and “hypocritical sorcerers”, often leading scandalous lives. the dissolution of the monasteries: 1536-40. one of the causes of the dissolutionof the monasteries: Henry VIII badly needed money. its consequences: Church goods, including many valuable books held in the monastic libraries, were confiscated or destroyed  12 The Dissolution of the Monasteries  13 Henry VIII Religious reforms: the monarch became supreme Head of the Church of England; relic worship was forbidden, pilgrimages were discouraged: the shrine and cult of Thomas Becket was suppressed; many forms of superstition were stopped the Bible in English circulated freely and was ordered for every parish; the Ten Commandments were taught in English  14 Henry VIII and his six wives (1) Catherine of Aragon (2) Anne Boleyn one surviving daughter, Mary one surviving daughter, (Queen Mary I); divorced Elizabeth (Queen Elizabeth I); (marriage declared non-valid) accused of adultery and beheaded  15 Henry VIII and his six wives (3) Jane Seymour: died two weeks after delivering his only surviving son, Edward (the future King Edward VI) (4) Anne of Cleves: brought from Germany, found very unattractive by Henry; marriage soon annulled as not consummated;  16 Henry VIII (5) Catherine Howard (a cousin of Anne Boleyn): accused of adultery and beheaded; (6) Catherine Parr: submissive; helped Henry reconcile with his two daughters; survived.  17 Henry VIII Henry VIII’s wives: “divorced, beheaded, died, divorced, beheaded, survived” Henry died in 1547 (at the age of 55) the first English king with a modern humanist education, read and wrote English, French and Latin. had a well-stocked library. kept a considerable collection of instruments; an accomplished musician and also a composer (reputed to have King Henry VIII by Peter Isselburg written Greensleeves) National Portrait Gallery, London  18 Henry VIII Legitimate children of Henry VIII: 1. with Catherine of Aragon: daughter Mary (Queen Mary I) 2. with Anne Boleyn: daughter Elizabeth (Queen Elizabeth I) 3. with Jane Seymour: son Edward (King Edward VI)  1 HISTORY AND CULTURE OF BRITAIN Lecture 13: The Tudors: Edward VI and Mary I  1 Edward VI (1447-53) Becomes king at the age of 9 his uncle Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, appointed to serve as Lord Protector and rule the state in his name Protestant Council (made up mainly of the new nobility created by Henry VIII)  2 Edward VI Archbishop Cranmer prepared The Book of Common Prayer (1549/52) based on his translations from Latin into English; basis of anti-clerical revolution emphasised the English king is Head of the English church  3 Edward VI The Protector (Seymour) didn’t persecute Catholics allowed free discussion of religious differences Yet: He was reformist who pushed for Protestant changes in the Church of England majority of the English were not truly Protestant though they hated Catholic worldliness and riches, they didn’t trust the new religion,  4 Edward VI John Dudley, duke of Northumberland replaced Seymour gave more impetus to the Reformation returned to some of Henry VIII’s strict laws against Catholics was unpopular as a ruler  5 Lady Jane Grey Dudley planned to exclude both of Henry’s daughters from succession and put his daughter-in-law, Lady Jane Grey on the throne Edward VI died in 1553 at the age of 15 Dudley’s daughter-in-law, Lady Jane Grey and King Edward’s changed will  6 The Nine Days’ Queen The Execution of Lady Jane Grey, Paul Delaroche, 1833. National Portrait Gallery, London  7 Mary I (1553-58) Mary Tudor, the daughter of Catherine of Aragon, brought up Catholic became queen in 1553 at the age of 37. supported by many common English people who, actually, had begun to hate the greed of the new Protestant nobles. Protestantism was associated with violence, robbing the churches, destroying monasteries, etc.  8 Mary I decided to marry her cousin, Philip II of Spain asked Parliament for their opinion on her engagement to Philip Parliament agreed on condition that Philip would be king only for Mary’s lifetime. There were protests in the country: Thomas Wyatt’s rebellion 9  10 Mary I Philip persuaded Mary that England should join Spain in a war against France Result: the capture of Calais by the French (the last possession on the continent, from the times of Hundred Years’ War) Calais fell to the French in January 1558 result: rising unpopularity  11 Bloody Mary In her religious zeal, Mary decided to revive the jurisdiction of the Pope over England and burnt almost 300 Protestants in five years of her reign The burning of Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury 1556, one of the many Protestant martyrs burned for heresy in the reign of Mary Tudor.  12 Bloody Mary These acts made the Catholic religion appear to the English nation as cruel, unpatriotic and foreign Such attitude prepared the people for a more Protestant England. To be Protestant was beginning to mean to be a true Englishman  13 Mary I In 1843, the Martyr’s Memorial was erected in Oxford. It commemorates the three Oxford Martyrs burned at the stake in the 16th c.: Anglican bishops Hugh Latimer and Nicholas Ridley, and Thomas Cranmer, the Archbishop of Canterbury  14 Mary I Mary’s illness died in 1558 (at the age of 42) left England in a bad condition: ill-governed, without arms and leaders, without unity and spirit, a vassal of the Spanish Empire. But she was the first woman to successfully claim the throne of England.  15 Elisabeth Tudor daughter of Henry VIII second wife, Anne Boleyn brought up Protestant; considered illegitimate, a bastard child by many after Henry VIII’s death, third in line to the throne, after Edward and Mary Renaissance England is famously a time of intrigues and murder  16 Elisabeth Philip of Spain protected Elisabeth, even though she was not Catholic. The reason: the next heir to the English throne, Mary Queen of Scots – Catholic, married to the Dauphin of France. For many years during Elisabeth’s reign the independence of “heretic” England was secured by the rivalry between two Catholic superpowers: France & Spain.  17 Elisabeth I (7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603) Queen of England and Ireland reigned from 1558 until her death in 1603. called The Virgin Queen or Gloriana, Elisabeth was the last monarch of the House of Tudor.