The Early Middle Ages PDF

THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES (McDowall, 1989˃˃ p.23-33; 41) Winter Term  THE NORMAN CONQUEST  William the Conqueror... ˃˃ accepted ?  Anglo-Saxon rebellion  Normans˃ started their destruction= no mercy  the struggle between Church and state  the kings...

THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES (McDowall, 1989˃˃ p.23-33; 41) Winter Term  THE NORMAN CONQUEST  William the Conqueror... ˃˃ accepted ?  Anglo-Saxon rebellion  Normans˃ started their destruction= no mercy  the struggle between Church and state  the kings of England˃ increase in Church power  Thomas Becket died˃ ? ˃ he tried to prevent the king from gaining more control of Church affairs  FEUDALISM  William=˃ aware of his power and strength over nobles  the farmland in England˃ half to the Norman nobles a quarter to the Church fifth for himself  Saxon system of sheriffs + local nobles  one powerful family - large number of powerful nobles  England=˃ personal property for the kings in England  English kingdom˃ feudal system (it began to develop before William´s arrival)  FEUDALISM 2  feudalism comes from French word “feu”  Normans used this word to refer to land held in return for duty or service to a lord˃ economic purpose  all land= owned by the king˃ held by “vassals” in return for services and goods  large estates to his nobles KING in return to serve him in war for up to the nobles 40 dayshad to give him part of the produce of the land the greater nobles gave part of their lands to lesser ones, knights and other “freemen” “serfs” working on the noble´s land˃ they were some freemen paid for the land by doing military little better than slaves service, others paid rent  BASIC PRINCIPLES TO FEUDALISM  every man had a lord, and every lord had land  promise ˃ vassal ˃ loyalty and sevice to his lord =˃ “homage” (part of of the coronation ceremony of British kings and queens until now)  ˃ each lord ˃ responsabilities to his vassals =˃ land and protection  W h a t d i d t h e s i t u a t i o n l o o k l i ke a f t e r l o r d ´ s d e a t h ? 1. lord´s son with the permission from the king and payment 2. lord´s son a child?˃ the king took the produce until the boy will be old enough =˃ king´s benefit  W h a t d i d t h e s i t u a t i o n l o o k l i ke a f t e r t h e d e a t h o f l o r d ´ s family? 1. the land ˃ went back to the king (the king should give it to another deserving noble; if not˃ the nobles would not fight for him)  FEUDALISM˃ ECONOMY  William˃ the land all over England to his nobles which piece of land was owned by...?  1086˃ team of people˃ a complete economic survey˃ the only research of its kind in Europe =˃ “Domesday Book”= land register  Day of Judgement= doom  KINGSHIP: A FAMILY BUSINESS  nationalism  William controlled 2 areas˃ Normandy (given by his father) ˃˃ the king of France= his lord ˃England (won in war)=˃ personal possessions ˃˃ a king with no elder son Robert lord above him WILLIAM´S he gave England to his second son- William DEATH (1028- 1087) II. known as “Rufus”younger no son- Robert´s (1056-1100) ˃ England brother Henry + Normandy the Norman nobles- CHOICE between Henry and Robert chose Henry (1068-1135)˃ invaded Normandy and captured Robert˃˃ Normandy and England- one ruler  HENRY´S SON OR DAUGHTER HENRY his only son ˃ died daughter Matilda + another great noble in France Geoffrey Plantagenet= marriag 2 possible heirs ˃ Matilda in France and Henry´s nephew Stephen of Blois in Eng Stephen won (1092/6-1154) Matilda invaded England (= Stephen) terrible civil war Matilda´s condition˃ Stephen˃ on the throne under the condition that Matilda´s son will follow him Stephen died  HENRY II. (1133-1189) HENRY II.˃ LORD OF ANJOU (he controlled a great area) he destroyed the castles which many nobles built during Stephen´s reign Henry ˃ marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine quarrel with his wife his two sons Richard and John against him his sons= duty to the king of France Henry II. died followed by his son Richard I. no son followed by his brother John˃ Henry III. (John´s son)˃ Edward I. (Henry III.´s son)  RICHARD I. ˃ “LIONHEART ” (1157-1199)  one of the most popular kings  brave, good French soldier, perfect feudal king (fought against the Muslims)  captured by the duke of Austria  shortly after Richard was killed in France  no son, followed by his brother John  JOHN (1166-1216)  3 important groups of people ˃ the nobles, the merchants and the Church  he was greedy (money for himself) ˃ very high taxes  the French king invaded Normandy and the English nobles lost their land there- John had taken their money but he had not protected their land  quarrel with the pope- who should be Archbishop to Canterbury  pope ˃ the king of France to invade England + close every church in the country  John accepted it  John wanted to recapture Normandy calling on his lords but they did not trust him  MAGNA CARTA AND THE DECLINE OF FEUDALISM (THE GREAT CHARTER)  symbol of political freedom signed by the king John  promise of the king˃ all “freemen” (most were serfs) will be protected from his officers + the right to a fair and legal trial  a real freedom?  the nobles had the only aim: to make sure John did not go beyond his rights as feudal lord  collapse of English feudalism  the king went to war, he had the right to 40 days´ fighting service from each of the lords, 40 days was not long enough fighting a war in France˃ the king was forced to pay soldiers˃ “paid fighters”˃ solidarius (Latin word for the word soldier)  many lords preferred their vassals to pay them in money rather than services  THE POWER OF THE KINGS OF ENGLAND CHURCH AND STATE  John´s reign- the end of the long struggle (money + power= authority) between the CH and S  11th and 12th century- the Church wanted to accept that its authority over spiritual and earthly affairs  a quarrel between William Rufus and Anselm (archbishop of Canterbury)  the crisis- Henry II. and his friend Thomas Beckett=˃ archbishop of Canterbury  Henry hoped˃ Thomas Beckett would help him ˃ the Church more under his control he run away to France-˃ Henry won?- 1170˃ Thomas returned to England and refused to give him a hand˃ Henry II. killed him  Thomas Beckett- the Saint of the Church  THE BEGINNINGS OF PARLIAMENT  Henry III. (1207-1272) ˃ John´s son- 9 years old, under the control of powerful nobles and tied by Magna Charta  rule for himself at the age of 25  foreign advisers  the nobles under the leadership of Simon de Montfort (1258)˃ electing a council of nobles calling a “parliament”= discussion meeting ˃ forced Henry ˃ his foreign advisers  some nobles loyal to Henry ˃ with their help Henry III. killed Simon de Montfort  after his death- his son Edward I.  EDWARD I. (1239-1307)  the first real parliament- able to make political decisions  how to increase a royal income? ˃ by paying taxes ˃ create a “representative institution” ˃ The House of Commons  unlike the House of Lords, it contained a mixture of gentry (knights and other wealthy freemen from the shires) and merchants from the towns  the beginning of the idea ˃ “no taxation without representation”  important to Britain´s later political and social development  DEALING WITH THE CELTS  extension of Norman´s control-˃ Welsh river walleys  Edward I. united west Wales with England ˃ for practical purposes= if the Welsh wanted a prince, they could have one-˃ at one ceremony Edward made his own baby Prince of Wales  the eldest son of the ruling king or queen= Prince of Wales  Henry II. ˃ Irish chiefs and Norman lords accept Henry´s lordship with the authority of the pope ˃ Irish Celtic Church under his own control  SCOTLAND  by the 11th century- only one Scottish king- south and east of Scotland  the Scottish kings- closely connected with England; since Saxon times-˃ marriages between English and Scottish royal families  Scotland followed England in creating a feudal state-˃ the Celtic society accepted it because the Normans married into the local Celtic noble families  1290- the succession to Scottish throne- 13 possible heirs, finally Edward I.  guild˃ an organization of people who do the same job or have the same interests or aims SCOTLAND 2˃ NEVER RULED BY ENGLISH KING EDWARD I. invaded Scotland, captured all the main Scottish castles he stole the sacred Stone of Destiny from Scone Abbey ˃ without it Scottish coronation would be meaningless. As a result, the Scots accepted Edward as king Scot´s resistance˃ led by William Wallace (Edward captured him) Wa ll a c e d ea t h = Sc o t t ish n a t io n a l ism Edward fought against another successor Robert Bruce Edward I. died Edward II. (1284-1327)– his son invaded Scotland in 1314 to help the last English- held castles ˃ in 1320= the Scots Bruce wouldhis destroyed never armyaccept  BIBLIOGRAPHY McDowall, D. 1989. An Illustrated History of Britain. Pearson Education Limited, Harlow: Longman. 1989. 188 p. ISBN 0-582-74914-X  ACTIVITIES FOLLOW-UP QUESTIONS 1. Student A asks the question 2. Student B answers the question 3. Student A adds a comment based on the response, and may even ask a related question 4. Student B asks a new question based on the response from student A THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION !