Pilosopiya at Etika (PDF)

PHILOSOPHY ________________________________ ETHICS PAGSULAT - Study of moral principles/behavior PANUKALANG PROYEKTO - Kung ano ang tama at mali - Ginagamit sa paglikha ng mga “End doesn’t ju...

PHILOSOPHY ________________________________ ETHICS PAGSULAT - Study of moral principles/behavior PANUKALANG PROYEKTO - Kung ano ang tama at mali - Ginagamit sa paglikha ng mga “End doesn’t justify the means” pag-aaral sa pangangalap ng pondo, — Deontology ang panukala ay isang proposal na “End does justify the means” naglalayong itatag ang mga plano o — Consequentialism adhikain para sa isang komunidad o samahan — Dr. Phil Bartle Deontology — Immanuel Kant - Ay isang detalyadong deskripsyon ng - “ ‘wag gamitin ang sarili para mga inihahaing gawaing naglalayong maging kasangkapan ng lumutas ng isang problema o adhikain. kasamaan — Besim Nebiu Consequentialism — Robin Hood Style - Pangalan ng Proyekto - Nagnanakaw to help for others - Nagpanukala o nanguna sa Egoism (ego-sarili) proyekto - Selfishness - Lugar kung saan isinagawa o - Benefit oneself ipinatupad Altruism - Petsa ng pagpapatupad - volunteerism - Mga taong nagsagawa ng - Pagtulong w/o reward proyekto - Selflessness - Pakinabang o magandang dulot Utilitarianism ng proyekto - Benefit the many Grapevine scene — BAHAGI SA PAGSULAT — Moral - check Law - cross PAGSULAT NG SIMULA Ethics - cross PAGPAPAHAYAG NG SULIRANIN - Pagtukoy sa pangangailangan o Epistemology suliranin ng isang komunidad o - Study of nature, origin, and limits kompanyang pag-uukulan ng of human knowledge. panukalang proyekto. — Types of Epistemology — HAL. 1. Paglaganap ng dengue Impericism - believes based on facts - Paglilinis Rationalism - believes based on reason - Fumigation (pag-uusok) and logic 2. Kakulangan sa tubig “Guilt beyond reasonable doubt” - Wastong paggamit Not guilty with reasonable doubt” - Pagtitipi ng tubig  KATAWAN NG PANUKALANG — BALANGKAS NG PANUKALANG PROYEKTO PROYEKTO — LAYUNIN - dito makikita ang mga gustong makamit o pinaka-adhikain PAMAGAT - dapat maging SIMPLE - hinango mismo sa inilahad na (Jeremy Miner at Lynn Miner, 2008) panganailangan bilang tugon sa Specific - nais makamit suliranin Immediate - tiyak na petsa kung kailan NAGPADALA matatapos - tumutukoy sa tao o Measurable - may basehan na organisasyong nagmumungkahi naisasakatuparan ang proyekto ng proyekto Practical - solusyon PETSA Logical - paraan - araw kung kailan ipinasa ang Evaluable - masusukat kung paano panukalang papel. maging kung matutulong ang proyekto gaano katagal ang gagawing proyekto PLANO NG DAPAT GAWIN - pagbuo ng PAGPAPAHAYAG NG SULIRANIN plan of action na naglalaman ng mga - nakaraan ang suliranin at kung hakbang na isasagawa upang malutas bakit ito dapat gawin ang suliranin. LAYUNIN - isama rin ang - kahalagahan bakit dapat isagawa petsa kung kailan matatapos ang bawat ang proyekto bahagi ng plano PLANONG DAPAT GAWIN - gumamit ng chart o kalendaryo - talaan ng pagkakasunod-sunod para markahan ang pagsasagawa ng ng mga hakbang sa paglutas ng bawat gawain suliranin BADYET BADYET - talaan (table) ng mga PAKINABANG - nagsisilbing konklusyon gastusin na kakailanganin sa ng panukala at nagsasaad din ng mga pagsasakatuparan ng layunin. benepisyong makakuha sa proyekto. BENEPISYO NG PROYEKTO LESSON 2 AT MGA MAKIKINABANG NITO POSISYONG PAPEL - Maging ispesipiko sa tiyak na - isang akademikong sulatin na grupo ng taong makikinabang sa naglalakad ng mga matitibay na pagsasakatuparan ng layunin katwiran ukol sa pinapanigang - Isama na rin ang katapusan o isyu konklusyon ng panukala. - “Pagsalig o pagsuporta sa katotohanan ng isang  kontrobersyal na isyu sa pamamagitan ng pagbuo ng isang kaso o usapin para sa — BALANGKAS — iyong pananaw o posisyon” PANIMULA - — Grace Fleming - ilahad ang paksa — MGA EBIDENSYA AY MAAARING - maikling paunang paliwanag ukol sa KUNIN SA : paksa - obserbasyon - ilahad ang iyong posisyon - mga pahayag mula sa awtoridad PAGLALAHAD NG (pulis, abogado, doktor, o ARGUMENTONG propesor KUMOKONTRA SA TESIS - Nauuri ang mga ebidensya - ilahad ang argumentong tutol sa iyong (Constantino at Zafra, 1997) tesis - magbigay ng patunay upang masagot Katotohanan (facts) ng mga counterargument - Nakita, narinig, nadama PAGLALAHAD NG IYONG - Taong nakasaksi o mga POSISYON nakaranas ng pangyayari - pagpapahayag ng tatlong punto ng - Maaaring magbago ang mga iyong posisyon ebidensya depende sa mga - ebindesya dapat ay hango sa bagong tuklas na datos mapagkakatiwalaang sanggunian Mga Opinyon KONKLUSYON - Nakabatay sa mga ideyang - muling paglalahad ng argumento o pinaniniwalang totoo o sariling tesis pananaw. Hindi ito - gumawa ng plan of action na makatotohanan makatutulong sa pagpapabuti ng kaso o isyu — MGA HAKBANG — 1. Pumili ng paksa na malapit sa LESSON 3 iyong puso PAGSULAT NG REPLEKTIBONG 2. Magsagawa ng panimulang SANAYSAY pananaliksik hinggil sa napiling - o mapagmuning sanaysay ay isang paksa pagsasanaysay sa pagbubulay-bulay 3. Bumuo ng thesis statement (pagmumuni-muni) 4. Subukin ang katibayan o - natutuklasan ang sariling pag-iisip, kalakasan ng iyong pahayag ng damdamin, o opinsyon tungkol sa isang tesis o posisyon paksa, pangyayari, o tao at kung paano 5. Patuloy na mangalap ng mga naaapektuhan ng mga ito. kakailanganing ebidensya 6. Buoin ang balangkas - maaaring nasa anyo ng personal na WAKAS sanaysay, lahok sa journal, tala-arawan, - Paano magagamit ang iyong reaksyong papel o learning log. natutuhan sa hinaharap - Mag-iwan ng tanonh na maaari — KAHALAGAHAN — nilang pagnilayan (opyional) - Nakatutuklas ng bago tungkol sa ________________________________ sarili, kapwa, at kapaligiran CHEM - Natutkoy ang kalakasan at History of the Atom: kahinaan ng isang tao, at nakaiisip ng mga solusyon Democritus (400 B.C.) - Hinahasa rin ang kasanayan na A Greek philosopher metacognition o kakayahang Was the first person to think suriin at unawain ang sariling about an atom’s existence. pag-iisip. Believed that matter was — Di Stefano Gino, Pesano, at Staats composed of tiny indivisible “ Hindi tayo natututo sa ating karanasan, particles called atoms. kundi sa pagbubulay sa ating He had no experimental evidence karanasan” — John Dewey to support his thoughts. "atomos" Sa pagsulat nito, - Nagsasagawa ng pagsusuri John Dalton (1766-1844) (sanhi at bunga) - Bumuo ng sintesis (natutuhan) A meteorologist - Magsusuri at napapasiya Unlike Democritus, he had (tanggap at hindi tanggap/ethics) experimental evidence to support - Gumamit ng drskriptibong his theory. wika (use of 5 senses) Dalton had four major points (postulates) to his theory. SIMULA - Mapukaw ang atensyon ng Dalton’s Theory: mambabasa 1. All elements are composed of - Nagpapakilala ng paksa at indivisible particles called atoms. layunin 2. Atoms of the same element are KATAWAN identical. The atoms of any one - Kaugnay ang kaisipan tungkol sa element are different from those paksa at obhetibong fatos batay of another. sa naranasan 3. Atoms of different elements mix - Isulat ang iyong mga natutuhan or combine in whole number ratios. Example: Oxygen combines with  hydrogen to form water in a 2:1 electrons shoved into the sides of ratio. it. 4. Chemical reactions occur when His model was said to resemble a atoms separate, join, or popular English dessert called rearrange. Plum Pudding, and so his model - In a chemical reaction, atoms of was deemed the "Plum Pudding one element NEVER change into Model." another. Ernest Rutherford Side note… Used the gold foil experiment to Not all of Dalton’s postulates discover the nucleus. were correct. Shot a high energy beam of We now know that atoms are alpha particles into gold foil. indeed divisible – atoms can be broken down into their subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons (and these too can be broken down even further!). We also know that not all atoms of the same element are identical. Isotopes exist for different elements. Cathode Ray Tube Experiment In the tube was an inert gas and two plates, a positive and a negative. The particles in the gas were attracted to the positive plate. Therefore, the particles MUST have a negative charge. (Opposites attract.) Joseph John (J.J.) Thompson (1859-1940) Discovered the electron. From his experimental evidence, he believed that the atom was a solid positive sphere with Ernest Rutherford Conclusions: Particle Symbol Charge Relative Mass Observation Conclusion Electron (e⁻) -1 1/1840 Most of the alpha The atom is charge relative particles went mostly empty mass through. He space. concluded: Proton (p⁺) +1 1 Few particles were The alpha charge relative deflected at small particles hit a mass angles. He small, very concluded: dense, and positively Neutron (n⁰) 0 1 charged center charge relative (nucleus). mass Very rarely, particles The alpha were deflected at particle came Location of Particles: large angles. He close to concluded: something Protons – In the nucleus small and Neutrons – In the nucleus positive Electrons – In the electron cloud (nucleus). outside the nucleus in energy levels Eugene Goldstein (1850-1930) Neutral Atom Goldstein discovered the proton. An atom is considered neutral when it has the same number of James Chadwick (1891-1974) electrons and protons. (p⁺ = e⁻) Chadwick discovered the neutron. ________________________________ Properties of Subatomic Particles:  ○ Atomic number – the number of protons found in What are Atoms? the nucleus of an atom. ○ Average atomic mass – Atoms are the simplest and the mass of an atom smallest particles composed of including the protons, protons, electrons, and neutrons. neutrons, and electrons. The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is equal to its How is it Arranged? atomic number. Normally, the number of protons The elements are put into rows equals the number of electrons. by increasing atomic number. The horizontal rows are called Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons periods and are labeled 1 to 7. The vertical rows are called Proton: A positively charged groups and are labeled 1 to 18. particle inside the nucleus. Neutron: A neutral particle also Three States of Matter inside the nucleus. Electron: A negatively charged Solid: Particles held tightly, very particle that orbits the nucleus. close together, regular arrangement, vibrate, but can’t What is the Periodic Table of move from place to place. Elements? Liquid: Particles held weakly, very close together, random Elements are substances that arrangement, vibrate, and cannot be broken down further by constantly move past each other. chemical means. Over 118 Gas: No attraction between Elements particles, far apart, random The Periodic Table is the arrangement, vibrate, and move arrangement of these elements quickly in all directions. by increasing atomic number and similar properties. Grouped Elements Have Similarities Elements Elements in the same group have similar properties. Each element on the Periodic Chemical Property: Used to Table has an atomic number, characterize materials in symbol, name, and average reactions that change their atomic mass. identity (e.g., burning). Physical Property: A characteristic of a substance  observed without changing the Several of these elements are substance into something else important mineral nutrients like (e.g., measuring length, color, Calcium. mass, volume). Transition Metals Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids Elements in Groups 3-12. Metals: Lustrous, malleable, and Less reactive, harder metals. good conductors of heat and Includes metals used in jewelry, electricity. money, and construction. Non-metals: Elements that do not share the properties of Boron Family metals. Elements in Group 13. Metalloids: Elements that share Boron has properties of both some, but not all, the properties metals and nonmetals. The rest of metals. of the elements in this group are Physical Properties of Metals: metals. Lustrous means shiny or Carbon Family reflective of light. Elements in Group 14. Malleable means capable of Carbon is the basic element in all being shaped. organic compounds. Good Conductor means being Silicon and Germanium are able to allow electricity and heat important semiconductors. to flow through. Nitrogen Family Alkali Metals Elements in Group 15. Elements in Group 1 (not Nitrogen makes up more than ¾ including Hydrogen). of our atmosphere. Very reactive metals. Always The red tip of matches is made of combine with something else in phosphorus. nature. Oxygen Family or Chalcogens Alkaline Earth Metals Elements in Group 16. Elements in Group 2. Oxygen is necessary for Reactive metals, always respiration. combined with non-metals in Many things that have a bad odor nature. contain sulfur. Halogens Elements in Group 17. Very reactive diatomic non-metals. Always found combined with other elements in nature. Chlorine is used to keep bacteria out of swimming pools. Noble Gases Elements in Group 18. VERY reactive gases. Used in lighted neon signs. Helium is used to make party balloons float.