Podcast
Questions and Answers
What was a primary reason for Edward I's decision to include representative knights and burgesses in Parliament?
What was a primary reason for Edward I's decision to include representative knights and burgesses in Parliament?
What was the significance of the 'Model Parliament' established around 1295 during Edward I's reign?
What was the significance of the 'Model Parliament' established around 1295 during Edward I's reign?
Which of the following statements best describes the initial purpose of the 'Model Parliament'?
Which of the following statements best describes the initial purpose of the 'Model Parliament'?
What was the main reason behind the establishment of Oxford University?
What was the main reason behind the establishment of Oxford University?
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Why was the University of Oxford temporarily disbanded in 1209?
Why was the University of Oxford temporarily disbanded in 1209?
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Which social class did the students at medieval Oxford and Cambridge primarily belong to?
Which social class did the students at medieval Oxford and Cambridge primarily belong to?
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What did a typical university education open a path to?
What did a typical university education open a path to?
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What marked the start of a 200-year period of intermittent warfare in Ireland?
What marked the start of a 200-year period of intermittent warfare in Ireland?
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What was a key reason for the English Crown's intervention in Ireland, as perceived by the papacy?
What was a key reason for the English Crown's intervention in Ireland, as perceived by the papacy?
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Who initiated the Norman invasion of Ireland?
Who initiated the Norman invasion of Ireland?
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According to Giraldus Cambrensis, what is a significant indication of the Irish people's lack of civilization?
According to Giraldus Cambrensis, what is a significant indication of the Irish people's lack of civilization?
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What was a defining characteristic of Irish clothing, according to Giraldus Cambrensis?
What was a defining characteristic of Irish clothing, according to Giraldus Cambrensis?
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What does the text suggest was a consequence of the Irish not being controlled by the Pope?
What does the text suggest was a consequence of the Irish not being controlled by the Pope?
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Before the Norman invasion, what was the prevailing cultural period in Ireland?
Before the Norman invasion, what was the prevailing cultural period in Ireland?
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Which of these titles or roles did Richard de Clare have?
Which of these titles or roles did Richard de Clare have?
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What was a primary motivation of the English Pope Adrian IV's grant to Henry II regarding Ireland?
What was a primary motivation of the English Pope Adrian IV's grant to Henry II regarding Ireland?
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What specific accomplishment is attributed to William Caxton?
What specific accomplishment is attributed to William Caxton?
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What was Henry VIII's initial stance on the Pope and the Church?
What was Henry VIII's initial stance on the Pope and the Church?
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Why did Henry VIII earn the title 'Fidei defensor' and later have it revoked?
Why did Henry VIII earn the title 'Fidei defensor' and later have it revoked?
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Which of the following voyages are associated with the early explorations of the New World?
Which of the following voyages are associated with the early explorations of the New World?
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What motivated Henry VIII's desire to control the Church in England?
What motivated Henry VIII's desire to control the Church in England?
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Which royal house was NOT involved in the Wars of the Roses?
Which royal house was NOT involved in the Wars of the Roses?
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What event significantly increased the power of Parliament in 1399?
What event significantly increased the power of Parliament in 1399?
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Prior to 1437, what was the nature of Henry VI's rule?
Prior to 1437, what was the nature of Henry VI's rule?
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Which of the following best describes the political situation following Henry V’s premature death?
Which of the following best describes the political situation following Henry V’s premature death?
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Besides being the King of England, what else did Henry VI found?
Besides being the King of England, what else did Henry VI found?
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What was a key factor contributing to the outbreak of the Wars of the Roses?
What was a key factor contributing to the outbreak of the Wars of the Roses?
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Who primarily contended for power against Henry VI during the Wars of the Roses?
Who primarily contended for power against Henry VI during the Wars of the Roses?
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What was the main outcome of the Battle of Towton?
What was the main outcome of the Battle of Towton?
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Which statement best characterises the impact of the Wars of the Roses on English society?
Which statement best characterises the impact of the Wars of the Roses on English society?
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What were the symbolic badges used by the two sides in the Wars of the Roses?
What were the symbolic badges used by the two sides in the Wars of the Roses?
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How did the composition of the Privy Council change from Henry VII to Henry VIII?
How did the composition of the Privy Council change from Henry VII to Henry VIII?
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What was the primary function of the Star Chamber under the Tudors?
What was the primary function of the Star Chamber under the Tudors?
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What was a significant political shift during the Tudor rule regarding the aristocracy?
What was a significant political shift during the Tudor rule regarding the aristocracy?
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Which economic activities were favored by the peace and order established under the Tudors?
Which economic activities were favored by the peace and order established under the Tudors?
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What was the main focus of the English Renaissance in comparison with the Italian or French Renaissance?
What was the main focus of the English Renaissance in comparison with the Italian or French Renaissance?
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Which of these is considered a significant factor in the dissolving fabric of medieval society, during the 14th and 15th centuries?
Which of these is considered a significant factor in the dissolving fabric of medieval society, during the 14th and 15th centuries?
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What effect did the invention of the printing press have on learning?
What effect did the invention of the printing press have on learning?
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What was the primary religious focus of the Lollard movement?
What was the primary religious focus of the Lollard movement?
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How did Henry VII's ideas about kingship differ from those in the medieval period?
How did Henry VII's ideas about kingship differ from those in the medieval period?
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What was one consequence of the rise of educated classes during the 14th and 15th centuries?
What was one consequence of the rise of educated classes during the 14th and 15th centuries?
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Study Notes
The Plantagenets Part 1
- William the Conqueror (1066-87) reigned.
- William Rufus (1087-1100) succeeded him.
- Henry I (1100-1135) came next; William died.
- Disputed succession between Matilda and Stephen, leading to anarchy.
- Stephen de Blois reigned (1135-1154).
- Henry Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, was crowned as Henry II (reign: 1154-1189).
The Early Plantagenets (House of Anjou): Henry II
- Henry II: French, from Anjou (central France).
- Married Eleanor of Aquitane.
- Gained vast territories through marriage.
- Ruled both England and Western France, up to the Pyrenees.
- England was his largest province.
Changes during Henry II's Reign
- Knights were no longer called out to feudal military service (limited to 40 days).
- "Shield-money" introduced as a replacement.
- Some knights became mercenaries.
- Other knights turned to agriculture.
Further Changes during Henry II's Reign
- Primogeniture was adopted for land, meaning all land went to the eldest son, sending younger sons to seek fortunes elsewhere.
- Wealth of feudal lords led to the rise of towns and a middle class of merchants and traders.
Henry II's Conflict with Thomas Beckett
- The Constitutions of Clarendon (1164) aimed to subject churchmen to royal courts, forbid church excommunication without royal permission, and forbid appeals to Rome.
- Henry appointed Thomas Beckett Archbishop of Canterbury to control the Church.
- Beckett refused to accept the Constitutions and excommunicated the king's supporters resulting in unrest.
Murder of Thomas à Beckett
- Thomas à Beckett was murdered in Canterbury Cathedral on December 29, 1170.
- His death became a major event in popular consciousness, leading to pilgrimages and literary works.
The Crusades
- Religious wars fought by Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslims (11th-13th centuries).
- Pope Urban II proclaimed the First Crusade in 1095, inspiring thousands to join to recover Jerusalem.
The First Crusade
- (1095-1099) English involvement was minimal.
The Second Crusade
- (1147-1149) Crusades were fought to recover areas lost to the Muslims
### The Third Crusade
- (1189-1192) Richard Coeur de Lion (the Lionheart).
- Reigned 1189-1199, was a model for chivalry.
The Crusades (Richard Coeur de Lion)
- Not a successful king: negligent, absent; imposed heavy taxation.
- Fought in the Holy Land (1190-92).
- Imprisoned in Vienna (high ransom paid).
- Left England and died wounded several years later.
John, King of England (1199-1216)
- Brother of Richard Coeur de Lion, successor.
- Unsuccessful king; constitutional resistance emerged.
- Conflict with barons, leading to the demands of the Magna Carta.
John Lackland
- War with Philip II led to the loss of Normandy (by 1206).
- Channel Islands were the only inheritance.
- Needed money to defend French lands, and raised taxes.
King John: Magna Carta
- 1215: The barons, bishops, and thanes forced John to sign the Magna Carta.
- The first document of the Constitution: gave the church freedom of electing bishops and granted barons and towns participation in fixing tax amounts.
- No freeman could be imprisoned or persecuted unless tried by peers and found guilty.
- A council of 25 barons to ensure the charter's clauses were obeyed.
Henry III: Provisions of Oxford
- King John was succeeded by Henry III.
- Associated with “The struggle for the Charter” – a period of civil war and constitution-making.
- 1258: Barons led by Simon de Montfort forced Henry to accept this new form of government.
- Power was placed in the hands of a council of 15 members to oversee appointments, local administration, and royal castles.
- Parliament, held three times a year, to monitor the performance of the council.
Provisions of Oxford
- Written in French, Latin, and English.
- Henry III broke the agreement in 1261, leading to civil war.
- Simon de Montfort's army defeated the royal forces at the Battle of Lewes (1264).
- De Montfort became the leader of the Parliament, summoning representatives of social classes (beginning of the idea of the Commons).
- Killed at the Battle of Evesham (1265), Parliament dissolved soon after.
Edward I (1272-1307), Edward II, Edward III
- Four new institutions during their reign; Parliament, Universities, Orders of friars, Lawyers in Inns of Court.
Parliament
- Gradual development during the reigns of the three Edwards who followed Henry III.
- Edward I treated frequent national gatherings as the essence of government.
- Wanted to keep in touch with the lives of the governed.
- Representative knights, shire, and burgesses needed to give consent to taxation.
- Model Parliament (1295), barons, bishops, knights, citizens, etc. accepted; no taxation without representation.
Universities
- Church's importance in education during the early Middle Ages.
- Later, universities developed.
- Examples: Bologna (1088), Paris (1150), Padua (1222), Cracow (1364).
- Spread in Europe during the 12th and 13th centuries.
Universities (continued)
- Trouble between Henry II and the king of France forced English students to study elsewhere.
- Oxford University founded (date unknown).
- Disbanded after 1209 rape incident. Returned to Oxford in 1214.
- Scottish students studied elsewhere until St. Andrews was founded in 1410, followed by Glasgow, Aberdeen, and Edinburgh.
Universities (continued)
- Medieval Oxford and Cambridge were not for the upper classes.
- Barons and knights considered themselves above this education.
- Typical students: middle-class yeomen, craftsmen, tradesmen, studied ages 14-21.
Friars
- Came from the continent in the 13th century.
- Two orders: Dominicans & Franciscans.
- Great religious revival among the poor.
Attitudes Towards Jews
- Jews came to England after William the Conqueror.
- Barons and kings needed them to lend money.
- Usury practice disallowed by the Church.
- Edward I forbade Jews from usury (1275).
- Expulsion of Jews (1290).
- Money lending business shifted to Flemish and Italian hands.
Legal Reform
- Edward I, the English Justinian
- Civil legislation amended common law (basic statute law remained for centuries).
- Passed many statutes through Parliament.
- Defined law courts.
- Law began to be a profession; courts of Common Law manned by secular educated people at universities.
Legal Reform (continued)
- Universities developed colleges; lawyers built their Inns of Court.
- Halls, libraries, and dwelling places grouped, halfway between the commercial and political centers of London.
Ireland, Wales, and Scotland
Ireland
- Beginnings of Christianity: St. Patrick's mission (mid-5th century).
- Monasticism: St. Columba active in Scotland and Anglo-Saxon England.
- Book of Kells.
- Viking invasions (790s): conquered land, founded ports (Dublin, Cork, Limerick, Waterford, Wexford).
- Interrupted the golden age of Christian Irish culture and marked the beginning of two hundred years of intermittent warfare.
Ireland (continued)
- Christian propaganda in England depicted the Irish as savages (1155).
- Adrian IV (English Pope) gave Henry II the right to conquer Ireland.
- Norman invasion (1169) - private adventurers (Strongbow).
- Henry II landed and controlled the areas to the south and east.
- The Conquest continued slowly but effectively during the reign of Henry II.
- Building of stone castles.
Ireland (continued)
- 13th Century: the natives were weak tribes.
- English kings' policy aimed to weaken the power of Norman Lords.
- 1348: the Black Death.
- English and Norman inhabitants suffered more than the Irish.
- English-controlled territories shrank considerably.
Ireland (continued)
- 15th Century: unsuccessful attempts to create an independent government.
- England was too weak to conquer and govern Ireland but managed to prevent self-governance.
Wales
- Not conquered by the Anglo-Saxons.
- "Marcher Lords" (Norman English barons) held lands on Welsh borders and in Wales, forming a barrier.
- Had their own private armies.
Wales (continued)
- Anglo-Norman Marcher Lords' territories are marked in red on the map, indicating progress towards permanent settlements, market towns, etc.
- Remaining Welsh people were tribal and pastoral.
- Had their own distinct languages, customs, and laws.
Wales (continued)
- Early 13th century: Welsh national revival occurred; territories were reconquered from the Marcher Lords.
- Edward I defeated the Welsh (1284 peace treaty).
- 1301: Edward I gave his son the title of Prince of Wales.
- Wales established as a Principality, part of England but with some Welsh customs.
- Rest of the Welsh territories held by Anglo-Norman Marcher Lords.
- 14th and 15th centuries: tribal feuds and re-conquest occurred.
- English legal system and administration; English as the official language were introduced during Henry VIII's Acts of Union in 1536-43.
Scotland
- Before 10th century: Celtic Kingdom, bordering with Anglo-Saxon England.
- One state formed from the Picts and the Scots under Kenneth MacAlpin (844).
Scotland (continued)
- Lothian (northern part of Saxon Northumbria, south of Edinburgh).
- Part of Scotland after Northumbria's dissolution (1018).
- Rich agricultural land (helped develop feudal system of Anglo-Norman monarchy).
- English language adopted.
Scotland (continued)
- Malcolm III and Margaret (1058-93): period of English influence, especially after the Battle of Hastings.
- David I (Norman feudal monarchy, disputed territories on the border with England), 12th and 13th centuries.
- Development of the Church, flourishing of architecture, and old Celtic tribal organization shrank, concentrating in the northern highlands.
Scotland (continued)
- Late 13th century: death of Alexander III, dispute over Scottish throne.
- Edward I proclaimed himself King of Scotland (1296).
- Stone of Scone removed to Westminster Abbey.
- Uprising with William Wallace as a leader.
- Scottish aristocracy supported the English king, while peasants and small gentry supported Wallace.
- Guerrilla war.
Scotland (continued)
- Mel Gibson's Braveheart (1995) depicts William Wallace's struggle against Edward I of England, capture, trial, and execution.
Scotland (continued)
- Robert the Bruce, King of Scots (1306-1329)
- Victory of Bannockburn (1314): independence gained.
- Poor country, feudal anarchy, private wars, corrupt Church, no flourishing cities, weak institutions.
The Hundred Years' War
- After Norman conquest, England rose as a strong power.
- French possessions: Plantagenets (Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitane) had large territories.
- John Lackland lost almost all French possessions excluding Channel Islands by 1206.
- Edward III declared war on France (1337) to regain territories lost.
- Started the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453).
The Hundred Years' War (Reasons)
- Genealogical reasons (France supporting Scotland versus England).
- Economic reasons (English merchants favoring rich France over poor Scotland).
- National, supported by Parliament; France was a loose alliance of lords, not a monolithic nation-state.
The Hundred Years' War (England’s Advantage)
- Better social organization and exploitation of the French peasant serfs. English had a larger proportion of freemen to organize a trained army.
- The age of the longbow (14th century)
The Hundred Years' War (French Defeats)
- Defeat at Crécy (1346).
- 12,000 English versus 30-40,000 French.
- Defeated at Poitiers (1356).
- English were led by Edward, the Black Prince.
Black Death (1347-51)
- In England (1348-16 months).
- Population fell from 4 million to 2.5 million.
- War in France continued.
Black Death (Economic Consequences)
- Rise in the value of labor force.
- Free laborers demanded more for their work (villeins/peasants requested full freedom).
- No people to work farmlands.
- Parliament passed the Statute of Labourers (1351); maximum wages set at pre-Black Death levels.
Richard II (1377-99)
- Born 1367, succeeded the throne at age 10.
- Government was controlled by a series of councils (especially his uncle John of Gaunt's influence).
The Peasants' Revolt (1381)
- Result of social tension from post-epidemic adjustments.
- First significant popular rebellion in English History.
- Direct cause: imposed poll tax for the war in France.
- Free laborers went on strike, villeins left their lands.
- John Ball (priest) and Wat Tyler as revolt leaders.
The Peasants' Revolt (continued):
- Peasants organized into an army and marched on London.
- King Richard II and the Mayor of London promised them things.
- Wat Tyler treacherously killed.
- Promises not kept; participants persecuted after the rebellion dispersed (ended violently).
Wat Tyler's Death
- Part of the Peasants' Revolt (1381).
Emancipation of the Villeins
- Very important for later emancipation (mostly bought their freedom).
- Took place in the 15th century, finished under the Tudors.
- Emancipated villeins changed into small farmers (yeomen).
- Emergence of a social stratum of land-owning commoners.
- Basis for modern economy: growth of trade, manufacture, and colonization.
Situation in the Church
- 14th and 15th centuries: loss of moral and intellectual leadership.
- Unfair distribution of wealth among priests.
- Choosing the Pope's favorites (often foreign).
- Sale of pardons and relics.
John Wycliffe
- Dissatisfaction with the Church.
- Basis for the Lollardy movement.
- Challenged Papal authority, argued that Pope's power was derived from Roman Caesars, not Christ.
- Equated the Pope with the Antichrist.
- Involved in politics regarding the contest between the state and the Church.
Lollardy
- Wycliffe was charged with heresy.
- Considered to be the precursor of the Protestant Reformation.
- First Statute for burning of heretics passed in 1401.
- Lollard revival occurred around 1500, facilitated spread of Protestantism.
The Hundred Years' War (continued)
- Wars of the Roses.
Richard II → Henry IV
- Richard II was succeeded by Henry IV (1399): John of Gaunt's son, Henry Bolingbroke.
- Richard II died in captivity in 1400.
- This leads to the period of the Lancasters and the Yorks (descendants of John of Gaunt and the Duke of York).
Henry V → Henry VI
- Henry V (1413-22) revived England's claims to the French crown, winning the Battle of Agincourt (1415, 5900 English vs 35,000 French).
- In 1420, Henry V was acknowledged heir to the French Crown (Treaty of Troyes).
- Henry V died, leaving his inheritance to the son Henry VI (1422–61, 1470-71).
The Hundred Years' War (Jeanne d'Arc)
- Jeanne d'Arc (1412-1431) was a 17-year-old shepherdess who claimed to hear the voice of God.
- French victory at Orléans (1429) - significant turning point.
- Captured by Burgundians (turned over to English), found innocent of witchcraft but guilty of schism (and executed).
- Later French victories following Jeanne d'Arc's efforts, took more than 20 years to drive out the English.
The Hundred Years' War (Results)
- Gaining Calais for 100 years.
- Growing national self-consciousness in England.
- Growing Patriotic sense amongst English as racial hatred against the French grew.
- 1362 statute (six years after Poitiers) in English and Latin.
- Precursor to English literature (Chaucer, Shakespeare, Milton).
Parliamentary Development
- Hundred Years' War resulted in increase of Parliament's powers (agreement needed for taxation).
- Medieval England's Parliament: taxes, laws, judiciary function as the High Court.
- The king subject to law, not absolute monarch.
- 1399 overthrow of Richard II (Henry of Bolingbroke becomes Henry IV) increased Parliament’s authority.
- Lancaster Kings' rule based on Parliamentary title/powers of the Houses respected.
Parliamentary Development (continued)
- 1422 premature death of Henry V.
- Son, Henry VI became king in infancy — council fell into hands of nobles.
Henry VI (1422-61, 1470-71)
- Unable to rule until 1437.
- Married to Margaret of Anjou, suffered two bouts of mental illness (1450-1461).
- Richard, Duke of York, ruled as protector.
Henry VI (continued):
- Founded Eton College and King's College, Cambridge; and All Souls College, Oxford.
- Powerful wife Margaret of Anjou, led to the division of nobles into Lancaster and York groups.
Wars of the Roses
- Civil war between Lancaster and York (branches of the Plantagenet house)- power struggles (wealth and crown).
- Red Rose of Lancaster and White Rose of York chosen as badges.
- Fighting nobles highly savage in their treatment of one another.
- Some parts of the population remained neutral.
Wars of the Roses (continued):
- Henry VI deposed in 1461 after the Battle of Towton (Edward IV's victory, English soil).
- Imprisoned.
- Brief restoration in 1470, re-deposed in 1471 (Battle of Tewkesbury).
- Edward IV died suddenly in 1483 (succession crises).
- His son, a 12-year-old Edward V, was next in line; kept in the Tower of London.
- Richard III, uncle of Edward V, was crowned king, despite his brothers' disappearance and suspected murder in the Tower of London (the “Princes in the Tower”).
- Lancastrian Henry Tudor defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. Henry VII became King of England.
The Tudors: Henry VII and Henry VIII
Wars of the Roses (Conclusions)
- Chroniclers hired to portrait Henry VII's reign to portray it as the start of a new age
- Henry VII married Elizabeth of York, best surviving Yorkist.
The Tudors (Henry VII)
- Made the nation wealthy.
- Kept out of wars.
- Kept no standing army.
- Preserved old medieval institutions (King’s Council, Parliament, Common law, Justices of the Peace, jury).
The Tudors (continued: Henry VII)
- Made institutions instruments of royal power.
- Privy Council - center of new constitutional power.
- Replaced middle-class clergy with lawyers in Privy Council.
- Lawyers, loyal and efficient, university legal education and experience in foreign travel.
- Council had legislative power (suggesting statutes/bills).
- Star Chamber (highest court in the state) -controlling riots and similar activities.
- Local courts regained independence.
The Tudors (continued: Overall Political Changes)
- Limited role of aristocracy after Wars of the Roses- some wealth confiscated.
- More in tune with new class of merchants/gentlemen farmers than with old ideas of kingship.
- Future lay in trade, agriculture, manufacture (best during peace).
The Tudors (Henry VIII)
- Revival of Lollardy
- Pre-Protestant religious movement
- Started by John Wycliffe.
The Tudors: Henry VIII (continued)
- Renaissance in England: interest in Greek and Roman literature, culture; changing medieval attitude to learning; English renaissance - more closely connected with religion compared with Italian and French.
The Tudors: Henry VIII (continued)
- Renaissance roots in 14th and 15th centuries: dissolving medieval society, emancipation of villeins, growth of London, educated classes, cloth manufacture, rise & strengthening of Parliament, adoption of English within educated classes.
The Tudors: Henry VIII (continued): Printing Press
- Johannes Gutenberg's printing press - shattered churchmen's monopoly of learning.
- William Caxton developed first printing press in England (1476). First printed book: Chaucer's Canterbury Tales.
The Tudors: Henry VIII (continued): Age of Sea Voyage
- Age of sea voyages: Columbus, Magellan, Amerigo Vespucci.
- Henry VII's reign: Cabots (John Cabot and son Sebastian) voyages to Labrador, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia.
The Tudors: Henry VIII (continued)
- Henry VIII: founded a Royal Navy; effective fleet of royal fighting ships; Trinity House.
Henry VIII (Personal Life)
- Became king in 1509 at age 18.
- Previous brother, Arthur, had died.
- Married Catherine of Aragon (brother’s widow).
Henry VIII (Break With Rome)
- Saw the Church as corrupt and worldly; paid taxes and allegiance to Rome, not to the king.
- The Protestant Reformation (Martin Luther, John Calvin).
- England's Lollard tradition.
Henry VIII (continued)
- Wanted Church in England to follow him and not the Pope.
- 1521: wrote The Defence of the Seven Sacraments arguing in favor of Papal authority, marriage supremacy, criticizing Martin Luther.
- Awarded title of "Fidei Defensor" (Defender of the Faith) by Pope Leo X, later revoked by Pope Paul III after excommunication.
Henry VIII (Personal Reasons For Break)
- Catherine of Aragon (1509 marriage).
- Only one surviving child (Mary).
- Wanted male heir to avoid conflicts.
- Determined to marry Anne Boleyn.
- Henry VIII’s marriage to Catherine seen by Henry as not legitimate (founded on Pope's dispensation to marry brother's widow).
- Henry argued the Pope’s decision was illegitimate.
Henry VIII (Catherine of Aragon)
- Daughter of powerful Isabella, Queen of Castile, and Ferdinand II of Aragon
- Aunt of Charles V, King of Spain.
Reformation (Cardinal Wolsey)
- Cardinal Wolsey, Lord Chancellor, chief minister to Henry VIII, gave Hampton Court to Henry VIII.
- Arrested and died before execution.
Reformation (Reforms)
- Clergy accepted being subjected to the King, retained privileges.
- Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy (1534).
- Obeyed the Pope = treason, punishable by death.
- Reformation not a cause of religious war.
Reformation (continued)
- Catholicism still popular amongst the general populace.
- Henry VIII remained in his old faith.
- Beginnings of English Reformation under Henry VIII.
- Protestantism differed from Northern/Continental Europe.
The Dissolution of the Monasteries
- In 1534, Henry VIII authorized Thomas Cromwell to visit the monasteries.
- Purpose was to assess their wealth and record the "sinful" and "hypocritical" natures of the monks, leading scandalous lives.
- Dissolution (1536-40).
- Henry VIII badly needed money.
- Religious valuables, including books in monastic libraries, were confiscated or destroyed.
Henry VIII (Religious Reforms)
- Monarch as the head of the Church of England.
- Relic worship and pilgrimages discouraged (suppression of the shrine and cult of Thomas Becket).
- Stopped many forms of superstitious practices.
- English Bibles, and Ten Commandments, circulated.
Henry VIII and his wives
- (1) Catherine of Aragon: divorced, Mary (Queen Mary I). Marriage annulled.
- (2) Anne Boleyn: accused of adultery, beheaded, Elizabeth (Queen Elizabeth I).
- (3) Jane Seymour: died after childbirth, Edward VI (future King Edward VI).
- (4) Anne of Cleaves: found unattractive, marriage annulled
- (5) Catherine Howard: accused of adultery, beheaded.
- (6) Catherine Parr: survived, helped reconcile Henry with his daughters.
Henry VIII (continued)
- Died in 1547 (age 55).
- First English king with a modern humanist education.
- Read English, French & Latin, and had a considerable library.
- An accomplished/musical composer.
Henry VIII (Legitimate Children)
- Mary (Queen Mary I), daughter of Catherine of Aragon.
- Elizabeth (Queen Elizabeth I), daughter of Anne Boleyn.
- Edward (King Edward VI), son of Jane Seymour.
Edward VI (1547-1553)
- Became King at age 9
- Uncle Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, appointed as Lord Protector.
- Protestant Council made up mainly of new nobility created by Henry VIII.
- Archbishop Cranmer prepared the Book of Common Prayer (1549/52).
- Emphasis placed on the English king as head of the English Church.
- The Protector (Seymour) did allow religious dissent—discussion encouraged.
Edward VI (continued)
- John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland replaced Seymour and gave more impetus to Reformation, returning to some of Henry VIII's strict laws against Catholics.
- Unpopular as a ruler.
- Planned to exclude Henry's daughters, put his daughter-in-law, Lady Jane Grey on the throne.
- Edward VI died in 1553, age 15.
Lady Jane Grey
- Dudley’s daughter-in-law.
- Put on the throne by Dudley.
- Ruled for nine days before Mary I.
- Also known as the Nine Days Queen.
Mary I (1553-58)
- Daughter of Catherine of Aragon
- Brought up as a Catholic.
- Became queen in 1553 at 37.
- Supported by many common English people who disliked the richness of Protestant nobles.
Mary I (continued)
- Protestantism associated with violence.
- Robbers and destroyers of monasteries.
- Asked Parliament to approve marriage with Philip II of Spain.
- Parliament agreed only if Philip would be king for Mary's lifetime.
- Thomas Wyatt's rebellion over the arranged marriage with Philip.
- Philip persuaded Mary to join Spain in war against France.
- Calais fell to the French in 1558; this lowered popularity.
Mary I (continued)
- Bloody Mary—religious zeal led to revival of Pope's English jurisdiction.
- Burned almost 300 Protestants during her reign.
- Catholic religion appeared to the English nation as cruel, unpatriotic, and foreign.
- Prepared people for a more Protestant England (protestant was beginning to mean to be a true Englishman).
Mary I (continued)
- Martyr's Memorial in Oxford (1843) commemorates Hugh Latimer, Nicholas Ridley, and Thomas Cranmer.
- Died in 1558, age 42, leaving a dysfunctional, ill-governed state without arms, leaders, unity and spirit, and a vassal of the Spanish Empire.
Elizabeth I (1558-1603)
- Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn.
- Brought up as a Protestant but considered illegitimate.
- Third in line to the throne (after Edward and Mary).
- Tudor reign and England famously a time of intrigues and murders.
Elizabeth I (continued)
- Philip of Spain protected Elisabeth despite her not being Catholic, since the next heir, Mary Queen of Scots was Catholic, married to the Dauphin of France.
- Elizabeth's reign secured England's independence through rivalry between France and Spain.
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Test your knowledge on significant historical events in medieval England and Ireland, focusing on the establishment of the Model Parliament under Edward I, the founding of Oxford University, and the dynamics of social classes within these institutions. This quiz covers important figures and critical moments that shaped these regions during the Middle Ages.
