IH Notes Integrated Humanities Revision Notes PDF

Page 1 of 90 Integrated Humanities Revision Notes  Page 2 of 90 Contents Syllabus...........................................................................

Page 1 of 90 Integrated Humanities Revision Notes  Page 2 of 90 Contents Syllabus................................................................................................................................................... 4 Trade, Aid and Exchange.......................................................................................................................... 6 Globalization....................................................................................................................................... 6 Trade, aid & exchange......................................................................................................................... 7 Industrialization and Technological Developments................................................................................ 10 Economic agents, their interests and role in the economy..................................................................... 12 Over consumption............................................................................................................................. 18 Demographics and Human movements................................................................................................. 19 Demographics and Human Movements - Glossary............................................................................. 21 Measurements and Trends.................................................................................................................... 23 Infectious Diseases............................................................................................................................ 23 Superpowers, empires, & supra-national alliances & organizations........................................................ 26 Balance of Power............................................................................................................................... 27 Holy Roman Empire........................................................................................................................... 28 World War I (1914-1918)................................................................................................................... 28 World War II (1939-1945).................................................................................................................. 30 Rights & Social Protests......................................................................................................................... 34 What are Human Rights?................................................................................................................... 36 MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS................................................................................................... 38 UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS.................................................................................. 38 Women Suffrage Movement.............................................................................................................. 39 Arab Springs (Brief)............................................................................................................................ 41 Maori Protest Movement.................................................................................................................. 42 Indian Caste System........................................................................................................................... 43 Small Examples of Protests................................................................................................................ 44 Settlements and Urban Morphology...................................................................................................... 47 Poverty.............................................................................................................................................. 54 TYPES OF WASTE............................................................................................................................... 55 Warfare & Peacekeeping....................................................................................................................... 56 Phases of a revolution........................................................................................................................ 56 Russian Revolution (1917).................................................................................................................. 58  Page 3 of 90 Urban Revolution............................................................................................................................... 59 Digital Revolution.............................................................................................................................. 59 Pink Tide............................................................................................................................................ 60 What is war?...................................................................................................................................... 60 Arab springs....................................................................................................................................... 61 Cold War............................................................................................................................................ 64 Communism in China......................................................................................................................... 65 Colonialism and Power in Congo........................................................................................................ 66 Resource Management.......................................................................................................................... 68 Five Sectors of Economy.................................................................................................................... 68 Types of Industries............................................................................................................................. 69 How are Metals mined? (Example of Extraction of a Resource).......................................................... 69 Sustainable energy............................................................................................................................ 71 Ecological Relationships......................................................................................................................... 72 What’s a biome?................................................................................................................................ 76 Biome vs. Ecosystem.......................................................................................................................... 77 Significant Individuals............................................................................................................................ 78 Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)...................................................................................................... 78 Nikola Tesla (1856 – 1943)................................................................................................................. 80 Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (1869-1948)..................................................................................... 82 Martin Luther King Jr. (1929 – 1968).................................................................................................. 86  Page 4 of 90 Syllabus * Demographics and Human Movements Ø Water demands Ø Food security * Settlements and Urban Morphology Ø Defining poverty Ø Causes and strategies for addressing poverty Ø Waste management * Superpowers, empires and supra-national alliances and organizations Ø League of Nations Ø First World War Alliances Ø Holy Roman Empire * Significant individuals * Warfare and peacekeeping Ø War on terror Ø Communist China Ø Colonialism and Power in Congo Ø Cold War * Rights and Social Protest Ø Arab Springs Ø New Zealand Maori Ø Women Suffrage Ø Indian Caste system Ø Pink tide * Trade, aid and exchange Ø Trade and Equity Ø Peace and trade Ø Benefits and problems of trade Ø International Aid * Economic agents, their interests and role in the economy: consumers, producers, governments, banks Ø Entrepreneurship, environments, culture * Measurements and Trends Ø Infectious Diseases Ø Urbanization * Ecological Relationships Ø Saving Ecuador’s rainforests Ø Biomes Ø Climate change * Industrialization and technological developments  Page 5 of 90 Ø Digital Revolution Ø Scientific discoveries of longitude, planets, time Ø Geographical discoveries of the new world Ø Technological discoveries Ø Social network and the media * Resource management Ø Environmental ethics Ø Resources and economic systems  Page 6 of 90 Trade, Aid and Exchange Globalization Globalization – The process of interaction and integration among people, companies and governments of different nations resulting in the exchange of knowledge, transformation of the world, and cultural diffusion “The world is becoming a ‘global *action – process of village’ because of globalization” *integration – coming together TRADE Trade Technology Transport Production GLOBALIZATION TECHNOLOGY Efficiency of trade depends on the efficiency of technology and vice versa. Trade and technology are DIRECTLY PROPRTIONATE. Socialization has changed because of the availability of technology through globalization Social Pros Cons -> Greater awareness of -> Cultural conflicts (e.g. international affairs Racism) -> Better communication -> De-socialization/laziness -> Ideas shared, new inventions -> Loss of own cultural traditions -> Social media connects people -> Dangerous ideas spread faster from around the world -> Diseases spread faster -> Cultural diversity/exchange Political Pros Cons -> World affairs known to all -> Powerful countries gain power -> Leads to improved relations -> Create awareness about political issues Political coordination and diplomacy??? Wars + weaponry???  Page 7 of 90 Economic Pros Cons -> Urbanization -> Economies suffer if they import -> rural development more than they export -> Increased employment -> Intellectual property rights -> Remittances in developing -> Brain drain countries Multi-national Corporations (MNCs)??? Trade, aid & exchange Imports – money leaves Exchange of goods Giving & & services for Exports – money enters Help/support Receiving barter or money Barter Trade, Aid & Exchange Intellectual Purchasing Cultural property rights & Selling ideas Goods – tangible Services – Provision of certain actions Total investment Net export (export – import) C + I + G + (x-m) = TOTAL GDP Total consumption Total government spending Trade – Buying and selling of goods and/or services through barter1 and money. Aid – Taking/providing help (only one, not both). Exchange – Not through buying and selling; incorporates mostly ideas. Trade Barriers intended for the protection of domestic industries: * Tariffs – Tax on each product; as much as required * Quota – Quantity allowed to be traded * Sanction – Forbidding certain import of good/service * Subsidy – Financial aid given to locals 1 Exchange of goods and services for other goods and service without the use of money  Page 8 of 90 Free Trade Zones – a geographical area where goods may be landed, stored, handled, manufactured, or reconfigured, and re-exported under specific customs regulation and generally not subject to customs duty (e.g. European Union). Benefits of Trade è Brings in raw material è Reduce conflicts è Countries become interdependent è Profit through export Bilateral Trade – Two parties e.g. CPEC – China Pakistan Economic Corridor Multilateral Trade – More than two parties e.g. EU – European Union ASEAN – Association of South East Asian Nations NAFTA – North American Free Trade Agreement WTO – World Trade Organization Machinery -> Demand -> Maximizing Profit -> Export -> GDP Aid è Support/help è Debt (unless forgiven, in form of a grant2) è Service è Assistance Tied – Foreign aid that must be spent in the country providing the aid or in a group of selected countries. Decide where aid is to be spent by donor. Untied aid – Given to developing countries which can be used to purchase goods and services in virtually all countries – Decide where aid is to be spent by donee. 2 Non-repayable funds or products disbursed or gifted by one party to another.  Page 9 of 90 Forms of aid - Technological – Machinery - Relief – For natural disasters - Humanitarian - For humans Why take aid? *Develop Industries *Budget deficit *War *Natural disasters *Economic Stability CPEC – It is a massive bilateral project to improve infrastructure within Pakistan for better trade with China and to further integrate the countries of the region. The goal is to o transform Pakistan’s economy and to connect the deep-sea Pakistani ports of Gwadar and Karachi to China’s Xingjiang province and by overland routes. EU – Organization of European countries dedicated to increasing economic integration and strengthening cooperation among its members. Main members include – Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands. ASEAN – A regional intergovernmental organization comprising of ten Southeast Asian countries which promote Pan-Asianism3 and intergovernmental cooperation and facilitates economic, political, security, military, educational, and socio-cultural integration amongst its members and other Asian countries, and globally. NAFTA – An agreement signed by Canada, USA and Mexico in 1994, creating a trilateral trade bloc in North America. WTO – An intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade. 3 An ideology that promotes the unity of Asian peoples  Page 10 of 90 Industrialization and Technological Developments Industrialization – The process of mechanization of production from artisanal labor/crafts to mass mechanized production due to increased technological development. - Began in Britain in the 1750s and spread across Europe and North America. - Change in the way goods are manufactured - Revolutions in agriculture Important Discoveries: * Coal -> Steam Engines -> Railways * Spinning Jenny * Contraceptives * Light Bulb -> Electricity * Penicillin * Weaponry & gun powder * Microchips * Artificial Intelligence Cons Pros Social Media has decreased social Connected many people – work interaction together for solutions to problems Improved weaponry influenced Better weaponry leads to less destruction death Unemployment Skilled labor employment. Increased literacy rate. Pollution Problems caused by industrialization can be fixed by industrialization Affects health Improved medicine Negative ideas spread Positive ideas spread Puppets of government. No privacy You chose your own privacy setting, what you give out over the internet Hierarchy based on wealth Stigmas broken – more open-minded Economic recession Economic growth ***Industrialization is equally good and bad. Each problem has a solution and each solution has a problem. Discuss  Page 11 of 90 Why did it happen in Europe? 1. Cultural Superiority 2. Culture of Science and Invention 3. Freer Political Institutions encouraged innovations and strong property rights created incentives for inventors 4. Small Populations of Europe required labor-saving inventions 5. Large supplies of coal near the surface 6. High wages in Britain 7. Economically efficient for manufacturers to depend on machinery for production instead of expensive labor **Though Britain, China and India were about at the same industrial pace before 1750s, Britain was more likely to have the industrial revolution due to two reasons – coal and high wages. All other above mentioned ideologies are European centric, and the fact of the matter is Britain ‘got lucky’. The country has a vast supply of coal near the surface, making it easier to obtain and use, but a frequent problem in coal mining was that the mines kept getting flooded. To stop this problem, the steam engine was created, and ran on an efficient and cheap source of fuel – coal. This way, coal could be produced on a large scale and kept cheap. T The second reason high wages in the country simply meant that producers looked towards cheaper alternatives from high wages, which was during that time mechanization. With this attitude towards welcoming mechanization in production and a large and uninterrupted supply of fuel, industrialization just happened to take place in Britain first. Another factor that helped was the fact that Britain had colonized almost 25% of the world at the point, resulting in easy access to cheap resources.  Page 12 of 90 Economic agents, their interests and role in the economy What are economic agents? Any entity or being that can make a decision, manipulate or change the economy. - ‘Big businessman’ - People who contribute to the economy - Companies - People who can manipulate the economy Groups of entities è Consumers è Producers è Governments è Banks Consumers *Buy goods and services in exchange for money/barter *People, companies, factories etc. *THEY decide which good is produced. They are the DEMAND. Types of Consumers - LOYAL CONSUMERS: Valuable, stays loyal and promotes favorite brands. 70% of sales. - DISCOUNT CONSUMERS: Tendency to visit favorite brands. Discounts! Deals! - IMPULSIVE CONSUMERS: Vast majority of consumers, buy based on emotions; whenever, wherever - NEED-BASED CONSUMERS: Full-fill basic/man-made/artificial needs4. Barter System: Exchange of goods and Services Goods: Tangible Products 4 Artificial needs are created when basic needs are fulfilled (shelter, warmth, food)  Page 13 of 90 Services: Actions that an economic agent may conduct in exchange of payment Factors influencing individual consumer choice: Ability * Income * Price DEMAND Willingness * Price of substitutes + * Price of complements * Preference/taste +SUPPLY * Advertising * Quality and Quantity * Need Capitalism – The ideology of maximizing profit Efficiency; maximum usage $ 40 $ 20 ‘faster, better, cheaper’ Consumerism – Belief of creating a need to consume constantly Materialism – Emphasis on goods and services Producers Any economic entity/agent that supplies goods and services to consumers § Primary -> Raw materials/Agriculture § Secondary -> Processed; manufactured goods § Tertiary -> Services § Quaternary -> Knowledge based industries  Page 14 of 90 Interest of Producers: - Maximizing profit - Creating a need - Monopolizing the economy for that good Role of Producers: - Manipulate consumers and governments - Provide goods - Produce goods - Easy access to goods (transport) - Provide employment – decrease poverty - Stimulate economic growth - Negative impact: Adversely affects environment (maximizing profit) FACTORS OF PRODUCTION 1. Land (rent) 2. Labor (wages) CELL 3. Capital (interest) 4. Entrepreneurship (profit) Governments Elected and appointed officials, whose role is to make decisions/rules for the country. Levels of Government i. Municipal - City ii. Provincial/State – Province iii. National – Country Role of a government: - Taxation - Law and order § Implementation § Accountability - Funding infrastructure/ public spending - Provide services - Stabilize the economy  Page 15 of 90 - Investment - Redistribution of wealth - Introduce immigration policies - Participate in trade – global and domestic - Representation of national interests - Alliances and diplomacy (relationships with other countries) - Bureaucracy5 - Policies Interests of a government: * Smooth running of a country * Stability * Internationally competitive * Power * Military * Sustainable use of natural resources Banks Central Bank – Amount of money and credit in an economy. Role of bank - Lend money - Used to store money - Central Bank controls Recession interest rates & - Creation and distribution Inflation of money amongst producers and consumers - Currency exchange - Secure storage of money - Provides capital Long and short term debt cycles - Credit cards! Interest: Principal + Extra Principal: Amount borrowed 5 A system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives  Page 16 of 90 Credit: Debt Deal: Promise to repay credit Credit worthy: Ability to repay Spender: Collateral PRODUCERS CONSUMERS GOVERNEMENT BANKS Economy Economic suffering Transactions Transactions Buyer Seller § Productivity growth § Short term debt cycles Goods & services § Long term debt cycle Economy is made up of transactions – market Total spending makes economy SPENDING SPENDING INCOME INCOME PRODUCTIVITY PRODUCTIVITY Prices/interest rise – Inflation Prices/interest decrease – Deflation ***Because of borrowing (controlled by banks) there are cycles Spending à hope à recession Results in long term debt cycles  Page 17 of 90 Credit – Settlement between two or more people with liability6 and assets7 Debt Burden – Debt = Income Market – Sum of total buyers and sellers in an area or a region under consideration Reserve – Wealth of a country Economy – An entire network of producers, distributors, and consumers of goods and services in a local, regional or national community. Consists of multiple smaller markets Function: Exchange of different markets (Globalization & Technology) Market: Where demand and supply operate, consumers and producers interact (directly or through intermediaries) to trade a group of goods and services for money or barter. Role of a market: - Determine prices - Communicating prices - Facilitating deals/prices/transactions - Effecting distribution Economy: Large set of inter-related production and consumption activities that aid in determining how resources are distributed amongst a city/country/continent etc. 6 Debt for consumer 7 Credit for person giving loan  Page 18 of 90 Over consumption Over consumption – The excessive demand and supply, and purchase of goods and services within a society Obsoletion – Perceived and actual Ø Perceived – When a customer is convinced that s/he needs an updated product, even though his/her existing product is working well. Ø Actual – When a customer actually requires an updated product, and his/her existing product does not work up to par. Consumerism – Ideology which drives the capitalist structure creating the need to consume more Capitalism – Maximizing profit by efficiency in production ***Demand and supply are cyclical; for sustainable development equilibrium needs to be found between the two.  Page 19 of 90 Demographics and Human movements Demographic – Statistical data relating to the population and particular groups within it. Includes the following: - Age - Sex - Education level/literacy rate - Income level Socioeconomic - Marital status characteristics of a - Occupation population - Religion - Birth rate - Death rate - Average family size Socioeconomic – Relating to the interaction of social and economic factors Economic Growth – An increase in the capacity of an economy to produce goods and services, compared from one period of time to another. Economic Development – The process where low income national economies are transformed into modern industrial economies DEMOGRAPHIC MODEL Economic Growth leads to economic developmen t and economic developmen t leads to economic growth.  Page 20 of 90 STAGE Economic Development Population 1 Low Stagnant 2 Increase Increases rapidly 3 Increase Increase slows down 4 Increase Stable increase 5 Increase Slow decrease Economic Development includes: - Infrastructure - Education - Political stability - Environment - Safety - Healthcare TECHNOLOGY + INNOVATION à AGRICULTURE Factors affecting Water demand: * Size of the city * Climatic condition * Cost of water * Distribution system * Supply System * Industry * Quality of water * Standard of living ***Water consumption has tripled in the last 50 years **70% of water is used in agriculture - WASTE OF FOOD RESULTS IN INCREASE IN CLIMATE CHANGE - WE HAVE ENOUGH FOOD; WE JUST NEED TO TRANSPORT/MAKE IT ACCESSIBLE TO OTHER PEOPLE (ALSO HELPS SLOW GLOBAL WARMING).  Page 21 of 90 Demographics and Human Movements - Glossary Population Density – A measurement of population per unit area Birth rate – The number of live births per 1,000 population in a given year Death rate – The number of deaths per 1,000 population in a given year Growth rate – The number of people added (or subtracted from) a population in a year due to natural increase and net migration expressed a percentage of the population of the population at the beginning of the time period. Natural Increase/Decrease – The surplus (or deficit) of births in a population in a given time period. Migration – The movement of people from one place to another with the intentions of settling, permanently or temporarily in a new location Refugee – A displaced person who has been forced to cross national boundaries and who cannot return home safely Brain Drain – The emigration of a significant proportion of a country’s highly skilled, highly educated professional population, usually to other countries offering better economic and social opportunity. Emigration – The number of emigrants departing an area of origin per 1,000 population in that area of origin in a given year Infant Mortality Rate – The number of deaths of infants under age 1 per 1,000 live births in a given year Immigration – The process of entering one country from another to take up permanent or semi-permanent residence Gross National Income (GNI) [formerly GNP] – The sum of value added by all residents producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad8. Cohort – A group of people sharing a common temporal demographic experience who are observed through time 8 Basically all money generated inside and outside the country by country’s citizens.  Page 22 of 90 Age-Dependency Ration – The ratio of persons in the ages defined as dependent (less than 15 years and over 64 years) to persons in the ages defined as economically productive (15-64 years) in a population. Age-Sex structure – It is the composition of a population as determined by the number or proportion of males and females in each category. The age-sex structure of a population is the cumulative result of past trends in fertility, mortality, and migration. Population Pyramid – It is a vertically arranged bar chart that shows the distribution of a population by age and sex. Push-Pull Hypothesis – A migration theory that suggests that circumstances at the place of origin repel or push people out of that place to other places that exert a positive attraction or pull. Least Developed Countries – 50 countries according to the UN’s definition, including Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Cape Verde, Democratic Republic of Congo, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, Somalia, Sudan, and Uganda. Less Developed Countries – Countries in Africa, Asia (except Japan), Latin America and the Caribbean, and Oceania (except Australia and New Zealand). More Developed Countries – Industrialized countries (or regions) that include Europe (all of Russia), the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Japan. MENA Countries – The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) is an economically diverse region that includes both the oil-rich economies in the Gulf and countries that are resource-scarce in relation to the population. The region’s economies have been influenced by two factors – the price of oil and the legacy of economic policies and structures that emphasized a leading role for the state.  Page 23 of 90 Measurements and Trends Smallpox, TB, syphilis, Infectious Diseases cholera, plague * A disease caused by an infectious agent * Viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi * A global problem – Used to be leading cause of death MASS REDUCTION IN SPREAD OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES: KILLERS OF TODAY: - Advances in nutrition -Lower Respiratory - Antibiotics Tract Infections - Immunization -HIV/AIDS - Food Safety - Housing and Sanitation -Diarrheal diseases -Malaria & TB -Ebola & MERS-Col V Infectious Period – Time period where person who has the disease can spread it Case fatality – Proportion of people who die from disease; how severe it is 60% Basic Reproductive Rate – Average number of secondary cases that result of one infected individual; how infectious the disease is ***Secondary Attack Rate (in percentage) TYPES OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 1. Zoonotic Diseases – Animal -> Human (60% of human diseases) 2. Emerging Infectious Diseases – 1st time, spreading quickly 3. Neglected Tropical Diseases – Affect poorest countries, ignored 4. Vector-Borne diseases – Transmitted from the bite of infected animal/human (70% of human diseases, e.g. malaria; dengue)  Page 24 of 90 TOP 10 WORST EPIDEMICS IN HISTROY 1. Third Cholera Pandemic (Water) 2. Asian Flu Pandemic of 1957 (Duck + human gene) 3. World War I Typhus Epidemic (Bacteria) 4. Cocolitzli (like Ebola, in Aztec community) 5. Plague of Justinian (Byzantine empire by rats, brought from Greek) 6. Antonine Plague (Roman Empire, smallpox & measles combo) 7. Third Plague pandemic (bubonic plague, entire country from far east to entire world) 8. HIV/AIDS (Primate to humans, first in Congo, lot of process in vaccines) 9. 1918 Flu Pandemic (50 million people) AKA Influenza 10. Black death (Europe, 75-200 million people, bubonic plague by rats) Endemic – A disease that exists permanently in a particular region or population. E.g. Malaria is a constant worry in parts of Africa. Epidemic – An outbreak of disease that attacks many peoples at about the same time and may spread through one or several communities. Pandemic – When an epidemic spreads throughout the world, notice ‘pan’ comes from the word panic. MERS-CoV EPIDEMIC (EXAMPLE) - Became known to the world in 2012 - Named ‘Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (Reflecting geographical area afflicted) - Source of infection not confirmed; likely through contact with dromedary camels - Globally more than 2,000 cases have been confirmed - 1/3 of those affected died - All cases have been linked back to Middle East (people with the virus might have residents, travellers, globalization & air fare makes viruses spreading very easy) - Cases reported outside the middle east were called imported cases - Secondary cases report much milder symptoms than primary ones, not confirmed if the transfer is ‘human to human’ but preventative measures were taken  Page 25 of 90 2009-2010 ‘Swine Flu’ PANDEMIC (EXAMPLE) - Later termed pandemic (H1N1) 2009 - The first pandemic of the 21st century spanned April 2009 through August 2010 - Despite being markedly severe in some pregnant women, this virus predominantly caused illness similar to ‘regular’ flu and was considered mild even as it infected people worldwide in out-of- season outbreaks - A form of this virus still circulates as seasonal flu. - After early outbreaks in North America, the new influenza spread rapidly around the world - By the time WHO declared it a pandemic, it had infected 74 countries and territories - Most deaths occurred in generally healthy, younger people (people above the age of 65 seemed to be immune to it) - At least 16,000 deaths - Creation of vaccines and medication, as well as proper preventative measures, the effects of pandemics are limited compared to those before industrialization  Page 26 of 90 Superpowers, empires, & supra-national alliances & organizations Colonialism – The practice of acquiring full/partial control over another country, occupying it with settlers and economically exploiting it Imperialism – A policy of extending a country’s power through colonization, use of military force or other means Power – The capacity/ability to direct or influence the behaviors of others or the course of events Balance of power – A state of stability between competing forces, alliances formed to prevent any one entity from becoming too strong Mercantilism – Belief in the benefits of profitable trading COLONIALISM IMPERIALISM One nation assumes control over Political or economic control, the other formally or informally A practice An idea driving the practice A nation conquers and rules other Creating an empire, expanding into regions, exploits the resources of neighboring regions and expanding conquered region for benefit of its dominance far conqueror Can alter social, physical and Foreign government governs a economic structure of colonized territory without significant region; usually traits of settlement conqueror are inherited by conquered Greater movement of people to new Exercising power over conquered settlements; living as permanent regions either through settlers sovereignty9 India, Australia, North America, American domination of Puerto Rico Algeria, New Zealand, and Brazil and the Philippines (by European Powers) *Imperialism has longer history than colonialism 9 Supreme power or authority  Page 27 of 90 Balance of Power - The posture and policy of a nation or group of nations protecting itself against another nation or group of nations by meeting its power against the power of the other side - States can pursue a policy of balance of power: § Increasing their own power (armaments race or competitive acquisition of territory) § Policy of alliances (currently applied, trade and globalization more important) - Term used to denote the power relationships in the European state system from the end of the Napoleonic Wars to World War I § In European Balance of Power, Great Britain played the role of ‘balancer’ or ‘holder of balance’. It was not permanently identified with the policies of any European nation, and it would throw its weight at one time on one side, at another time on one side, guided largely by one consideration – maintenance of balance itself10 - Balance of power from the early 20th century onward underwent drastic changes and destroyed the European power structure as it existed since the end of the Middle Ages. Prior, the political world was composed of many separate and independent balance of power systems, e.g., European, American, Chinese and Indian. WWI and its political alignments triggered a process that eventually culminated in the integration of most of the world’s nations into a single balance of power system. - Bipolar balance of power – Democratic West vs. Communist East Manufactured Mother country Mercantilism (1500s-1700s) $$$ i al Goods $$$ ter Ma R aw * Favorable balance of trade (import < export) Colony Colony $ * Colonies would help mother countries11 in mercantilism $ o Raw materials and manufactured goods * European countries viewed wealth as being ‘zero-sum’ o ZERO-SUM – Old ideology: must lose the equal amount gained o POSITIVE-SUM – New ideology: Both sides can gain and trade * Government has control over foreign trade * Mercantilism was eventually replaced by capitalism 10 Great Britain could play this role because it had naval supremacy and was virtually immune from foreign invasion (vast colonialism throughout the world & geographical position) 11 Those that colonized  Page 28 of 90 Holy Roman Empire - The Holy Roman Empire was a political entity in Western Europe (800 AD – 1806 AD) - Initially known as Empire of the West - Holy Roman Empire title was adopted in the 13th century § Fredrik-I coined the term HRE - Principal area was always that of German states (over time the borders shifted greatly) - All German States had individual kings but looked to the ‘Holy Roman King’ - After collapse in 1806 AD, Kingdom of Prussia, and Austria, as well as other empires were formed - Feudalism formed a hierarchy § Emperor Neutral -> Opposition) To win, you need to persuade them to join your cause, to show that you’re better than the opposition 3. Identify the pillars of power – Allies which can help implement your change; Police, media, education system, government etc. 4. Seek to attract, not to overpower – Anger + Hope -> Power; Keep your support happy (Gandhi & the salt march for salt tax laws) 5. Have a plan to survive victory – Get your victory; work hard to implement the change you saw; MOST IMPORTANT What are Human Rights? “Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, whatever our nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, color, religion, language or any other status” è All UN countries agree on adhering to these rights è Human rights must be fulfilled by all nations, regions and states è Human rights can be guaranteed by implementing laws è These rights are indivisible and may be political or civil rights è Fundamental discipline of non-discrimination  Page 37 of 90 è Basically: o Right to life o Equality before law o Freedom of Expression o Economic rights o Social rights o Cultural rights Universal Declaration on Human Rights (1948) * UN General Assembly in Paris * 10th December 1948 * Palestine, Taiwan, and Kosovo not part of UN * 30 articles (Human Rights) Vienna World Conference on Human Rights (1993) * 14-25th June, 1993 * 171 states recognized and acted on agreement of this conference * A plan for the international community for strengthening human rights around the world * Constructed on the basis of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights How have Human rights changed today’s world? - Developed countries take stand for human rights - Children are given rights (education, labor, marriage) - Provided citizens basic necessities of life - Consequences for violation of rights - Women’s rights (work, vote identity ‘In less developed countries, human rights violations are common’ Examples: * Oppression of women * Kashmir Issue * Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar * Guantanamo Bay, Cuba (USA – refer to war on terror) * Child labor/torture How does awareness of rights change lives?  Page 38 of 90 1. Taking a stand against issues 2. Creating awareness 3. Imposition of sanctions 4. International pressure Article 11 ‘Rights to protest and freedom of association’ -> Peaceful protests should be conducted o Protests in Kashmir o Aung San Sukyi to international court of justice o Civil Rights movement, USA o Nelson Mandela and Apartheid movement MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS 1. Eradicate Extreme Hunger and Poverty 2. Achieve Universal Primary Education 3. Promote gender equality and empower women 4. Reduce child mortality 5. Improve maternal health 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria & other diseases 7. Ensure environmental sustainability 8. Develop a global partnership for development UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS 1. Equality 2. Freedom from discrimination 3. Life, liberty and personal security 4. Freedom from slavery 5. Freedom from torture and degrading treatment 6. Right to recognition as a person before law 7. Equality before law 8. Remedy by competent tribunal 9. Freedom from arbitrary arrest/exile 10. Fair public hearing 11. Considered innocent until proven guilty 12. Freedom from interference with privacy, family, homes, correspondence 13. Free movement in/out of country 14. Asylum in other countries from persecution 15. Nationality, freedom to change it  Page 39 of 90 16. Marriage and family 17. Ownership of property 18. Freedom of belief and opinion 19. Freedom of opinion and association 20. Peaceful assembly and association 21. Participate in government and free elections 22. Social security 23. Desirable work and joining of trade unions 24. Rest and Leisure 25. Adequate living standard 26. Education 27. Participate in cultural life of community 28. Social order 29. Community duties essential to free and full development 30. Freedom from state or personal interference in above rights VIEWS ON WOMEN Women Suffrage Movement Aim: Less educated Too emotional *Right to vote Weak *Right to stand for public office Easily influenced A constitution to be formed where ‘women get equal rights14’ 2 Movements for Women Suffrage 1. 19th century, Suffragettes, non-violent (strong opposition, unpopular) a. What they wanted: i. Better treatment ii. Representation in government iii. Right to vote iv. Better education 2. 20 century, WSPU15, Pankhurst, violent th a. 1903 – Emmeline Pankhurst (1858-1928) & daughters established WSPU b. New policy of boldness and action, breaking law to get attention 14 Still a problem today 15 Women’s Social and Political Union  Page 40 of 90 Ways of Protest of WSPU * Painting slogans * Breaking windows * Disrupting political meetings * Chained outside Parliament House and Prime Minister’s House * Set fire to buildings * Cutting telephone wires Further violence under Christabel Pankhurst (1912) * Planting bombs *As time passes, public opinion about women suffrage changes *1914 – WWI -> Men at war, jobs left unattended *Government didn’t want to let women do men’s jobs; ‘The Right to Serve’ procession in 1915 (60,000 women) forced government to allow 1916 – 180,000 women making guns & weapons 16,000 women’s land army (agriculture or forestry) 3 million women working (nurses, ambulances, cleaning, coal delivery) ***Suffragettes campaign to help war effort made them popular 1918 – British government gave some women right to vote16 1928 – Voting age lower to 21 (political equality with men) ***In later years/decades, women became members of parliament 1979 – First Female British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher 1980s – Women almost everywhere could vote except some Muslim countries Rights Given to Women - New Zealand – 1893 Australia – 1902 Soviet Union – 1917 - Italy/Japan – 1946 Pakistan – 1947 China – 1947 - India – 1949 Switzerland - 1977 16 If they were: 1. Women householders 2. Householder’s wives 3. Graduates (university) above 30  Page 41 of 90 Arab Springs (Brief) What was it? A series of anti-government protests, uprisings and armed rebellions that spread across the Middle East in early 2011 *Successful uprisings in Tunisia against formed leader Zine El Abidine Ben Ali. Motivated similar anti-government protests in most arab countries EGYPT Uncertain SYRIA CIVIL CONFLICT transition TUNISIA period LIBIYA YEMEN *Wealthy monarchies in Persian Gulf remained unshaken ‘Arab Springs’ was a reference to turmoil in Eastern Europe in 1989 o Dictatorial regimes fell due to mass popular protest o Termed by Western Media in early 2011 Aim of Arab Springs - At core, an expression of resentment at the aging Arab Dictatorships, brutality of the security, unemployment, rising prices, corruption, privatization of state assets - No consensus on political and economic model that existing system should be replaced with o Protests in Jordan/Moroccan monarchies – reform in system under current rulers o Egypt/Tunisia wanted to overthrow President and free elections o Leftist groups and unions: higher wages and reverse dodgy privatization deals o Liberal reform, private sector o Hardline Islamists: Enforcing strict religious norms *Everyone wanted reform of some sort or another, but different groups had different ideas of reform  Page 42 of 90 Success or Failure? - Failure if it was expected that decades of authoritarian rule could be easily reversed and replaced with stable democratic systems across the region - Some expected removal of corrupt rulers would instantaneously improve living standards - Chronic instability in countries going through political transition put strain on local economies - Deep divisions between Islamists and secular Arabs - Catalyst for long term change o Outcome yet to be seem Impact - Protests removed17 many Arab dictators18; ‘people power’ not done before - Explosion of political activity - Instability – Islamist/Secular divide - Conflict and civil war - Sunni/Shiite tension reinforced - Economic uncertainty - Syrian war Maori Protest Movement A broad indigenous rights movement in New Zealand, it has existed since Europeans first colonized New Zealand. **Maori Protest movement is part of a broader Maori Renaissance Maori Affairs Amendment Act of 1967 “Maori land ‘economic’ by encouraging transfer to a Pakeha19 system of land ownership; this generally allowed greater interference in Maori landholding, seen widely as Pakeha land grab; strong opposition, yet the amendment was passed. o This Act was a catalyst for the Maori Protest movement o Wider civil rights movement globally in 1960s 17 Governments forced into reform 18 Only through foreign intervention or militaries coups 19 Maori were indigenous New Zealanders, Pakeha are the European settlers  Page 43 of 90 Modern form of the movement emerged in the 1970s. Focused on: * Treaty of Waitangi * Maori land rights * Maori language and culture * Racism Successes of the movement: - Waitangi Tribunal establishment - Return of some Maori land - Maori made an official language of New Zealand By fighting, protesting, court cases, deputations to British monarchs and British/New Zealand governments, passive resistance, and boycotts, the Maori tried to achieve a separate Maori political system. Maori Women’s Welfare League New Zealand Maori Council Indian Caste System - Brahmins (Priests - Kshatriyas (Warriors and rulers) - Vaisyas (Skilled craftsmen) - Sudras (Unskilled workers) - Pariahs (Untouchables) 1932 – Gandhi went on a fast to protest against the segregation of the untouchables in the electoral arrangement planned for the new Indian constitution20 * There was a spontaneous upsurge of feelings after this act, leading to temples, wells and public places being open to all untouchables 20 Critics described this as a form of coercion, political blackmail  Page 44 of 90 A number of Hindu leaders met with representatives of untouchables, and an electoral alternative arrangement was agreed upon and approved by the British government. HARIJAN SEKH SANGH – Combat ‘untouchability’ (organization) Started a newspaper ‘HARIJAN’ 1933 (9 months) – Gandhi went on a country wide tour which covered 12,500 miles, to help break down barriers between untouchables and the rest of the Hindu community. 1938 – Removal of civil Disabilities Act (Passed by Madras Legislature, it provided that no Harijan21 would be disabled from any social or public amenity) GOOD EDUCATION FOR HARIJANS22 -> YOUTH CAN SOLVE PROBLEMS REGARDING IT Caste is a social custom; all great preachers have tried to break it. Small Examples of Protests Tank Man in China (1989) - An individual stepped in front of a tank in china on June 5th, 1989 - He became a symbol of civil disobedience - Occurred after the 1989 killings of Tiananmen Square (where public protested against the Communist rule in China) - Symbolized courage and peaceful protest Black power salute in Mexico (1968) - Tommie Smith and John Carlos (1st and 3rd positions in Olympics sprint) - During US Anthem, raised black gloves to symbolize empowerment of blacks in USA - A protest against apartheid - Took off their shoes to symbolize black poverty - Symbolic display 21 Harijan – Children of God (name of Pariahs by Gandhi) 22 Lead to investment in schooling  Page 45 of 90 Self-Immolation of Thic Quang Duc ‘Burning Monk’ - A Vietnamese monk, opposed the Catholic rule of President Ngo Dinh Diem - Vietnamese being 90% Buddhist, President favored Catholics - Set himself on fire to prove a point - He wanted religious equality Guernica, painting by Pablo Picasso (1937) - Sheds light on the causal bombing of the village by Fascist Party during Spanish Civil War - Dove in background symbolizes broken peace - Information Distribution Salt March by Gandhi (1930) - Protest against the high taxes placed by British on Indian salt - Act of civil disobedience - All the way from Sabarmati Ahsram to town of Dandi Flower Power Movement (1967) - Late 1960s to early 1970s - Anti-war movement (especially against Vietnamese war) - People gave each other flowers as sign of peace Montgomery Bus boycott (1955) - During civil war movement - Started when Rosa Parks (black) refused to give her bus seat to a white man - Blacks started boycotting US bus service, racial segregation  Page 46 of 90 - Major driver of civil war in USA - Successful, caused economic loss and eventually, rights were granted to blacks Amritsar Massacre (1919) - Killing of several hundred people who came to protest peacefully (against tyrannical rule of British) - General Dyer ordered troops to fire - Dyer hero to British, monster to Indians Storming of Bastille: French Revolution (1789) - Bastille was a fort, arms deposition and jail, housing 7 prisoners - Revolutionaries started a violent riot against King XIV - > who lead to France’s bankruptcy - Rebels wanted France free of his rule, they took all guns and ammunition from Bastille - Start of French revolution  Page 47 of 90 Settlements and Urban Morphology Settlement – a place where people live Decrease in frequency Increase in size of Conurbation - Dispersed settlements settlement, higher > 1 mil - Temporary camps of population and more hunters/herders services. City > 100 K - Permanent settlements Large Town 20 k - 100 k - Large urban agglomerations Small Town 1k-20k Conurbation/ metropolitan Area – A Village 100-1000 super-city consisting of multiple cities and towns; Population is Hamlet > 100 usually several million Isolated Dwelling 10-25 Large city – A city with a large population (1 million ppl) and many services provided City – Having abundant services, population of over 100, 000 people Large town – A population of 20,000 to 100, 000; urban area with a particular administration/legal/historical status Town – a population of 1000 to 20,000 people Village – Generally doesn’t have many services, population of 100 to 1000; clustered human settlements/community Hamlet – Tiny population (> 100) and very few services and buildings Isolated Dwelling – Only 1-2 buildings or families, negligible services ***A conurbation is an urban area comprising of a number of metropolitan areas23 that are connected with one another and are usually interdependent with one another economically and socially. Merged after continual population growth and physical expansion to form a continuous urban and industrially developed area Site – Actual piece of ground on which settlement is built; the settlement’s exact location 23 Consisting of many neighborhoods and areas  Page 48 of 90 SITE FACTORS: * Water Supply – Clean supply of water for consumption and domestic usage * Relief – Area needs to be high enough to be safe from flooding, low enough to be sheltered from strong winds * Defense – Protection from attackers (natural e.g. hilltop, inside of a river meander) * Transport – A site at crossroads, rivers or coast gives easier access to other settlements * Soil – Deep fertile soil made farming and animal rearing easier * Resources – Sources required for building, heating, fuel etcetera (timber, rock wood) Situation – Refers to location of the settlement in relation to surrounding areas *If a settlement has food access to natural resources and other settlements, it grows in size. Many settlements with a good site and situation have grown into large cities. EXAMPLE CITY – PARIS è Capital of France, largest city in Europe, population of 10 million è Began in 3 BC è Sited on a small island in river Siene è Site good for defense and a good crossing point across the river è Fertile soil of Siene was excellent for farming è Under Roman rule, Paris grew and became the center of a network of roads across Europe è Center of many international air routes, railways and roads (based on site) Settlement Patterns Dispersed – Far apart from each other Linear – Long and narrow settlements  Page 49 of 90 Nucleated – Clustered settlements *Dispersed settlements are usually farms (field land) or in mountainous regions (hard to live in areas) *Linear settlements follow feature of land (roads, shape, railways, rivers etc.) *Buildings clustered around a central point (crossroad, church, water supply, market etc.) in a nucleated settlement *Planned settlements have a regular pattern City Layout – The easy a city’s streets and buildings are distributed TYPES: - Irregular: Unplanned urban growth, no particular order, narrow and winding streets, few open spaces (medieval/Muslim towns) - Grid Plan: Streets run at right angles to each other, typical of North American cities - Radio-centric: Streets radiate out from a central point FUNCTIONS OF A SETTLEMENT ***Activities that take place inside a settlement - Farming Technology has made it less - Markets and inns important for a city to be planned - Industrial at a site in regards to its different factors. Water can be piped, - Residential sewage and drainage systems can - Administrative be created, and transport is no - Commercial longer an issue. - Services (schools, libraries, hospitals) - Tourism RURAL SETTLEMENT URBAN SETTLEMENT Population Density 100-1000 people 1000 - > 1 million Dominant Functions Fishing, lumbering, Commercial, residential, farming, mining port/trade, manufacturing Amenities Provided Unsafe water, transport Safe tap water, good on foot, grow own food, transport, import food, poor public facilities many services available Way of Life Low standard of living, High standard of living, simple life stressful life  Page 50 of 90 Problems of Urban Growth 1. Housing – Lack of housing, affordability of proper housing; leads to development of squatter settlements i. Provide high rise flats (e.g. Singapore & Hong Kong) ii. Low cost housing to relocate slum dwellers iii. Improve living conditions of squatter settlements (piped water and sanitation) iv. Reduce rural-urban migration by improving rural services/opportunities 2. Water Supply – Shortage of water and poor piping system i. Build water reservoirs ii. More treatment plants, remove and replace deteriorating pipes iii. Awareness of water conservation 3. Transport – Too many cars, poor public transport system i. Extensive framework of roads and railways ii. Build expressways and wider roads for traffic flow iii. Encourage and develop public transport 4. Pollution – Domestic and industrial waste contribution to land pollution i. Impose heavy fines ii. Collect waste 3x a day iii. Increase sewage pipelines iv. Piling work to be done in daylight v. More tree plantation vi. Awareness of health, hygiene and pollution Rural settlements are changing in both LEDCs and MEDCs due to the following: - Migration (rural -> urban & urban -> rural) - Urban growth - Technological change - Rural planning policies - Government finding  Page 51 of 90 CHANGES IN RURAL AREAS IN LEDCs Positive Negative *Rural population declines, *Public and private services reducing pressure on resources closed as population declines *Reduction of unemployment in *Mainly aging population, young area have migrated *Remittance from people who *Reduction in agricultural migrated is major income source production; insufficient labor *Development schemes based on urban areas, rural ones forgotten *Natural resources present exploited by MNCs and government as people have few rights CHANGES IN RURAL AREAS OF MEDCs *Rural population has changed in character (gentrification24) Counter urbanization 1. The economy is no longer dominated by agriculture and employment in agriculture (mechanized farming) 2. Farm diversification (changing use of area) 3. Higher house prices and lack of URBANIZATION affordable housing 4. Formation of metropolitan villages 5. Rural depopulation RE- URBANIZATION SUBURBANIZATION 6. Decline of rural services and public transport (everyone has cars) COUNTERURBANIZATION Urbanization – The growth in the population of people living in towns or cities. - Urban regeneration: Improve an urban area in decline with a mix of urban redevelopment and renewal 24 The process of renovating and improving a house or district so that it conforms to middle class taste  Page 52 of 90 - Urban redevelopment: complete change of existing site infrastructure/buildings and construction of new buildings from scratch - Urban renewal: Keeping best elements of existing urban environments and adapting them to new usage 1 – BURGESS – CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL 2 – HOYT – SECTOR MODEL 3 – ALONSO’s THEORY OF BIDRENT ***Land expensive towards center, so high, middle, low respectively Benefits of Urbanization * Economic Growth * Social mobilization * Empowerment of women * Greater access to education and health services (contraceptives!) * Helps decrease population growth * Enormous opportunity for sustainable urban living in Africa and Asia Disadvantages of Urbanization * Increasing separation of wealthy and poor * Urban sprawl results in inefficient usage of land and slum development * Risky and unhealthy living conditions in slums (pollution!)  Page 53 of 90 * Increase in slum dwellers (1990 – 650 million to 2012 – 863 million) * Global urbanization is an inevitable trend, slum growth due to bad decisions * Violence & unemployment * Pressure on resources and infrastructure ***Favelas in Rio Olympics ***Most cities are built around coastal areas (trade and transport) and are more susceptible to climate change, yet more rural-urban migration TOP 10 ISSUES CITIES FACE/ MUST OVERCOME 1. Economic Development 2. Infrastructure 3. Public Safety 4. Budgets 5. Education 6. Housing 7. Data technology 8. Environment/energy 9. Demographics 10. Healthcare ***Centripetal & Centrifugal Movements Brownfield site – Derelict or underused industrial building and land that have potential for re-development Counter-urbanization – A process involving the movement of population away from urban areas to a new town/estate/village Re-urbanization – The development of activities to increase population densities within the existing built-up area of a city; may include redevelopment of brownfield sites or new business enterprises Suburb – A residential area within or outside the boundaries of a city Suburbanization – The outward growth of towns and cities to villages and rural areas  Page 54 of 90 Urban sprawl – Uncontrolled and unplanned physical expansion of an urban area into countryside Residential segregation – The physical separation of population by culture, income, or other criteria Poverty Absolute Poverty – Measures poverty in relation to the amount of money necessary to meet basic needs such as food, clothing, and shelter (not concerned with quality of life issues or inequality in society) Relative Poverty – In relation to the economic status of other members of the society, people are poor of they fall below prevailing standards of living in a given societal context o Lack of basic capability to function o Lack of provision by a community of the basic social services required o An income below the country’s poverty line - HOUSING POOR - HEALTH POOR - TIME POOR Sustainable Development Goals (Created in 2016 to be done by 2030) 1. NO POVERTY 2. ZERO HUNGER 6. CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION 8. DECENT WORK AND ECONOMIC GROWTH Causes of Poverty 1. Lack of education 2. Lack of resources 3. History 4. War and political instability 5. National debt 6. Discrimination and social inequality 7. Vulnerability to natural disasters 8. Dysfunctional families and bad parenting  Page 55 of 90 How to Fight Poverty? n The affected need to be willing to change n Issues must be identified n Be aware, generate awareness n Donate and volunteer n Create jobs n Raise minimum wage n Resource and services accessible to citizens n Pay equity n Education n Medical insurance n Reform criminal justice system n Self-help programs and projects TYPES OF WASTE 1. Liquid THE THREE R’s: 2. Solid - RECYCLE 3. Organic - REDUCE 4. Recyclable - REUSE 5. Hazardous Waste Management - Landfill (Burying waste in land, developing countries) - Incineration/Combustion - Recovery and Recycling - Plasma Gasification (convert trash to renewable energy) - Composting (organic material to fertilizer) - Waste to energy (heating and other purposes) - Avoidance/waste minimization - Disposal in ocean/sea  Page 56 of 90 Warfare & Peacekeeping What is a revolution? è A transformative event which attempts to change a nation, region, society or sometimes the world è Different revolutions have different aims and motives o American Revolution (overthrow and replace political power) o Russian and Chinese revolutions (radical social and economic change; regime of communism) è Revolutions are fast moving è Driven by people/groups inspired by hope; idealism and dreams of a better society è Each revolution is unique to its time, location and condition ***Confrontation, conflict, disruption and division – can lead to war, violence, and human suffering Phases of a revolution 1. Long term conditions of revolutions a. Political, economic, or social grievances and dissatisfaction b. Dissatisfaction amongst masses c. Revolutionary ideas start circulating 2. Short term causes of revolutions a. Every revolution is triggered by a short term cause b. This event/crisis highlights existing grievances/conditions/sufferings c. Leads to more urgent demand for reform/action d. E.g. disastrous military wars/defeats, passing unpopular laws, government showing resistance to reform, rapidly deteriorating economic conditions, act of violence against people 3. Ideology a. Developed, adapted and articulated by important thinkers and writers b. Promote revolution, explain objectives and justify actions 4. Flashpoints a. Critical moments where there is direct confrontation of revolutionaries and forces of old regime b. Challenge power and authority, acceleration in pace of revolution  Page 57 of 90 5. Armed Struggle a. By nature revolutions are violent b. Revolutionaries prepare militias or armies for own protection/overthrowing opposition c. Old regimes mobilize armies to defend themselves d. Eventually forces will clash 6. Grab for Power a. How easy/difficult the success of a revolution is depends on the political and military power of the old regime 7. Consolidation and confrontation a. After new regime is in power, it must fight off the existing threat b. Must rebuild society c. Earn the support of people d. Solutions for the things that caused the revolution to begin with 8. Division a. New regime might become divided over aims and methods of rebuilding society b. Revolutions are better at destruction than construction 9. Radicalization a. Radical political leadership saying revolution fails to meet objectives (to stop dangers like civil war, counter- revolutionaries, or foreign threats) b. Extreme measures might be taken (war, terror, price control) 10. Moderation a. When radical phase ends, new regime becomes more moderate b. Radical methods/policies are abandoned c. Restoration of control, order, stability and prosperity “Inevitable, human driven events that are necessary for society to develop, progress and abundance” – Some historian about revolutions Autocracy – A system of governance by one person with absolute power Plutocracy – A state or society governed by the wealthy  Page 58 of 90 Why does civil resistance work? - Civil and non-violent resistance prevents fewer obstacles to moral and physical involvement and commitment - Higher levels of participation contributes to enhanced resilience - Leads to more peaceful democracies which are less likely to lead to civil war 6 Forms of Revolution – by Mark Katz 1. Rural revolution 2. Urban Revolution 3. Coup d’etat (e.g. Egypt 1952) 4. Revolution from above (Mao’s great leap forward of 1958) 5. Revolution from without (allied invasions of Italy 1944, and Germany 1945) 6. Revolution by Osmosis (Gradual Islamization of several countries) Russian Revolution (1917) * Violent revolution marked the end of the Romonov dynasty and imperial rule in Russia * The Bolsheviks, led by leftist25 Vladmir Lenin, seized power and destroyed the traditional czarist rule’ * Bolsheviks would later become the Communist Party of the Soviet Union * In the early 1900s, Russia was a very impoverished country in Europe, with enormous peasantry and growing minority of poor industrial workers * Russia practiced serfdom26 * When Russia went through the industrial revolution in the late nineteenth century, it brought about great social and political change * Population boom + harsh growing seasons + series of costly wars – led to frequent food shortages * Bloody Sunday Massacre of 1905 led to Russian Revolution of 1905 * WWI (1914) caused disastrous effects on Russia, economy was disrupted 25 Left-wing politics supports social equality and egalitarianism, often in opposition to social hierarchy 26 A form of feudalism in which landless peasants were forced to serve land owning nobility  Page 59 of 90 * The February Revolution overthrew Nicholas II and put the Durma in power; formed liberal programs of rights * In November, Bolsheviks performed a bloodless coup d’etat against Durma’s provisional government * Lenin became the dictator of the world’s first communist state * After the Russian Civil war in 1923, Lenin’s Red Army created the Soviet Union/USSR27 Urban Revolution ***Due to cumulative growth of technology and increasing availability of food surplus as capital In anthropology and archaeology, the processes by which agricultural village societies developed into socially, economically and politically complex urban societies 10 formal criteria to indicate development * Increased settlement size * Concentration of wealth * Large scale public works * Writing * Representational art * Knowledge of science and engineering * Foreign trade * Full time specialists in non-subsistence activities * Class-stratified society * Political organization based on residence Digital Revolution è Advancements of technology from analog electronic and mechanical devices to digital technology available today è Started during 1980s and is ongoing è The development and advancement of digital technologies started with the fundamental idea of the Internet è Changed the ways in which humans communicate è 19477 invention of transistor; starting point for digital technology to come è Made globalization possible 27 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics  Page 60 of 90 Pink Tide (Turn towards left wing in Latin America for two decades) - Late 1990s and 2000s in Latin America - Self-proclaimed socialist came to power (e.g. Nicaragua, Venezuela, Uruguay) - Implemented radically progressive political agendas o Increased social spending o Nationalization of important industries o Renegotiate trade deals o Rewriting of constitutions - Many leftist governments by 2010 - In 2012, President Fernando Lugo (leftist) of Paraguay was impeached28, replaced by right-wing Partido Colorado - In 2015, Mauricio Macri (right wing) was elected democratically as President of Argentina - In 2016 President of Brazil was impeached and succeeded by a conservative - Leftist in Venezuela holds very little power as President - Return of conservative rule in Brazil and Argentina have has widespread effects across the region (being the largest economies of Latin America) What is war? It is a contention carried on by force of arms between sovereign states or communities having in this regard the right of states Types of war: - Hegemonic: Global war, over control of the entire world - Total: Waged by one state to conquer and occupy another - Limited: Includes military actions to gain some objective short of surrender and occupation - Civil: Between factions within a state trying to create or prevent a new government - Guerilla: Tactics and sabotage to indirectly harass and punish the enemy army 28 The process by which a legislative body formally levels and charges against a high official of government  Page 61 of 90 What makes war and terrorism different? - Proper authority and public declaration - Causes and intentions - Probability of success - Proportionality - Last resort - War is governed by laws Peace – The absence of war and violence whilst having the ability to manage conflict constructively, as an important opportunity for change and increased understanding Arab springs Tunisia - Started in 2011 after vegetable cart owner committed self- immolation - No ideology behind it - Police was corrupt - Zine El Abidine Ben Ali and regime were told to step down - President fled after a month of protests - Momentum set off uprising across the Middle East Egypt - Government overthrown on Feb 11th 2011 - President Hosni Mubarak steps down, faces charges of killing unarmed protester - Elections held in November 2011 - Protests continue in Tahrir Square - Mubarak was put in power by America, since 1980s, key ally of the West - Military did not intervene (didn’t suppress revolts in Cairo) Libya - Anti-government protests begin in Feb 2011 - Leads to civil war between opposition forces and Gadhafi loyalists - People started protesting against Gadhafi (was in power for an extremely long time) after resignation of Mubarak (Egypt) - Gadhafi was murder in the same year  Page 62 of 90 - Tripoli was captured, government overthrown in August - Rebel terrorist broke down the government - Led to weak government (currently weak government) Syria - Protests on going since January 2011 - Continuing clashes between army and protesters - Bashor al Assad (alawi) President; father was also ruler previously [extremely repressive rule], - Syria holds key geo-politcal situation - Civil war Yemen - Inspired by Tunisia - Clash between police and government vs. people - Army was split into 2 camps (Al Qaida took advantage and occupied areas in South Yemen) - Saudi Arabia intervened, stopped civil war in Yemen - President Ali Abdullah Saleh signed power transfer agreement giving his power to vice President al-Hadi Bahrain - People were inspired after Egypt29 - Ruling Sunni minority and mass Shia population - Intolerance towards Shiites (re-energized sectarianism) - Saudi-Arabia intervened but failed to do much - Tension between both sects still remains *Algeria, Jordan, Iraq, Kuwait, Morocco and Oman also part of Arab Springs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uuVRwDBiKws War on terrorism - Also known as the Global war (military campaign launched by Bush Administration) - American led global counter-terrorism campaign launched in response to 9/11 29 Egypt’s such a role model! (sarcasm intended)  Page 63 of 90 - Comparable to the cold war (in terms of scope, expenditure, and international relations) - Intended to represent a new phase in global politics relations - Important consequences for security, human rights, international law, cooperation and governance - Major wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, covert operations in Yemen and elsewhere - Major increase in military spending and large scale military assistance programs for cooperative regimes - Increased funding of American intelligence agencies o Capturing terrorist suspects o Trading and intercepting terrorist finance - Public diplomacy campaign to counter anti-Americanism in the Middle East o New anti-terrorism legislation in the US o New security institutions o Preventative detainment of suspects o Surveillance and intelligence gathering programs o Strengthening of emergency response procedures o Increased security measures generally Success? Failure? Arrest of hundreds of terrorist Scattered al-Qaeda network, making suspects worldwide it harder to counteract Prevention of further large-scale Anti-Americanism in Muslim world terrorist attacks in USA (attack on Afghanistan/Iraq) Toppling of Taliban’s regime and Amplifying message of militant subsequent closure of terrorist Islam (uniting disparate groups in training camps in Afghanistan a common cause) Capture/elimination of many of al- Smokescreen for a larger US Qaeda’s senior members ‘geopolitical’ agenda - Global oil reserves - Military presence - Defense system Increased levels of international cooperation in global counter- terrorism efforts * Negative impacts were far more than any positive impacts * Osama Bin Laden killed * By time of George W. Bush’s re-election in 2004 o In Iraq, US forces overthrew Saddam Hussein’s government in 2003  Page 64 of 90 § Underestimated difficulties of building a functioning government from scratch § Neglected to consider the sectarian tensions o By late 2004, it was apparent Iraq was sinking into chaos and civil war * In 2006, US faced full blown insurgency in Afghanistan led by a reconstituted Taliban * Bush administration was criticized for actions considered immoral and illegal o Detention of accused enemy combatants without trial at Guantanamo Bay o Use of torture against detainees to extract intelligence o Unmanned combat drones to kill enemies in areas far from Afghanistan or Iraq * By the end of Bush’s presidency, an extremely negative opinion of him was formed o Helped Barack Obama win election of 2008 § Under him, both wars were gradually wound down Cold War (stopping spread of communist ideologies globally) - After WWII, USA and the Soviet Union (USSR) were the world’s superpowers - They held different ideologies about economies and government (communism vs. capitalism) - Fought a war of ideas (UNCONVENTIONAL WARFARE) - Post-war expansion of USSR into Eastern Europe fueled American fears of Russia ruling the world - American’s believed best defense against USSR was ‘containment’ (containment of Russian expansive tendencies) o Arms Race in 1950s (acquire atomic weaponry) § H-bomb/atom bomb testing caused radioactive elements in the atmosphere o Race to Space § Sputnik in 1957 was the world’s first artificial satellite (Russia) § Creation of NASA (USA) § First man in space in 1961 (Russia) § Neil Armstrong on the moon (USA)  Page 65 of 90 o The red scare in America – 1947 onwards (a promotion of wide spread fear by a society or state about a potential rise of communism, anarchism or radical leftism) - First military action: USSR backed North Korea (communist) invaded South Korea (capitalist) [1950-1953] o America supported South Korea, eventually stalemate; ended in 1953 - Bay of Pigs and Cuban Missile Crisis 1961 (real communist threat lay in unstable postcolonial ‘third world’ countries according to USA) - 10 years of military action by USA in Vietnam against communist regime - Nixon was diplomatic, tried to fix relationships with Russia - Reagan believed communism was a threat, but at that point the USSR was already disintegrating causing the power in Eastern Europe to finish. - The end of the cold war was marked by the falling of the Berlin War in 1981 - USSR ended in 1991 Communism in China (People’s Republic of China) *Aftermath of civil war between Communist Party of China (CPC) and the Nationalist Party of China immediately after WWII - CPC was formed in 1921, Mao Zedong in control of CPC in 1927 - Mao led a revolution in China and communist party obtained control in 1947. - Followed example of Soviet Model of development through heavy industry with surpluses extracted from peasants - In the 1950s, Mao split from traditional ‘Marxism-Leninism’ and developed Maoism (Chinese interpretation of communism) o Mao was upset with the ‘cold war’ situation and capitalism vs. communism - Great Leap forward (social and economic 5 year plan targeting industry and agriculture) o Considered a failure, many people starved to death - Cultural Revolution (reassert authority over government, preserve ‘true’ communist ideology [socio0political movement]) o Mao overthrew enemies and millions were killed or prosecuted - Deng Xiaoping shifted ideals of China to form ‘market socialism’  Page 66 of 90 o Changes in economic system, developing Chinese socialism o ‘Four modernizations’ – Agriculture, industry, science and technology, military o Deng turned China into the economic world power that it is today o Opened China to outside world and industrialized successfully - Tiananmen Square Massacre, military force against civilians (1989) o Students protesting for individual freedoms o Deng officially resigned in 1989, after international condemnation for his government - Current Constitution created in 1982, continually revised o Civil rights o Free to speech, press o Free worship o Right to trial o Right to own private property - Computer usage exploded in China o Ethics of technology has become increasingly prominent § Privacy, censorship, public ownership and work ethic – serious ethical issues Colonialism and Power in Congo - Imperialized by Belgium (King Leopold II) in 1884 o King Leopold II was disappointed with inheritance of Belgium (small country)(He believed overseas colonies were key to a country’s greatness) o Congo was rich in resources; minerals, copper, ivory, rubber, network of waterways o 400 treaties signed by African chiefs giving land away to King Leopold o Officially placed under Leopold at Berlin conference of 1884 § Leopold was given Congo under the agreement that he would being the people there into the modern world; Leopold ignored this and brutally governed Congo - Personal fortune off of Congo’s ivory - Forced labor by locals - Huge profit from rubber for projects in Belgium - Paid off Belgian debt by Congo’s forced labor  Page 67 of 90 - Some money was used to build schools, hospitals, railroads in Congo - Belgian’s Roman Catholic Church tried to take over the people of Congo’s religious views and teachings - Leopold’s mistreating of Africans led to critical human rights movements - Belgian government eventually had to take Congo away from Leopold o Millions of deaths caused by Leopold resulted in his loss of power § Mistreatment of Africans after ‘rubber boom’ (forced labor) § Women and children held captive until rubber made § Unrealistic expectations of rubber quotas, if not met, limbs would be cut off § Leopold forced to give Congo to Belgian State in 1908 (renamed Belgian Congo) Belgian government was better than Leopold but was harsh at times - In 1950s people of Congo fought for independence (Set up political parties, demanded self-rule) - On June 30th, 1960 Congo gained independence and became a free nation - Now known as the Democratic Republic of Congo - A LOT OF INSTABILITY AFTER INDEPENDENCE o UN helped govern the state for 2 years after failure of government There’s a really great Crash course video on Power in Congo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4uArRzwKHvE  Page 68 of 90 Resource Management Resource – An economic or productive factor required to accomplish an activity, or as a means to undertake an enterprise and achieve a desired outcome 1. Human resources - People who are the workforce of business sector 2. Human-made resources – Infrastructure, technology, and machinery 3. Natural resources – Classified according to development, origin and availability a. Actual and Potential b. Abiotic and biotic c. Renewable and non-renewable Resource management – Effective use and allocation of valuable resources in the economy (physical resources and labor) Natural resource management – Putting resources to t