Biology Midterm Study Guide - Functional Diversity

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What primary trade-off do plants face when opening their stomata?

Gaining carbon dioxide while losing oxygen.

Gaining water while losing carbon dioxide.

Gaining oxygen while losing carbon dioxide.

Gaining carbon dioxide while losing water. (correct)

In a water and micro-nutrient limited environment, which of the following could a plant do to increase its resource uptake?

Switch from being a C3 plant to a CAM plant.

Reduce root growth and prioritize allocation towards above-ground growth.

Allocate energy to extend its root network. (correct)

Reduce the number of stomata to minimize water loss.

If a plant is experiencing a deficiency in water and micro-nutrients, what is another adaptation (in addition to extending its root network) that can help it obtain these resources?

Adjusting its photosynthetic pathway to a C4 pathway.

Forming symbiotic relationships with fungi called mycorrhizae. (correct)

Increasing stomatal density to increase water uptake.

Decreasing the length of the root networks to conserve resources.

Which of the following best describes the function of panting and sweating in endotherms?

To release heat in regions above the thermoneutral zone. Signup and view all the answers

Why might panting and sweating be considered less effective in regulating body temperature above the thermoneutral zone under humid conditions?

Because high humidity decreases the rate of evaporation, making these processes less efficient. Signup and view all the answers

What does the size of a tree ring generally indicate?

The amount of growth in that year. Signup and view all the answers

Why do Douglas Fir tree rings tend to be smaller when the tree begins to produce cones?

Because the resources required for cone production divert energy from other growth processes. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of resource allocation trade-offs, what pattern are we likely to see in tree ring growth and cone or seed production?

An inverse correlation between tree ring size and cone production. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes acclimation?

A reversible physiological or behavioral adjustment to a change in the environment within an individual's lifetime. Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario most effectively demonstrates a prey animal reducing its probability of detection?

A chameleon changing its color to match the background. Signup and view all the answers

The difference in vegetation between the west and east slopes of the Sierra Nevada mountains at the same elevation is primarily due to:

A rain shadow effect caused by the mountains themselves. Signup and view all the answers

The discovery of Glossopteris fossils across multiple continents is best explained by:

The movement of continental plates over millions of years. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the trade-off between adult body size and the timing of sexual reproduction?

Resources are directed towards growth or reproduction, but not both at the same time. Signup and view all the answers

A species accumulation curve flattens out over time, suggesting:

The majority of species in the area have likely been found. Signup and view all the answers

A brightly colored caterpillar that stores toxins from the leaves it eats is an example of which anti-predator strategy?

Aposematism. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these scenarios presents a reversible change in response to an environmental change?

The increased fur thickness in a mammal as winter approaches. Signup and view all the answers

What conclusion can be drawn from finding more small mammal species with extended sampling time in an area?

There is a higher likelihood of finding more small mammal species with further sampling effort. Signup and view all the answers

Two marshes have the same species richness, but Marsh 1 has greater species evenness. What can be concluded?

The diversity index, D, will be higher for Marsh 1. Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided context, under what condition is the relationship between a lizard's body temperature and environmental temperature correct?

Only if the lizard is prevented from changing its behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What would be the effect if Earth's atmosphere transmitted a greater fraction of radiation emitted from the Earth's surface?

The greenhouse effect would be reduced. Signup and view all the answers

The trade-off between producing many small eggs or few large eggs represents which ecological concept?

The principle of allocation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary process causing the disparity in vegetation between the east- and west-facing slopes of the Sierra Nevada mountains?

The rainshadow effect Signup and view all the answers

Based on the rarefaction curves in the figure, what is the approximate minimum number of individuals one should sample to fully represent the diversity of Habitat B?

About 300 individuals Signup and view all the answers

Why does an endotherm's metabolic rate increase below the thermoneutral zone?

The animal uses metabolic energy to generate heat. Signup and view all the answers

During which time of the year would Hadley Cells likely produce the precipitation patterns shown in the figure, considering the location of the thermal equator?

July Signup and view all the answers

If a lizard is unable to change its behavior, how is its body temperature affected by environmental changes?

The lizard's body temperature will fluctuate directly with the environmental temperature. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of principle of allocation?

A plant cannot produce many large seeds and also invest heavily in root growth. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between species richness, species evenness, and species diversity?

Species richness measures the number of species, species evenness measures the relative abundance of each species, and species diversity combines both measures. Signup and view all the answers

How does the 'rainshadow effect' primarily contrast with the effects of the Hadley Cell?

The rainshadow effect results from topographic barriers, while the Hadley cell describes global air circulation and precipitation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary physiological adaptation of endotherms, as described within the provided material?

Efficient metabolic energy use for blood circulation, particularly to extremities for thermoregulation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main water conservation mechanism employed by CAM plants, as evidenced from the provided material?

Temporal separation of carbon fixation (at night) and its use (during the day). Signup and view all the answers

Based on the pigments present, what visible color would a rhodophyte, or red algae, appear due to the absorption spectrum of its pigments?

red Signup and view all the answers

Considering the net reproductive rate of 1.12 for a certain newt population, what conclusion can be accurately made about the population's intrinsic growth rate (r)?

The intrinsic growth rate (r) is greater than 0, representing growth. Signup and view all the answers

What does the numerical value in Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), e.g., RCP 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5, signify within global climate models?

The amount of radiative forcing, or the strength of the greenhouse effect. Signup and view all the answers

The greenhouse effect, fundamental to Earth's climate, involves which type of electromagnetic radiation being absorbed and re-emitted towards the Earth's surface?

Infrared Signup and view all the answers

Regarding a California newt population with a net reproductive rate of 1.12, which statement can be accurately determined about individuals surviving to reproductive age?

At least some newts are surviving to an age class capable of reproduction. Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct interpretation of the statement, 'The generation time is 1.12 years' for the population of California newts with a net reproductive rate of 1.12?

The statement is incorrect, the generation time cannot be inferred directly from the net reproductive rate. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Study Guide 2

This study guide provides examples for the first midterm, covering functional diversity, life history, population growth, and demographics.
It's not an exhaustive list, so use lecture notes, slides, and videos on Canvas for complete review.

Trade-offs for Plants

Opening stomata is a trade-off, allowing CO2 uptake but potentially losing water.
Opening stomata to take in CO2 and lose oxygen through open stomata

Plant Nutrient Acquisition

If a plant lacks water and nutrients, it can extend its root network and form symbiotic relationships (mycorrhizae) to increase nutrient and water absorption.

Thermoregulation in Endotherms

Panting and sweating help release excess heat in regions above the thermoneutral zone.
These mechanisms are effective for regulating body temperatures slightly warmer than internal body temperature.

Tree Growth Rings

The size of a tree ring reflects yearly growth.
Once trees begin producing cones, which produce seeds or pollen, tree rings become smaller.
This is because trees allocate resources to seed production rather than growth.

Sample Questions for Midterm I BIS 2B

Acclimation: Reversible, often in response to environmental changes.
Prey Detection: Behaviors that reduce detection, such as camouflage.

Vegetation Variation in the Sierra Nevada

Differences in vegetation at similar elevations on the west and east sides of the Sierra Nevada are due to the rain shadow effect.

Glossopteris Distribution

The current distribution of Earth's landmasses and Glossopteris fossils correlates with continental plate movement.

Trade-off between Adult Size and Sexual Reproduction

There is a trade-off between body size and the timing of sexual reproduction.
Resources are allocated to either offspring production or increasing body size.

Species Accumulation Curves

Species accumulation curves show the accumulation of species over time as sampling increases.
Ongoing sampling in an area is likely to reveal additional species.

Species Diversity in Marshes

Species richness and species evenness are important metrics of biodiversity.
Higher species evenness indicates a more balanced representation of different species.

Body Temperature Regulation

Endotherms maintain a constant body temperature, while ectotherms adjust to environmental temperatures.
Ectotherms' body temperature equilibrates to the environment.

Earth's Atmosphere and Radiation

Changes in the atmosphere can impact Earth's surface temperature by altering the amount of outgoing radiation.

Egg Production Strategies

Organisms trade-off between producing numerous small eggs or fewer larger eggs.
This trade-off involves resource allocation for reproduction.

Metabolic Rate and Temperature

Endotherms' metabolic rate increases below the thermoneutral zone to produce heat.

Water Loss Strategies in Plants

CAM plants reduce water loss by opening stomata at night and storing CO2.

Pigments in Rhodophytes

Rhodophytes possess multiple pigments including chlorophyll, phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, and beta-carotene.

Net Reproductive Rate and Growth Rate

The net reproductive rate (R0) is a key metric in population growth.
A higher (positive) net reproductive rate implies population growth.

Climate, Climate Change, and Biodiversity

Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) illustrate possible future climates.
These pathways are used to project future conditions, including temperatures and sea-level rises.

Greenhouse and Electromagnetic Effects

The greenhouse effect results from the absorption and re-emission of infrared radiation.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Prepare for your biology midterm with this study guide focusing on key concepts such as functional diversity, life history, and thermoregulation in endotherms. The guide includes insights on plant trade-offs and nutrient acquisition strategies. Supplement this material with your lecture notes and videos for comprehensive preparation.