Study Guide 2 PDF

Study Guide 2 (Functional Diversity, Life History, Population Growth, and Demographics) This study guide provides examples for the topics that you might see on the first midterm from the lectures over functional diversity, life history, population growth, population demographics, and age structure....

Study Guide 2 (Functional Diversity, Life History, Population Growth, and Demographics) This study guide provides examples for the topics that you might see on the first midterm from the lectures over functional diversity, life history, population growth, population demographics, and age structure. This is NOT an exhaustive list of all content that might be covered on the exam. Use your notes from lecture, the lecture slides and video on Canvas, and to review all the topics that have been covered. 1. Which of the following is a trade-off for plants? a. opening stomata to release CO2 and taking in excess oxygen through open stomata b. opening stomata to release O2 and taking in excess CO2 through open stomata c. opening stomata take in CO2 and losing oxygen through open stomata d. opening stomata to take in CO2 and losing water through open stomata e. opening stomata to take in water and losing CO2 through open stomata 2. If a plant lacks water and micro-nutrients, how could it increase its ability to collect these things? a. it can allocate energy to extend its root network b. it can form a symbiotic relationship with fungi called mycorrhizae c. it can reduce the number of stomata d. A and B e. the plant will switch from being a C3 plant to become a CAM plant 3. For endotherms, panting and sweating: a. are effective ways to release heat in regions above the thermoneutral zone b. are effective ways to produce heat in regions below the thermoneutral zone c. Can only effectively regulate temperature in conditions slightly warmer than internal body temperature d. Choices A and C are both true e. Choices B and C are both true 4. Trees make growth rings each year. The size of a tree ring indicates the amount of growth in that year. Douglas Fir tree rings are smaller once a tree begins to produce cones (cones produce seeds or pollen). Why do we see this relationship between cone production and tree ring size? a. because cones are only made in dry years b. because cones are only made once the tree is older c. because trees wait to make cones until growth slows down d. all the choices are true e. because new tissue is directed to offspring production, not growth, at maturity  Sample Questions for Midterm I BIS 2B 2. Acclimation is... (3 pts) A. an evolutionary process B. the same as adaptation C. often reversible D. unimportant in nature E. a genetic difference among individuals caused by a variable environment 3. In which of these situations would a prey animal reduce the probability of detection? (3 pts) A. bison forming a circle in the presence of wolves B. birds called kildeers laying speckled eggs on beds of small stones C. brightly colored caterpillars that store toxins from the leaves they eat D. nettle plants covered in stinging hairs E. all of the choices reduce the probability of detection 4. You observe that at a certain elevation, the vegetation on the west slope of the Sierra Nevada mountains (California side) is a dense forest, whereas at an equivalent elevation east of the mountains (Nevada side) the vegetation is more desert-like. This can best be explained by…. (3 pts) A. The movement of the ITCZ. B. The rain shadow effect. C. The operation of the Hadley Cell. D. Populations having higher carrying capacities on the Nevada side. E. Wallace’s Line. 1 5. The map below shows the current distribution of Earth’s landmasses (green) and the locations in which fossils of the extinct genus Glossopteris have been found. Glossopteris seeds were large and heavy and unlikely to disperse long distances. Which of the factors below provides the best explanation for this distribution? (3 pts) A. Anthropogenic climate change B. Movement of continental plates C. Density-dependent controls D. The location of the ITCZ E. The hole in the ozone layer 6. Why is there a trade-off between adult body size and the onset (timing) of sexual reproduction? (3 pts) A. because new tissue is directed to offspring production at sexual maturity B. because large adults always make large eggs C. because large animals produce more sperm than small animals D. because if there are many offspring, they can feed the parents E. all the choices result in this trade-off 2 7. The figure below shows a species accumulation curve for small mammal species in a forest habitat in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California. Which of the following statements are supported by these data? (3 pts) A. This sampling scheme has found all the small mammal species in this area. B. More small mammal species are likely to be found if more time is spent sampling in this area. C. There are at least 100 species of small mammal in this area. D. The species here are experiencing logistic growth. E. A species-area curve would have a very different pattern of increase. 8. You are studying the diversity of ducks in two different marshes: Marsh 1 and Marsh 2. Marsh 1 and Marsh 2 both have identical species richness, but Marsh 1 has significantly higher species evenness. Which of the following statements is supported by this observation? (3 pts) A. The diversity index, D, will be higher for Marsh 1 than for Marsh 2. B. On average, species accumulation curves for both marshes will rise at identical rates. C. Marsh 1 has more species than Marsh 2. D. Marsh 1 has more individuals, in total, than Marsh 2. E. Ducks in Marsh 2 have a lower R0. 3 9. The figure below compares the body temperature of an endothermic mouse with that of an ectothermic lizard over a range of environmental temperatures. For the lizard, the relationship shown is correct: (3 pts) A. throughout the lizard’s life span B. only if the lizard is unable to change its behavior C. only if the lizard is prevented from sweating D. only if the lizard is unable to feed on seaweed E. only if the lizard stays in its burrow all day 10. If Earth’s atmosphere changes so that a greater fraction of radiation emitted from the Earth’s surface is transmitted through the atmosphere and lost into space, then… (3 pts) A. There will be less incoming solar radiation. B. The greenhouse effect will be reduced. C. The ozone layer will thicken. D. There will be no effect on global surface temperatures. E. The thermal equator will shift further North. 11. The trade-off between an organism producing a relatively large number of small eggs or a small number of larger eggs is a good example of: (3 pts) A. the way that a population’s carrying capacity influences life history B. how new tissue is directed to offspring production at maturity C. the value of adding yolk to eggs D. the principle of allocation E. the difference between endotherm and ectotherm life history strategies 12. Imagine a plot of environmental temperature versus metabolic rate for an endotherm. In general, why does metabolic rate increase at temperatures below the thermoneutral zone? (3 pts) A. the animal uses metabolic energy to cool its body B. the animal uses metabolic energy to produce heat C. the animal uses metabolic energy in panting and sweating D. the animal uses metabolic energy to pump blood to its ears E. all of the choices are true for endotherms 4 13. Which strategy to reduce water loss is present in a CAM plant? (3 pts) A. they open their stomata for long periods on cloudy days B. they have increased the number of shoots to reduce transpiration C. they have reduced the number of stomata to one or two per leaf D. they fix carbon at night and then use it during the day E. they live primarily in cold climates 14. Rhodophytes are photosynthetic algae with 4 pigments: chlorophyll A, phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, and beta-carotene. The absorbance spectrum of the pigments is show below. What color are rhodophytes? (3 pts) A. purple B. green C. yellow D. orange E. red 15. In a certain population of California newts, the net reproductive rate is 1.12 individuals. For each of the following statements, select whether they are TRUE or FALSE, based solely on this information. (2 points each, 6 points total) 15a. The intrinsic growth rate r in this population is greater than 0. TRUE FALSE 15b. The generation time is 1.12 years. TRUE FALSE 15c. No individuals are surviving to reach an age class that has positive fecundity. TRUE FALSE 5 Study Guide One Topics: Climate, Climate Change, and Biodiversity This study guide provides examples for the topics that you might see on the first midterm from the first four lectures. This is NOT an exhaustive list of all content that might be covered on the exam. Use your notes from lecture, the lecture slides and videos on Canvas, and to review all the topics that have been covered. 1. Global climate models rely on Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) that illustrate different possible future conditions. What does the number in each model’s name correspond to? (E.g., RCP 2.6 vs. 4.5 vs. 8.5) 1. The predicted sea level rise at year 2100 (in inches) comped to the year 2000 2. The predicted surface temperature increase by year 2100 (in degrees F) 3. The amount of radiative forcing (i.e., the strength of the greenhouse effect) 4. They are just random numbers 2. The greenhouse effect refers to which type electromagnetic radiation be absorbed and re-emitted toward Earth? a. Ultraviolet b. Infrared c. Visible light d. X-ray 3. What process is responsible for the difference in vegetation between the western- and eastern-facing slopes of the Sierra Nevada mountains? (Dry on the east with less vegetation, wet on the west side with more lush vegetation.) a. Rising air of the Hadley Cell b. Descending air of the Hadley Cell c. The rainshadow effect d. The movement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone e. The direction of the trade winds 4. The figure at right shows rarefaction curves for species diversity in three different habitats. If you were studying Habitat B, what minimum number of individuals would you need to sample in order to fully represent the diversity of this habitat? a. About 20 b. About 200 c. About 300 d. About 400 e. About 500  4/ 10/ 14 2:40 PM 5. The patterns of precipitation shown above could have been generated by Hadley Cells during which time of the year? Hint: where is the thermal equator? a. January b. July c. March d. September e. Both C and D 6. Compare and contrast the following terms: a. Evolution and ecology b. Species richness, species evenness, and species diversity c. Weather and climate d. Hadley Cell and the rainshadow effect e. Thermal equator and geographic equator (0 deg latitude) http:/ / www2.palom ar.edu/ users/ pdeen/ Anim ations/ 23_WeatherPat.swf Page 1 of 1