Discovering Computers 2018 Input and Output PDF

DISCOVERING COMPUTERS 2018 Digital Technology, Data, and Devices Chapter 7 Input and Output: Extending Capabilities of Computers and...

DISCOVERING COMPUTERS 2018 Digital Technology, Data, and Devices Chapter 7 Input and Output: Extending Capabilities of Computers and Mobile Devices Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Objectives Overview (1 of 2) CO1: Differentiate among various types of keyboards: standard, compact, on-screen, virtual, ergonomic, gaming, and wireless CO2:Describe characteristics of various pointing devices: mouse, touchpad, and trackball CO3:Describe various uses of touch screens CO4:Describe various types of pen input: stylus, digital pen, and graphics tablet CO5:Describe various uses of motion input, voice input, and video input Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-2 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Objectives Overview (2 of 2) CO6:Differentiate among various scanners and reading devices CO7:Explain the characteristics of various displays CO8:Summarize the various types of printers CO9:Identify the purpose and features of speakers, headphones and earbuds, data projectors, interactive whiteboards, and force-feedback game controllers and tactile output CO10:Identify various assistive technology input and output methods Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-3 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Introduction Have you ever wondered how information gets into your computer and comes out in a form you can use? Input devices convert what we understand into what the system unit can process. Output devices convert what the system unit has processed into a form that we can understand. © McGraw Hill, LLC gstockstudio/123RF 4  What Is Input? (1 of 2) Input is any data and instructions entered into the memory of a computer Figure 7-1 Users can enter data and instructions into computers and mobile devices in a variety of ways. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-5 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  What Is Input? (2 of 2) Commonly used input methods include: 1. Keyboard 2. Pointing devices 3. Touch screens 4. Pen input 5. Motion input 6. Voice input 7. Video input 8. Scanners and reading devices Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-6 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Keyboards (1 of 4) A keyboard is an input device that contains keys you press to enter data and instructions into a computer or mobile device Figure 7-2 On a standard keyboard, you type using keys in the typing area and on the numeric keypad. Some of the keys on standard keyboards differ, depending on the operating system with which they are designed to work. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-7 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Keyboards (2 of 4) Nearly all keyboards have… 1. Typing area – alphabet, punctuation marks, number 2. Function keys – label with letter F 3. Toggle key – CAP LOCK,NUM LOCK 4. Navigation keys – PG UP/PG DOWN Many also include... 1. Media control buttons – control media player program 2. Internet control buttons – run email app, run browser, search the web. 3. Other special keys – fingerprint reader, pointing devices Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-8 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Keyboards (2 of 4) Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-9 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Keyboards (3 of 4) Compact keyboard - keyboard options for mobile computers and devices Smaller than standard keyboard – not include numeric keyboard and function keys Traditional Keyboard. Laptop Keyboard. Virtual Keyboard. Figure 7-3 User have a variety of keyboard options for mobile computers and devices. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-10 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Keyboards (4 of 4) An ergonomic keyboard has a design that reduces the chance of repetitive strain injuries (RSIs) of wrist and hand Ergonomics incorporates comfort, efficiency, and safety in the design of the workplace LIST OF INPUT LIST OF INPUT Figure 7-4 An ergonomic keyboard. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-11 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Pointing Devices (1 of 3) A pointer is a small symbol on the screen whose location and shape change as a user moves a pointing device A mouse is a pointing device that fits under the palm of your hand comfortably – Optical mouse, laser mouse, and touch mouse Figure 7-5 An optical mouse has buttons. A touch mouse often has no buttons Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-12 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Types of Mouse Optical mouse. Has no moving parts. Emits and senses light to detect mouse movement. Can be used on any surface. Wireless mouse. Battery operated. Uses radio waves or infrared light waves. © McGraw Hill, LLC 13  Pointing Devices (2 of 3) Touchpad – A touchpad is a small, flat, rectangular pointing device that is sensitive to pressure and motion Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-14 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Pointing Devices (3 of 3) Trackball – A trackball is a stationary pointing device with a ball on its top or side LIST OF INPUT LIST OF INPUT Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-15 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Touch Screens A touch screen is a touch-sensitive display Smartphones, tablets, laptops, wearable devices, portable media players, digital cameras, kiosks & navigation system Figure 7-8 You use your thumb or finger to rotate or press buttons on a touch- LIST OF INPUT sensitive pad, which commonly is found on portable media players. LIST OF INPUT Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-16 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Pen Input (1 of 3) With pen input, you touch a stylus or digital pen on a flat surface to write, draw, or make selections. Stylus – small metal or plastic device that look like in tiny ink pen but use pressure instead of ink. Figure 7-9 You use a stylus to write, draw, or make selections on a touch screen that supports pen input. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-17 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Pen Input (2 of 3) Digital Pen – large than stylus. Input devices that captures and converts a user’s handwriting and drawing into digital format, which users can upload to a computer or mobile devices. Figure 7-10 Users take notes with a digital pen and then upload the notes to computer or mobile device, where software translates the notes to typed text. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-18 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Pen Input (3 of 3) A graphics tablet, also called a digitizer, is an electronic plastic board that detects and converts movements of a stylus or digital pen into signals that are sent to the computer Graphics tablets are essential for digital artists because they offer a Figure 7-11 Architects use a more intuitive and precise way to graphics tablet to create blueprints. create digital artwork compared to LIST OF INPUT using a mouse or trackpad. LIST OF INPUT Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-19 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Motion, Voice, and Video Input (1 of 8) With motion input, sometimes called gesture recognition, users can guide on-screen elements using air gestures Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-20 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Gaming Controllers Provide input to computer games. Joysticks use pressure and direction of the stick. Gaming mice are similar to a mouse but high precision. Gamepads use both hands. Motion sensing device control games by user movement. © McGraw Hill, LLC Lucidio Studio Inc/Photographer’sChoice/Getty Images; Geostock/Getty Images 21  Motion, Voice, and Video Input (2 of 8) Voice input is the process of entering input by speaking into a microphone Voice recognition, also called speech recognition, is the computer or mobile device’s capability of distinguishing spoken words. Use a microphone, sound card, and special software. Users can operate computers and create documents using voice commands. Included in many smart phones. – Siri in iPhones. – Cortana in Windows devices. – Alexa in Amazon devices. – Google Assistant in Android devices. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-22 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Motion, Voice, and Video Input (3 of 8) Figure 7-12 With Siri, you can speak instructions and commands to the smartphone and its apps. As shown here, the user asks Siri about the weather, to which Siri replies by speaking a message and displaying the forecast. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-23 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Motion, Voice, and Video Input (4 of 8) Audio input is the process of entering any sound into the computer such as speech, music, and sound effects Music production software allows users to record, compose, mix, and edit music and sounds Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-24 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Motion, Voice, and Video Input (5 of 8) Figure 7-13 This sound engineer uses a computer to mix music. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-25 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Motion, Voice, and Video Input (6 of 8) Video input is the process of capturing full- motion images and storing them on a computer or mobile device’s storage medium Digital Camera. – Capture images digitally and store in memory. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-26 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Motion, Voice, and Video Input (7 of 8) A webcam is a type of DV camera that enables a user to: Capture video and still images to a computer for broadcast over the Internet. Send email messages with video attachments Broadcast live images or video over the Internet Conduct videoconferences Make video calls Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-27 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Motion, Voice, and Video Input (8 of 8) A videoconference is a meeting between two or more geographically separated people Figure 7-14 To save on travel expenses, many large LIST OF INPUT businesses use videoconferencing. LIST OF INPUT Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-28 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Scanners and Reading Devices (1 of 10) A scanner (Optical Scanner) is a light-sensing input device that reads printed text and graphics and then translates the results into a form the computer can process – A flatbed scanner works in a manner similar to a copy machine except it creates a file of the document in memory instead of a paper copy – Document scanners. – Portable scanners. – 3D scanners. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-29 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Scanners and Reading Devices (2 of 10) Figure 7-16 This figure shows how a flatbed scanner works. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-30 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Scanners and Reading Devices (3 of 10) An optical reader is a device that uses a light source to read characters, marks, and codes and then converts them into digital data that a computer can process a. Optical character recognition (OCR) Reads preprinted characters such as wand scanners. OCR can convert printed text into editable digital text. OCR recognizes printed characters for processing. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-31 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Scanners and Reading Devices (4 of 10) b. Optical mark recognition (OMR) specifically designed to detect marks on paper and process responses, particularly for things like multiple-choice exams or surveys. Sense the presence of absence of marks used for test scoring. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-32 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Scanners and Reading Devices (5 of 10) A bar code reader, also called a bar code scanner uses laser beams to read bar codes UPCs and MaxiCode readers. ❖ U P C are heavily used in grocery stores for automated checkout and inventory control. ❖ MaxiCode used by shipping companies for routing packages. Figure 7-17 A bar code reader uses laser beams to read bar codes on products such as clothing, shown here. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-33 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Card Readers Interpret encoded information that is stored on debit, credit and identification cards. Magnetic card reader. Information read from strip when swiped through reader. Chip card reader. Information read from a chip when inserted or held near the reader. Smart cards hold additional security information. © McGraw Hill, LLC 34  Scanners and Reading Devices (5 of 10) A QR code stores information in both a vertical and horizontal direction Figure 7-18 This customer pays her bills by scanning an on-screen QR code. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-35 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Scanners and Reading Devices (6 of 10) RFID (radio frequency identification) uses radio signals to communicate with a tag placed in or attached to an object An RFID reader reads information on the tag via radio waves RFID can track: – Tracking times of runners in a marathon – Checking lift tickets of skiers – Tracking location of people and other items – Gauging temperature and pressure of tires on a vehicle Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-36 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Scanners and Reading Devices (7 of 10) – Checking out library books – Managing purchases – Tracking payment as vehicles pass through booths on tollway systems Magstripe readers read the magnetic stripe on the back of cards such as: Credit cards Entertainment cards Bank cards Identification cards Other similar cards Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-37 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Scanners and Reading Devices (8 of 10) Figure 7-20 A magstripe reader reads information encoded on the stripe on the back of a credit card. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-38 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Scanners and Reading Devices (9 of 10) MICR (magnetic ink character recognition) devices read text printed with magnetized ink An MICR reader converts MICR characters into a form the computer can process Banking industry uses MICR for check processing Figure 7-21 The MICR characters preprinted on the check represent the bank routing number, customer account number, and check number. The amount of the check in the lower-right corner is added after the check is cashed. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-39 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Scanners and Reading Devices (10 of 10) A data collection device obtains data directly at the location where the transaction or event takes place LIST OF INPUT LIST OF INPUT Figure 7-22 An employee in a warehouse uses this data collection device to scan items, which wirelessly transmits information about the scanned item to the store’s inventory system. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-40 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  What Is Output? Output is data that has been processed into a useful form Output Device is any type of hardware component that conveys information to one or more people Processed data or information. Types of output. – Text. – Graphics/photos. – Audio – Video. Output devices. – Monitors. – Printers. – Audio-output devices. Figure 7-23 Four types of output are text, graphics, audio, and video. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-41 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Displays (1 of 5) A display visually conveys text, graphics, and video information A monitor is a display that is packaged as a separate peripheral device (known as screens or display screens, and present visual images of text and graphics). – LCD monitor Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-42 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Displays (2 of 5) Figure 7-24 A variety of displays. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-43 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Displays (3 of 5) The quality of a display depends primarily on its: – Resolution – the number of horizontal and vertical pixels in a display. – Response time – the time in milliseconds(ms) that it to takes turn a pixel on or off – Brightness – measured in nits. – Dot pitch (pixel pitch) – distance (ms) between pixels on a display. – Contrast ratio – difference in light intensity bet. The brightest white and darkest black that can be produced on a display. Today’s monitors use a digital signal to produce a picture Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-44 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Displays (4 of 5) Graphic Chips, Ports, and Flat-Panel Monitors GPU (Graphic Processing Unit) – control manipulation & display of graphics on a display device. To display the highest quality images, the monitor should plug in a: – A DVI (Digital Visual Interface) port – enable digital signals to transmit directly to a monitor. Supports digital video. – An HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface)port – DVI + HDTV, audio and video. Supports digital audio & video – A Display Port – alternative to DVI that also supports HD audio & video. Supports digital audio & video and can connect many monitor using a port. Home users sometimes use a digital television (DTV) as a display HDTV is the most advanced form of digital television A Smart TV is an Internet-enabled HDTV – browse the web, stream video from online media services, listen to the internet radio and more. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-45 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-46 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Displays (5 of 5) Figure 7-25 Smart TVs enable you to connect to the Internet and/or watch television shows. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-47 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Monitor Types Flat-panel monitors. Require less power to operate. Portable and thin. Most are backlit (the use of a light source behind a display panel to make the pixels visible.). Three types of display technology: Liquid Crystal Display (LCD). Older monitors. Light Emitting Diode (L E D). More advanced backlighting. TV and monitor Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED). Thin layer organic compound that produces light. TV, monitor, smartphone © McGraw Hill, LLC Simon Belcher/Alamy Stock Photo 48  Other Monitor Types Digital/interactive whiteboards. Connects to a computer or projector to project images and provide a hands-on interface for users. Controlled using a special pen or even your finger. Classrooms and corporate boardrooms. Flexible Screens. Allow a digital device to display on a non flat surface, including wrapped edges, curved monitors and foldable screens. Digital Projector. Project the images from a traditional monitor onto a screen or wall. © McGraw Hill, LLC Gerald Martineau/The Washington Post/Getty Images; Simon Nagel/dpa picture alliance/Alamy Stock Photo; ; Michal_edo/E+/Getty Images 49  Quick Quiz 1) Which of the following means that the information on the display device appears in one color? a) palette b) LCD c) candela d) monochrome 2) Which of the following uses organic molecules that produce a brighter, easier-to-read display than standard TFT displays? a) OLED b) ACM c) CRT d) plasma technology 3) HDTV is the most advanced form of digital television. True or false? © McGraw Hill, LLC 50  E-book Readers An e-book is a traditional books printed in electronic form. E-book readers are dedicated mobile devices for storing and displaying e-books. Use e-ink technology. Produce images that reflect light. Kindle. Kobo. © McGraw Hill, LLC 51  Printers (1 of 13) A printer is an output device that produces text and graphics on a physical medium Before purchasing a printer, ask yourself a series of questions Figure 7-26 Questions to consider before purchasing a printer. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-52 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Printers (2 of 13) A nonimpact printer forms characters and graphics on a piece of paper without actually contacting the paper – Ink-jet printers – Photo printers – Laser printers – All-in-one printers – 3-D printers – Thermal printers – Mobile printers – Label printers – Plotters – Large-format printers Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-53 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Printers (3 of 13) An ink-jet printer forms characters and graphics by spraying tiny drops of liquid ink onto a piece of paper – Color or black-and-white – Speed is measured by the number of pages per minute (ppm) it can print BACK Figure 7-27 Ink-jet printers are a popular type of color printer used at home and in the office. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-54 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Printers (4 of 13) A photo printer is a color printer that produces lab- quality photos – Many use ink-jet technology Figure 7-29 A photo printer. BACK Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-55 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Printers (5 of 13) Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-56 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Printers (6 of 13) BACK Figure 7-29 A laser printer. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-57 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Printers (7 of 13) An all-in-one printer is a single device that prints, scans, copies, and in some cases, faxes – Also called a multifunction printer BACK Figure 7-32 An all-in-one printer. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-58 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Printers (8 of 13) A 3-D printer uses a process called additive manufacturing to create an object by adding material to a three-dimensional object, one horizontal layer at a time BACK Figure 7-33 A 3-D printer creates a rib cage from the digital model. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-59 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Printers (9 of 13) A thermal printer generates images by pushing electrically heated pins against the heat-sensitive paper Dye-sublimation printer – also known as digital photo printer uses heat to transfer colored dye to specially coated paper. BACK Figure 7-34 A dye-sublimation printer. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-60 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Printers (10 of 13) A mobile printer is a small, lightweight, battery- powered printer that allows a mobile user to print from a mobile device Figure 7-35 A mobile printer is small enough to fit in a backpack. BACK Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-61 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Printers (11 of 13) A label printer is a small printer that prints on an adhesive-type material that can be placed on a variety of items Figure 7-36 A label printer. BACK Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-62 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Printers (12 of 13) Plotters are used to produce high-quality drawings such as blueprint, maps, & circuit diagrams. Large-format printers create photo-realistic quality color prints Figure 7-37 Graphic artists use large-format printers to print signs, posters, and other professional quality displays. BACK Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-63 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Printers (13 of 13) Impact printers form characters and graphics on a piece of paper by striking a mechanism against an inked ribbon that physically contacts the paper Figure 7-38 An impact printer produces printed images when tiny pins strike an inked ribbon. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-64 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Other Output Devices (1 of 5) Many users attach surround sound speakers or speaker systems to their computers, game consoles, and mobile devices to generate higher-quality sounds Figure 7-39 Users often attach high-quality surround sound speaker systems to their computers, game consoles, and mobile devices. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-65 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Other Output Devices (2 of 5) Headphones are speakers that cover or are placed outside of the ear Earbuds (also called earphones) rest inside the ear canal Headset – function as both headphones and microphones Bluetooth Technology. – Wireless technology. – Used to connect to speakers and headphones. Figure 7-40 In a crowded environment where speakers are not practical, users can wear headphones to hear audio output. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-66 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Other Output Devices (3 of 5) A data projector is a device that projects the text and images displaying on a computer or mobile device screen on a larger screen so that an audience can see the image clearly Figure 7-41 A data projector projects an image from a computer or mobile device screen on a larger screen so that an audience easily can see the image. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-67 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Other Output Devices (4 of 5) An interactive whiteboard is a touch-sensitive device, resembling a dry-erase board, that displays the image on a connected computer screen Connects to a computer or projector to project images and provide a hands- on interface for users. Controlled using a special pen or even your finger. Classrooms and corporate boardrooms. Figure 7-42 Teachers and students can write directly on an interactive whiteboard, or they can write on a slate that communicates wirelessly with the whiteboard. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-68 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Other Output Devices (5 of 5) Joysticks, wheels, gamepads, and motion-sensing game controllers can be considered output devices when they include force feedback – Technology that sends resistance to the device in response to actions of the user Figure 7-43 Gaming devices often use force feedback, giving the user a realistic experience. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-69 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Assistive Technology Input and Output (1 of 2) Figure 7-44 A camera/receiver mounted on the monitor tracks the position of the head-mounted pointer, which is the reflective material on the brim of the hat. As the user moves her head, the pointer on the screen also moves. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-70 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Assistive Technology Input and Output (2 of 2) Figure 7-45 A Braille printer. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-71 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Combination Input and Output Devices Headsets. Combine a microphone and headphones. Multifunctional devices (MFD). Cost efficient but lower quality. All-in-one printers are a good example. Virtual Reality (VR). Artificial or simulated reality. Virtual head-mounted displays and controllers. © McGraw Hill, LLC Jesse Wild/PC Format Magazine/Getty Images; Alexander Tolstykh/123RF 72  Drones Drones or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). Take input from a controller and the output device is the drone. Very cost effective now. Robots. Use cameras, microphones, and other sensors as inputs to perform an expanding range of capabilities. © McGraw Hill, LLC Olga Serdyuk/Microolga/123RF 73  Making IT Work for You ~ Headphones Style. Connection. Special Features. © McGraw Hill, LLC 74  Ergonomics Study of human factors related to things people use. Fit the task to the user to avoid: Eyestrain and headache. Back and neck pain. Repetitive strain injury. Carpal tunnel syndrome. Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC Wetcake Studio/Digital Vision Vectors/Getty Images 75  Ergonomic Challenged Devices Portable devices are not set up for ergonomics. Cell phones. Pain in base of thumbs from being used to type on small screen keyboard. Tablets. Tablet hunch is caused by the user’s head being improperly aligned to the viewing surface. Laptops. Because the keyboard and monitor are connected, they cannot be set up ergonomically. © McGraw Hill, LLC Akkraraj kangrang/Shutterstock; SNP_SS/Shutterstock; Microstocker13/Shutterstock 76  Ergonomics – Text Alternative For an ideal posture while working on the screen these are the instructions: Monitor: Adjust distance and height: top of the monitor at eye level and slightly tilted Arms: Relax shoulders, forearms parallel to the floor. Minimal bend at the wrist. Chair: Should have a backrest and armrests, adjust he/At Legs: Thighs parallel to the floor Feet: Parallel to the floor. use a footrest if necessary. The screen should be 18 to 24 inches or 45 to 78 centimeters away. Take a break every 25 minutes. Return to parent-slide containing images. © McGraw Hill, LLC 77  A Look to the Future Internet of Things (IoT) - refers to a network of physical devices, vehicles, appliances, and other objects that are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies, enabling them to connect to the internet and exchange data with each other and other systems without requiring direct human intervention. Smartwatch Can monitor and share your location. Chips embedded in most items, including clothing. Smart grocery cart Use grocery list to guide shopper through store and update total as items are put in the cart and process final bill. © McGraw Hill, LLC Kirill Kedrinski/123RF 78  Summary Variety of options for input and output Several assistive technology options for input and output Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7-79 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. DISCOVERING COMPUTERS 2018 Digital Technology, Data, and Devices Chapter 8 Digital Storage: Preserving Content Locally and on the Cloud Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Objectives Overview (1 of 2) After completing this chapter, you will be able to: 1. Differentiate between storage and memory 2. Describe the characteristics of internal hard disks 3. Describe the benefits of solid-state drives 4. Identify uses of external hard drives and RAID 5. Differentiate among various types of memory cards and USB flash drives 6. Discuss the benefits and uses of cloud storage 7. Describe characteristics of and differentiate among types of optical discs 8. Explain types of enterprise storage 9. Identify uses of magnetic stripe cards, smart cards, RFID tags, and NFC tags Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, 8-2 or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Storage (1 of 10) A storage medium, also called secondary storage is the physical material on which a computer keeps data, information, programs, and applications Cloud storage keeps information on servers on the Internet, and the actual media on which the files are stored are transparent to the user Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, 8-3 or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Category Primary Storage Secondary Storage Temporary, fast storage used Long-term, permanent storage for data Definition for active data retention Volatile (data lost when power Non-volatile (data remains intact without Volatility is off) power) Speed Fast Slower compared to primary storage - Hard Disk Drives (HDD)- Solid-State Drives - RAM (Random Access (SSD)- Optical Discs (CDs, DVDs, Blu-ray)- Examples Memory)- Cache Memory- USB Flash Drives- External Storage Drives CPU Registers (HDD, SSD)- Tape Drives Limited (measured in Capacity Larger (measured in gigabytes to terabytes) gigabytes) Stores data actively being Stores data for long-term access and Usage processed by the CPU backup Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, 8-4 or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Storage and Memory Uses (1 of 5) Computers and devices use both storage and memory to access and save data and information. Memory consists of electronic components that store instructions waiting to be executed by the processor, data needed by those instructions, and the results of processing the data Figure 7-1 Storage is similar to a file cabinet for digital content. into information. Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 5  Storage and Memory Uses (2 of 5) Storage refers to long-term, permanent access to data and information. A storage medium is nonvolatile. Most memory (i.e., RAM), by contrast, holds data and instructions temporarily, thus it is volatile. A storage medium, also called secondary storage, is the location where a computer keeps data, information, programs, and applications. Examples of storage media include digital storage (cloud), and storage hardware, such as hard disks, solid-state drives (internal or external), memory cards, USB flash drives, optical discs, and tags. Cloud storage keeps information on servers on the Internet. In addition to programs and apps, users store a variety of data and information on storage media on their computers and mobile devices or on cloud storage. Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 6  Storage (2 of 10) Figure 8-1 A variety of storage options. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, 8-7 or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Storage (3 of 10) A storage device is the hardware that records and/or retrieves items to and from storage media Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, 8-8 or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Storage (4 of 10) Capacity is the number of bytes a storage medium can hold Table 8-1 Terms Used to Define Storage Storage Term Approximate Number of Bytes Exact Number of Bytes Kilobyte (KB) 1 thousand 210 or 1,024 Megabyte (MB) 1 million 210 or 1,048,576 Gigabyte (GB) 1 billion 230 or 1,073,741,824 Terabyte (TB) 1 trillion 240 or 1,099,511,627,776 Petabyte (PB) 1 quadrillion 250 or 1,125,899,906,842,624 Exabyte (EB) 1 quintillion 260 or 1,152,921,504,606,846,976 Zettabyte (ZB) 1 sextillion 270 or 1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424 Yottabyte (YB) 1 septillion 280 or 1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176 Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, 8-9 or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Storage (5 of 10) An Illustration of Volatility State of Computer Figure 8-2 A screen display is considered volatile because its contents disappear when power is removed. Likewise, most RAM is volatile. That is, its contents are erased when power is removed from a computer or mobile device. Storage, by contrast, is nonvolatile. Its contents remain when power is off. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, 8-10 or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Storage (6 of 10) Screen Display Volatile Figure 8-2 A screen display is considered volatile because its contents disappear when power is removed. Likewise, most RAM is volatile. That is, its contents are erased when power is removed from a computer or mobile device. Storage, by contrast, is nonvolatile. Its contents remain when power is off. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, 8-11 or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Storage (7 of 10) Contents of Most RAM Volatile Figure 8-2 A screen display is considered volatile because its contents disappear when power is removed. Likewise, most RAM is volatile. That is, its contents are erased when power is removed from a computer or mobile device. Storage, by contrast, is nonvolatile. Its contents remain when power is off. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, 8-12 or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Storage (8 of 10) Contents of Storage Nonvolatile Figure 8-2 A screen display is considered volatile because its contents disappear when power is removed. Likewise, most RAM is volatile. That is, its contents are erased when power is removed from a computer or mobile device. Storage, by contrast, is nonvolatile. Its contents remain when power is off. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, 8-13 or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Storage (9 of 10) Access time measures: – The amount of time it takes a storage device to locate an item on a storage medium – The time required to deliver an item from memory to the processor Transfer rate is the speed with which data, instructions, and information transfer to and from a device. Transfer rates for storage are stated in KBps, MBps, and GBps. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, 8-14 or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Storage (10 of 10) Figure 8-3 A comparison of different types of storage media and memory in terms of relative speed and uses. Memory is faster than storage but is expensive and not practical for all storage requirements. Storage is less expensive but is slower than memory. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, 8-15 or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, 8-16 or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Hard Drives (1 of 11) The most common storage medium is the internal hard drive. A hard disk, also called a hard disk drive (HDD) contains one or more inflexible, circular platters that use magnetic particles to store data, instructions, and information. Hard drives can store data either magnetically or using solid-state storage. The files stored on the internal hard drive cannot be accessed on other devices. Magnetic hard disk drives (HDDs) have greater storage capacity and are less expensive than their solid-state equivalents. The term, “hard drive”, refers collectively to hard disks and SSDs. Solid-state storage refers to technologies like solid-state drives (SSDs), which use flash memory (non-volatile memory) to store data, unlike the magnetic process used in HDDs. SSDs have no moving parts, making them faster and more durable compared to HDDs. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, 8-17 or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Hard Drives (2 of 11) Figure 8-4 The hard disk in a personal computer is enclosed inside an airtight, sealed case. In these photos of the desktop and laptop hard disks, the top plate is removed for illustration purposes. The laptop hard disk is much smaller than the desktop hard disk. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, 8-18 or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Hard Drives (3 of 11) The storage capacity of hard disks varies and is determined by: 1. The number of platters the hard disk contains. – A platter is made of aluminum, glass, or ceramic and has a thin coating of alloy material that allows items to be recorded magnetically on its surface. 2. The composition of the magnetic coating on the platters 3. Whether the disk uses longitudinal or perpendicular recording – Longitudinal recording aligns the magnetic particles horizontally around the surface of the disk. – perpendicular recording, by contrast, hard disks align the magnetic particles vertically or perpendicular to the disk’s surface. 4. Density - the number of bits in an area on a storage medium. A higher density means more storage capacity. The composition of the magnetic coating directly affects the density of data storage on a hard disk Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, 8-19 or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Hard Drives (4 of 11) Formatting is the process of dividing the disk into tracks and sectors Figure 8-5 Tracks form circles on the surface of a hard disk. The disk’s storage locations are divided into wedge-shaped sections, which break the tracks into small arcs called sectors. Several sectors form a cluster. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, 8-20 or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, 8-21 or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Hard Drives (5 of 11) Characteristics of a hard disk include: – Tracks – a narrow recording band that forms a full circle on the surface of the disk. – Sectors - A sector is a small piece of data on a track. Each track is divided into these smaller sections, and each sector holds a small amount of data. Typically stores up 512 bytes of data, – Platters - Platters are the round disks inside a hard drive that store data. They spin around, and the data is saved on their surface. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, 8-22 or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. – Form factor - refers to the size and shape of the platters. Common sizes - 3.5 inches (fdesktop computers) and 2.5 inches (laptops). – Read/write head – mechanism that reads items and writes items in the drive as it barely touches the disk’s recording surface – Revolutions per minute - RPM is how fast the platters spin. A higher RPM means the hard drive can access data faster. Common speeds are 5,400 RPM to 15,000 RPM. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, 8-23 or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Hard Drives (6 of 11) A typical hard disk has multiple platters. Each platter has two read/write heads, one for each side. A read/write head is the mechanism that reads items and writes items to the drive. A hard disk head actuator connects to arms that move the read/write heads to the correct location on the platter. Figure 8-6 This figure shows how a hard disk works. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, 8-24 or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Hard Drives (7 of 11) A head crash occurs when a read/write head touches the surface of a platter Always keep a backup of your hard disk Figure 8-7 The clearance between a hard disk read/write head and the platter is about two-millionths of an inch. Any contaminant could render the disk unusable. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, 8-25 or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Hard Drives (8 of 11) An SSD (solid state drive) is a flash memory storage device that contains its own processor to manage its storage Flash memory is a type of nonvolatile memory that can be erased electronically and rewritten. Flash memory chips are a type of solid-state media, which means they consist entirely electronic components and contain no moving parts. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, 8-26 or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Hard Drives (9 of 11) An SSD (solid state drive) has several advantages over traditional (magnetic) hard disks: – Faster access times – Faster transfer rates – Quieter operation – More durable – Lighter weight – Less power consumption – Less heat generation – Longer life – Defragmentation not required Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, 8-27 or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Hard Drives (10 of 11) An external hard drive is a separate freestanding storage device that connects with a cable to a USB port or other port on a computer or mobile device Figure 8-9 Examples of external hard drives. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, 8-28 or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Hard Drives (11 of 11) Some organizations manage an enterprise storage system in- house. Others elect to outsource all (or at least the backup) storage management to an outside organization or a cloud storage Figure 7-14 A data center. provider. A group of two or more integrated hard drives is called a RAID (redundant array of independent disks). RAID may duplicate data, instructions, and information to Figure 8-10 An example of RAID for improve data reliability. the home or small business user. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, 8-29 or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  RAID (Redundant Array Of Independent Disks) The simplest RAID storage design is Level 1, called mirroring, which writes data on two drives at the same time to duplicate the data. A Level 1 configuration enhances storage reliability. Other RAID levels use a technique called striping, which splits data, instructions, and information across multiple drives in the Figure 7-15 Mirroring (a) and striping array. (b). Striping improves drive access times. Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 30  Portable Flash Memory Storage (1 of 5) A memory card is a removable flash memory storage device that you insert and remove from a slot in a computer, mobile device, or card reader/writer. Memory cards enable mobile users to easily transport digital photos, music, videos, or other files to and from mobile devices and computers or other devices. A slot on a computer or device accepts multiple types of cards. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, 8-31 or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Portable Flash Memory Storage (2 of 5) Figure 8-11 Many types of computers and devices have slots for memory cards. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, 8-32 or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Portable Flash Memory Storage (3 of 5) Common type of memory cards: – SDHC (Secure Digital High Capacity) 32gb – SDXC (Secure Digital Extended Capacity) 2tera – miniSD – microSDHC – microSDXC – CF (Compact flash) – xD Picture Card – Memory Stick PRO Duo – M2 (Memory Stick Micro) Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, 8-33 or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Portable Flash Memory Storage (4 of 5) Figure 8-12 This figure shows how an SD card works. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, 8-34 or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Portable Flash Memory Storage (5 of 5) A USB flash drive (universal serial bus) is a removable storage device for folders and files that plug in a USB port on a computer, making it easy to transport folders and files to other computers. Figure 8-13 A close-up of the flash memory and circuitry inside a USB flash drive. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, 8-35 or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Cloud Storage (1 of 4) Home and business users choose cloud computing for accessibility, cost saving, space saving, and scalability. Cloud storage is an Internet service that provides storage to computer or mobile device users Cloud computing consists of a front end and a back end, connected to each other through a network. The front end includes the hardware and software with which a user interacts to access the cloud. Figure 7-11 Cloud storage. The back end consists of the servers and storage devices that manage and store the resources accessed by users. Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 36  Cloud Storage (2 of 4) Cloud computing allows companies to outsource, or contract to third- party providers, elements of their information technology infrastructure. Cloud storage providers enable you to synchronize files, write documents, backup files on your computer or mobile device, share project work, stream music, post photos, and play games online. Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 37  Cloud Storage (3 of 4) In addition to SaaS (software as a service), consumers and organizations rely on cloud computing services to manage: ✔ Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) ✔ Storage as service (STaaS) ✔ Desktop as a service ✔ Data as a service (DaaS) ✔ Platform as a service (PaaS) Some additional cloud services include: ✔ Synchronize files ✔ Write documents ✔ Backup files ✔ Stream media Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 38  Cloud Storage (4 of 4) Figure 7-12 Google Drive. Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 39  Cloud Storage Options (1 of 3) With Google Drive or Microsoft OneDrive, the files that you save are created by or can be edited or shared using the cloud-based apps that are a part of the service. Other cloud storage options, such as Box, primarily are storage locations and do not provide corresponding apps. The files are protected by security measures, including passwords and identification requirements, or encryption, and are backed up to other servers so that outages in which access is limited or denied are rare. One advantage of relying on cloud-based storage is the flexibility of not having to purchase and maintain servers. Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 40  Cloud Storage Options (2 of 3) Photos, songs, and videos take longer to upload than smaller text or web page files, so it is important to select a provider whose servers have sufficient bandwidth to support large file transfers. Criteria to consider for providers include the amount of free storage offered, the cost to purchase more storage if needed, and the maximum file size that each service allows you to upload. It is also important to read about the cloud storage provider’s privacy policy and terms of agreement, to which you must consent before using the provider’s services. Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 41  Cloud Storage Options (3 of 3) Consider the following guidelines when selecting a cloud storage provider: Verify that the company is reputable and has been in business for an extended period of time. Choose a provider that encrypts your files. Determine whether the provider’s service is compatible with your computer(s) and mobile device(s). Compare the price of various storage plans and choose a provider that offers competitive pricing. Verify that the cloud storage provider will support the types of files you want to back up. If desired, choose a cloud storage provider that allows you to share selected files with others. Consider whether the provider offers a mobile app that you can use to access your files using a mobile device. Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 42  Optical Discs (1 of 5) An optical disc consists of a flat, round, portable disc made of metal, plastic, and lacquer that is written and read by a laser Figure 8-14 An optical disc in a disc drive. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, 8-43 or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Optical Discs (2 of 5) How a Laser Reads Data on an Optical Disc Figure 8-15 This figure shows how a laser reads data on an optical disc. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, 8-44 or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Optical Discs (3 of 5) Optical discs commonly store items in a single track that spirals from the center of the disc to the edge of the disc Track is divided into evenly sized sectors Figure 8-16 An optical disc typically stores data, instructions, and information in a single track that spirals from the center of the disc to the edge of the disc. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, 8-45 or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Optical Discs (4 of 5) A CD-ROM can be read from but not written to – Single-session disc A CD-R is an optical disc on which users can write once, but not erase A CD-RW is an erasable multisession disc Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, 8-46 or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Storage Hardware (11 of 11) Optical media include CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs (BDs), but their use as storage media is declining. An optical disc is a type of storage medium that consists of a flat, round, portable disc made of metal, plastic, and lacquer that is written and read by a laser. Table 7-2 Characteristics of optical disc formats. Disc Type Format(s) Typically Use(s) CD CD-ROM (read-only) audio, photo CD-R (recordable) CD-RW (rewritable) DVD DVD-ROM (read-only) video DVD-R, DVD+R (recordable) DVD-RW, DVD+RW, and DVD+RAM (rewritable) Blu-ray Higher capacity disc than DVD video Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 47  Optical Discs (5 of 5) A DVD-ROM is a high-capacity optical disc on which users can read but not write on or erase A DVD-R or DVD+R are competing DVD- recordable WORM (Write Once, Read Many ) formats, on which users can write once but not erase DVD-RW, DVD+RW, and DVD+RAM are competing DVD-rewritable formats that users can write on multiple times Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, 8-48 or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Enterprise Storage (1 of 7) Enterprise hardware allows large organizations to manage and store data and information using devices intended for heavy use, maximum efficiency, and maximum availability – RAID duplicates data, instructions, and information to improve data reliability Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, 8-49 or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Enterprise Storage (2 of 7) Figure 8-18 In RAID level 1, called mirroring, a backup disk exists for each drive. Other RAID levels use striping; that is, portions of each drive are placed on multiple drives. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, 8-50 or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Enterprise Storage (3 of 7) Network attached storage (NAS) is a server that is placed on a network with the sole purpose of providing storage to users, computers, and devices attached to the network Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, 8-51 or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Enterprise Storage (4 of 7) Figure 8-19 An example of how network attached storage connects on a network. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, 8-52 or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Enterprise Storage (5 of 7) A storage area network (SAN) is a high-speed network with the sole purpose of providing storage to other attached servers Figure 8-20 A storage area network provides centralized storage for servers and networks. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, 8-53 or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Enterprise Storage (6 of 7) Tape is a magnetically coated ribbon of plastic capable of storing large amounts of data and information A tape drive reads and writes data and information on a magnetic tape Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, 8-54 or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Enterprise Storage (7 of 7) Figure 8-21 A tape robot retrieves tape cartridges. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, 8-55 or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Enterprise and Other Storage Options (4 of 9) Network attached storage (NAS) is a server that is placed on a network with the sole purpose of providing storage to users, computers, and devices attached to the network. A network attached storage server, often called a storage appliance, has its own IP address, usually does not have a keyboard or display, and contains at least one hard drive, often configured in a RAID. Administrators can add storage to an existing network quickly by connecting a network-attached storage server to the network. Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 56  Enterprise and Other Storage Options (5 of 9) A storage area network (SAN) is a high-speed network with the sole purpose of providing storage to other attached servers. A storage area network includes only storage devices. High-speed fiber-optic cable usually connects other networks and servers to the storage area network, so that the networks and servers have fast access to large storage capacities. A storage area network can connect to networks and other servers that are miles away using high-speed network connections. Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 57  Other Types of Storage (1 of 7) A magnetic stripe card has a magnetic stripe that contains information A smart card stores data on an integrated circuit embedded in the card Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, 8-58 or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Enterprise and Other Storage Options (6 of 9) Other Types of Storage include tape, magnetic stripe cards, smart cards, RFID tags, and NFC chips and tags. Tape is a magnetically coated ribbon of plastic that is capable of storing large amounts of data and information at a low cost. A magnetic stripe card is a credit card, entertainment card, bank card, or other similar card with a stripe that contains information identifying you and the card. A smart card, which is an alternative to a magnetic stripe card, stores data on an integrated circuit embedded in the card. Two types of smart cards, also called chip cards, are contact and contactless. Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 59 Feature Contact Smart Card Contactless Smart Card Interaction Requires physical contact No physical contact needed (works with Reader (insertion) into a reader wirelessly) Data Transfer Electrical contacts between card Radio frequency (RFID) signals Method and reader Can be tapped or brought near the Card Insertion Must be inserted into a reader slot reader Speed of Slower (due to physical Faster (instant communication when Transaction connection) near reader) Can be secured with encryption, but Relatively more secure due to Security may have a higher risk of remote direct contact access Traditional payments, ID cards, Contactless payments, access control, Use Case bank cards transit passes Can wear out over time due to More durable (no physical wear from Durability physical insertion contact) Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 60  Other Types of Storage (2 of 7) Figure 8-22 The magnetic stripe on the back of credit cards and other ID cards contain information that identifies you and the card. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, 8-61 or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Other Types of Storage (3 of 7) Figure 8-23 Examples of contact and contactless smart cards and their readers. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, 8-62 or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Other Types of Storage (4 of 7) The RFID tag consists of an antenna and a memory chip that contains the information to be transmitted via radio waves An RFID reader reads the radio signal and transfers the information to a computer or computing device RFID tags are either active or passive. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, 8-63 or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Other Types of Storage (5 of 7) Figure 8-24 An RFID reader reads radio signals from an RFID tag that is affixed to this box. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, 8-64 or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Enterprise and Other Storage Options (8 of 9) NFC is a technology (based on RFID) that uses close-range radio signals to transmit data between two NFC-enabled devices or between an NFC-enabled device and an NFC tag. NFC-enabled devices contain an NFC chip. Figure 7-17 Adhesive NFC tag. NFC tags are self-adhesive so that they can be attached to any location. Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 65  Enterprise and Other Storage Options (9 of 9) An NFC tag, similar to RFID tag, contains a chip and an antenna that contains information to be transmitted. Uses of NFC communications include using a mobile device to pay for goods or services, displaying a web page, making a phone call, sending a text message, or exchanging contact information. Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 66  Other Types of Storage (7 of 7) Figure 8-25 This NFC-enabled phone communicates with the NFC reader to send a mobile payment. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, 8-67 or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Summary Variety of storage options Storage capacity and storage access times Characteristics of hard disks, SSDs, external hard drives, and RAID Portable flash memory storage Advantages and various uses of cloud storage Characteristics of optical discs Enterprise storage options Magnetic stripe cards, smart cards, RFID tags, and NFC chips and tags Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, 8-68 or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. DISCOVERING COMPUTERS 2018 Digital Technology, Data, and Devices Cha Chapter 9 Operating Systems:Managing Coordinating, and Monitoring Resources Coordinating, and Monitoring Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Objectives Overview (1 of 2) After completing this chapter, you will be able to: 1. Explain the purpose of an operating system 2. Describe the start-up process and shutdown options on computers and mobile devices 3. Explain how an operating system provides a user interface, manages programs, manages memory, and coordinates tasks 4. Describe how an operating system enables users to configure devices, establish an Internet connection, and monitor performance Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted 9-2 to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Objectives Overview (2 of 2) 5. Identify file management and other tools included with an operating system, along with ways to update operating system software 6. Explain how an operating system enables users to control a network or administer security 7. Summarize the features of several desktop operating systems 8. Briefly describe various server operating systems 9. Summarize the features and uses of several mobile operating systems Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted 9-3 to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Introduction (1 of 2) Software, also called a program, tells the computer what tasks to perform and how to perform them. Two categories of software : i. System Software ▪ Consists of the programs that control or maintain the operations of the computer and its devices. ii. Applications ▪ Consists of programs designed to make users more productive and assist them with personal tasks. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted 9-4 to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Operating Systems (1 of 6) ▪ Operating system (OS) - a set of programs that coordinates all the activities among computer or mobile device hardware. ▪ The operating system and utility programs control the behind-the-scenes operations of a computer or mobile device. ▪ Some operating systems also allow users to control a network and administer security. ▪ To used application, computer or mobile device must be running on OS. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted 9-5 to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Operating Systems (2 of 6) Category Example - Windows 10 Operating System (OS) - macOS - Linux Ubuntu - Norton Antivirus Utility Program - CCleaner - WinRAR - Microsoft Word Application Software - Adobe Photoshop - Google Chrome Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted 9-6 to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Operating Systems (3 of 6) Operating System Functions: 1. Start and shut down a computer or mobile device 2. Provide a user interface 3. Manage programs 4. Manage memory 5. Coordinate tasks 6. Configure devices 7. Monitor performance 8. Establish an Internet connection 9. Provide file management and other device or media-related tasks 10. Updating operating system software 11. Control a network 12. Administer security Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted 9-7 to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Operating Systems (4 of 6) Figure 9-1 Most operating systems perform similar functions, some of which are illustrated above. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted 9-8 to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Operating Systems (5 of 6) Operating Systems (4 of 6) A menu is a list of related items, including folders, applications, and commands. Many menus organize commands on a submenu, which is a list of additional commands associated with the selected command on a menu. A shortcut menu is a list of frequently used commands that relate to an object. Some menu commands display a dialog box, which is a box with controls that lets you tell the operating system how you want to complete a command. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted 9-9 to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Operating Systems (6 of 6) Dialog box controls may include: Operating Systems (5 of 6) ✔ Option buttons: round buttons that present one choice; they are also called radio buttons. ✔ Check boxes: square boxes that present a yes/no choice and display a check mark or x when selected. ✔ List boxes: lists of options that Figure 8-3: Dialog box. appear when you click arrows in a dialog box; some list boxes allow you to make multiple